Slovnica ~21 min jedra še preostane

Povedati, kakšna so pravila

Po tej lekciji znate

Znam povedati, kaj je obvezno, kaj je prepovedano in česa ni treba delati.

Začni lekcijo Jedro 19–21 min · koraki: 6 · izbirno: +2

Navedeni čas jedra. Dva bloka jedra nimata številke, zato je prava lekcija daljša od te vsote.

Slovnica

5 min

must in have to oba govorita o nujnosti, a ta prihaja iz različnih virov.

od kod prihaja primer
must od govorca: tako sem se odločil, to se mi zdi pomembno I must call my mother today.
have to od zunaj: pravilo, zakon, okoliščine I have to wear a uniform at work.

V pogovoru se ta razlika pogosto zabriše in zmaga have to: ustreza vedno. Ene razlike pa zabrisati ne smeš:

mustn't in don't have to NISTA isto. Sta nasprotji.

You mustn't smoke here. Tukaj se ne sme kaditi. Prepoved.
You don't have to come tomorrow. Jutri ti ni treba priti. Dovoljenje, da nečesa ne narediš.

Oblike. must je modalni glagol: brez -s, brez do, za njim stoji osnovna oblika. have to je navaden glagol: he has to, Do you have to…?, I don't have to.

He must go. / He has to go.
Do you have to work on Sunday?
I don't have to work.

V pretekliku must nima oblike — uporablja se had to: I had to work yesterday.

Oglas

Napake govorcev slovenščine

prirejeno za vaš jezik
1

mustn't v pomenu „ni treba“

✗ You mustn't come tomorrow v pomenu „jutri ti ni treba priti“ → ✓ You don't have to come tomorrow. „Ne moraš“ je zanikani „moraš“, zato se zdi, da je to mustn't. Toda mustn't pomeni „ne smeš“ — prepoved; „ne moraš, ni treba“ je don't have to. Napaka obrne pomen, zato je dražja od drugih.

2

must s to

✗ I must to go

✓ I must go

Slovenski „moram iti“ ima nedoločnik, ki ga hitro prevedeš kot to + glagol, to pa se prenese še iz have to. Za must stoji osnovna oblika, tako kot za can (lekcija A1 #20).

3

must v pretekliku

✗ Yesterday I must work

✗ I musted work

✓ I had to work

Slovenski „moral sem“ ima preteklik, must pa ga nima: za preteklost je samo had to.

Izgovorjava

3 min

V mustn't se t v sredini ne izgovori: /ˈmʌsnt/. Beseda zveni približno „masnt“.

have to v tekočem govoru — /ˈhæftə/, z glasom /f/: približno „hefte“. has to pa — /ˈhæstə/. To ni malomarnost, ampak norma; ko slišiš „ajheftegou“, slišiš I have to go.

Oglas

Besedilo

3 min

At my work we have to wear a uniform, and we have to be there at nine. You mustn't use your phone in the office — it's a rule. On Friday we don't have to stay until six. We can go home at four. Yesterday I had to work late because my colleague was ill.

Branje na glas

Vaje

8–10 min

1. Vstavljanje.

  1. You smoke here — it's forbidden
  2. You come tomorrow — it's Sunday
  3. Children play with matches
Prikaži odgovore
mustn't, don't have to, mustn't.

2. Vstavljanje.

  1. I call my mother today — I really want to
  2. She wear a uniform at work
  3. Yesterday I work late
Prikaži odgovore
must, has to, had to.

3. Iskanje napak.

  1. I must to go.
  2. I musted work yesterday.
  3. You mustn't come tomorrow. (ni obvezno)
Prikaži odgovore
I must go. / I had to work yesterday. / You don't have to come tomorrow.

4. Povezovanje.

  1. You mustn't go.
  2. You don't have to go.
Prikaži odgovore
`You mustn't go.` — ne sme se; `You don't have to go.` — ni treba.
Oglas

Povzetek

Obravnavano

  • must in have to
  • prepoved proti odsotnosti obveznosti
  • had to v pretekliku

Sledi lekcija 11: nasvet in mnenje.

Konec jedra

Lekcija se šteje za opravljeno, ko so vaje končane. Vse po tem je izbirno.

Lekcija 47

izbirno

Besedišče za kartice

12 besed
  • rule /ruːl/ pravilo
  • uniform /ˈjuːnɪfɔːm/ uniforma
  • forbidden /fəˈbɪdn/ prepovedano
  • allowed /əˈlaʊd/ dovoljeno
  • smoke /sməʊk/ kaditi
  • colleague /ˈkɒliːɡ/ sodelavec, sodelavka
  • office /ˈɒfɪs/ pisarna
  • late /leɪt/ pozen, pozno
  • early /ˈɜːli/ zgodnji, zgodaj
  • careful /ˈkeəfl/ previden
  • important /ɪmˈpɔːtnt/ pomemben
  • necessary /ˈnesəsəri/ potreben, nujen

Pisanje

Štiri povedi o pravilih na tvojem delovnem mestu ali v šoli: kaj je obvezno, kaj je prepovedano, česa ni treba delati.

Zgled

At my work we have to wear a uniform. We have to be there at nine. You mustn't use your phone in the office. On Friday we don't have to stay until six.

Kontrolni seznam

Osnutek je shranjen na tej napravi
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Vadite to lekcijo v drugih razdelkih

Diktatna podlagi te lekcije Zapišite, kar slišite. Preverjanje pokaže vsako besedo, ki se razlikuje, in kako. Napišite narek Branje na glasna podlagi te lekcije Preberite besedilo lekcije na glas — prepoznavanje govora označi besede, ki jih ni ujelo. Preberite besedilo na glas Branje in poslušanjeA1–C1 Besedila na vsaki ravni z vprašanji za razumevanje; prepis se odpre po odgovoru. Preizkusi

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