说出已经做完的事
能说出事情已经做完,而且结果现在还看得见。
标注的核心时长。核心模块中有两项未标注时长,因此实际课时比总和更长。
语法
5 分钟have / has + 动词的第三种形式。 这个时态(现在完成时)讲的不是过去的某个时刻,而是现在存在的结果。
| I have finished my work. → I've finished. | 我做完了——工作已经完成。 |
| She has gone home. → She's gone. | 她回家了——她现在不在这儿。 |
| Have you eaten? | 你吃过饭了吗? |
| I haven't finished yet. | 我还没做完。 |
| Yes, I have. / No, I haven't. | 简略回答。 |
he、she、it 后面用 has,其他都用 have。第三种形式见第1课的表格。
和一般过去时的区别在于这句话要告诉对方什么:
| Past Simple(一般过去时)——什么时候 | Present Perfect(现在完成时)——结果 |
|---|---|
| I finished the work at five. | I have finished the work.(已经做完) |
| She went home an hour ago. | She has gone home.(她不在了) |
如果句子里说出了事情发生的时间(yesterday、at five、last week),就不能用完成时,要用一般过去时。两者的全面对比在第20课。
常和完成时一起用的四个词:
| just — 刚刚 | I've just finished. |
| already — 已经 | I've already eaten. |
| yet — 已经(用于疑问句),还(用于否定句);放在句末 | Have you finished yet? / Not yet. |
| still — 仍然(和否定一起用) | I still haven't finished. |
just 和 already 放在 have 和第三种形式之间。
中文母语者的常见错误
已针对你的语言编写用第二种形式代替第三种。
✗ I have went
✗ I have saw
✓ I have gone
, I have seen。汉语的动词没有词形变化,英语的三种形式很容易记混。have 后面只能用第三种形式。
完成时和具体时间连用。
✗ I have finished at five
✓ I finished at five
。汉语的“了”两种情况都用:“我做完了”“我五点做完了”。英语里一说出时间,就只能用一般过去时。
yet 放在中间。
✗ Have you yet finished?
✓ Have you finished yet?
汉语的“已经”“还”都放在动词前面,于是 yet 也容易被提到动词前。yet 放在句末。
发音
3 分钟's 既可能是 is,也可能是 has——只能看后面接的是什么:
| She's working. | = she is(后面是 -ing) |
| She's gone. | = she has(后面是第三种形式) |
have 和 has 在连贯的话语中不重读:/həv/、/həz/,常常干脆读成 /əv/、/əz/。 I've finished 读作 /aɪv ˈfɪnɪʃt/——连成一个整体。
课文
3 分钟Have you finished the report?
Not yet. I've written two pages, but I still haven't finished.
Has Tom seen it?
No, he hasn't. He's gone home — he left at five.
And have you eaten?
Yes, I've just had lunch.
练习
8–10 分钟1. 填空。
- I (finish) my work
- She (go) home
- They (see) the film
- He (not / eat)
显示答案
2. 填空。
- I've finished.(一分钟前)
- Have you eaten ?
- I've seen this film, thanks
- I haven't finished
显示答案
3. 改错。
- She has went home.
- I have finished at five.
- Have you yet finished?
显示答案
4. 选择。
- `I my work.`(已经做完,没说时间)
- `I my work at five.`
显示答案
小结
本课已学:have/has + 第三种形式,结果和时刻的区别,just、already、yet、 still。下一课——第4课:询问经历。
核心内容结束
完成练习后即视为课程结束。此后的内容均为可选。
可选
词卡词汇
12 词- finish /ˈfɪnɪʃ/ 结束,完成
- already /ɔːlˈredi/ 已经
- yet /jet/ 已经(用于疑问句);还(用于否定句)
- just /dʒʌst/ 刚刚
- still /stɪl/ 仍然
- report /rɪˈpɔːt/ 报告
- page /peɪdʒ/ 页
- lunch /lʌntʃ/ 午饭
- ready /ˈredi/ 准备好的
- lost /lɒst/ 丢了(lose 的过去式和第三种形式)
- forget /fəˈɡet/ 忘记
- forgotten /fəˈɡɒtn/ 忘了(forget 的第三种形式)
写作
写四个句子,讲讲今天:什么已经做完了,什么还没有。
范例: I've already finished two pages. I've just had lunch. I haven't written the report yet. Tom has gone home.
检查清单:have/has 后面用的是第三种形式吗?完成时的句子里没有说出具体时间吧? yet 放在句末了吗?