Tata bahasa ~54 menit inti tersisa

Menyampaikan dugaan

Setelah pelajaran ini Anda dapat

Saya dapat menyampaikan dugaan tentang apa yang sedang terjadi dan menilai seberapa yakin saya.

Mulai pelajaran Inti 54 menit · langkah: 6 · opsional: +2

Waktu inti yang dinyatakan. Dua blok inti tidak memiliki angka, sehingga pelajaran sebenarnya lebih lama dari jumlah ini.

Tata bahasa

15 menit

Kata kerja ini sudah Anda kenal dengan arti lain: must — kewajiban (A2 #10), can — kemampuan (A1 #20), could — permintaan yang sopan (A2 #17). Kata-kata ini punya arti kedua: menunjukkan seberapa yakin pembicara akan dugaannya. Lampu menyala di jendela, mobil ada di depan rumah, orang tidak mengangkat telepon — dan kita menarik kesimpulan.

Skala keyakinan:

seberapa yakin contoh
is tahu pasti He is at home — I can see him.
must hampir yakin: ya He must be at home — his car is outside.
may / might / could mungkin ya He might be at the gym.
may not / might not mungkin tidak He might not be at home.
can't hampir yakin: tidak He can't be at work — it's Sunday.
isn't tahu pasti: tidak He isn't here.

Bentuk. Sesudah kata kerja modal — bentuk dasar tanpa to, dan kata kerja modal itu sendiri tidak mendapat -s: She must be tired, He might know. Jika dugaannya tentang hal yang sedang berlangsung saat ini — be + -ing: He must be working late — the light's on in his office. They might be waiting for us outside.

Cara memilih.

must — kesimpulan dari bukti: saya menggabungkan fakta-fakta dan tidak melihat penjelasan lain. Buktinya biasanya disebut di dekatnya: You must be hungry — you haven't eaten all day. Tetapi must bukan berarti “pasti tahu”. Jika Anda tahu dengan pasti, kata kerja modal tidak diperlukan: He's at home — I've just spoken to him. must berkata “saya menyimpulkan begitu”, dan lawan bicara mendengar bahwa ini kesimpulan, bukan fakta. Dalam bahasa Indonesia peran ini dimainkan oleh kata seperti “pasti”, “tentu”, “barangkali”; dalam bahasa Inggris — oleh kata kerjanya sendiri.

may, might, could — salah satu kemungkinan, dan saya tidak tahu apakah itu benar. Di antara ketiganya hampir tidak ada bedanya: might sedikit kurang yakin, may sedikit lebih resmi, could berarti “bisa saja”: It could be a virus.

can't — kesimpulan “tidak”: fakta membuat kemungkinan itu mustahil. That can't be Tom — he's in Spain this week.

Penyangkalannya — can't, bukan mustn't. mustn't — larangan (A2 #10): You mustn't park here. Untuk “pasti tidak” dalam bahasa Inggris British dipakai can't. Sedangkan might not — “mungkin tidak” yang lunak: She might not know about the meeting.

Kalimat tanya. Dalam pertanyaan tentang dugaan dipakai could atau can: Could it be a mistake? — “Jangan-jangan ini kesalahan?” Who can that be? — “Siapa ya kira-kira itu?” Dengan must dan might pertanyaan seperti ini hampir tidak dibentuk.

must — dugaan atau kewajiban? Lihat kata kerja sesudahnya. Dengan be, know, have dalam arti “memiliki” dan dengan bentuk progresif, must hampir selalu berarti dugaan. Dengan tindakan — kewajiban:

You must be tired. Kamu pasti capek. — dugaan
You must go to bed. Kamu harus tidur. — kewajiban

maybe dan may be. maybe — satu kata, kata keterangan, biasanya berdiri di awal: Maybe he's at home. may be — dua kata, kata kerja modal dan be, berdiri sesudah subjek: He may be at home. Artinya sama, tetapi cara menulisnya berbeda.

Contoh lain:

That must be the postman. Itu pasti tukang pos.
She might be in a meeting. Mungkin dia sedang rapat.
This can't be our bus — ours is number twelve. Ini tidak mungkin bus kita.
He must know the answer — he's a doctor. Dia pasti tahu jawabannya.
You could be right. Bisa jadi Anda benar.

Jangan katakan begini. ✗ He mights be ill → ✓ He might be ill. Kata kerja modal tidak berubah menurut persona, -s tidak pernah ada padanya.

Uji diri Anda. Mobil tetangga ada di depan rumah, jendelanya terang. Apa yang Anda katakan: He must be at home atau He might be at home? Bagaimana mengatakan “itu tidak mungkin benar”? Apa bedanya Maybe she's ill dan She may be ill?

tampilkan jawaban
He must be at home — bukti-buktinya cocok; That can't be true (atau It can't be true); dari segi arti tidak ada: dalam yang pertama maybe — kata keterangan, dalam yang kedua may be — kata kerja modal dengan be.
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Kesalahan penutur bahasa Indonesia

ditulis untuk bahasa Anda
1

“Pasti tidak” menjadi mustn't

He mustn't be at home orang Inggris akan memahami sebagai larangan: “dia tidak boleh ada di rumah”. Untuk “dia pasti tidak di rumah” diperlukan ✓ He can't be at home. “Pasti” = must, lalu “pasti tidak” tampak seperti must not, tetapi mustn't hanya berarti larangan.

2

be hilang sesudah kata kerja modal

✗ He must at home → ✓ He must be at home; ✗ She might tired → ✓ She might be tired. “Dia pasti di rumah”, “mungkin dia capek” tidak memerlukan kata kerja, tetapi dalam bahasa Inggris sesudah must, might, can't harus ada kata kerja, dan untuk keadaan itu adalah be.

3

“Mungkin” menjadi maybe di tengah kalimat

✗ He maybe at home

✓ He may be at home / Maybe he's at home

“Dia mungkin di rumah” mendorong untuk menaruh maybe di tempat “mungkin”. Tetapi sesudah subjek berdiri may be — dua kata; maybe biasanya di awal, dan sesudahnya kalimat lengkap.

4

“Pasti datang” tentang masa depan

He must come tomorrow berarti kewajiban: “dia harus datang”. Untuk dugaan tentang masa depan — ✓ He'll probably come tomorrow atau He might come tomorrow. “Pasti” mendorong ke must, tetapi dugaan dengan must hampir selalu tentang masa kini.

Pelafalan

4 menit

Tekanan — pada kata kerja modal: kata itulah yang membawa arti dugaan. He MUST be at home, That CAN'T be right, She MIGHT be ill. be sesudahnya tidak bertekanan dan pendek — /bi/.

must be — /ˈmʌs bi/: /t/ di antara /s/ dan /b/ hilang. Begitu juga must know /ˈmʌs nəʊ/.

can't dalam dugaan penuh dan panjang — /kɑːnt/. /t/ di akhir sebelum konsonan hampir hilang, dan kalau begitu can't dibedakan dari can hanya oleh /ɑː/ yang panjang dan tekanan (A1 #20). might be — /ˈmaɪt bi/: /t/ tidak dilepaskan, hanya memutus vokal, seperti “t” di akhir kata “lihat”.

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Teks

5 menit

Have you seen Tom this morning?

No, but he must be somewhere in the building. His coat's on his chair, and his computer is on.

And his coffee is still warm. He can't be far away.

He might be in the meeting room. The managers meet there on Thursdays.

It can't be the managers' meeting. That always starts at ten, and it's only half past nine.

Then he could be at the coffee machine. Or he may be down in IT — his laptop stopped working yesterday.

Wait, his phone's here too. He never goes anywhere without his phone. He must be very close.

Listen. Can you hear that? Somebody's singing in the kitchen.

That can't be Tom. He hates singing.

Hang on — isn't it his birthday today? Maybe they're singing to him.

Of course! That must be why there's a cake on the kitchen table. They must be waiting for us. Come on!

Membaca nyaring

Latihan

30 menit

1. Mengisi rumpang.

  1. His car is outside, so he be at home. (hampir pasti ya)
  2. That be right — the bill says £300 for two coffees. (hampir pasti tidak)
  3. She isn't answering. She be in a meeting. (mungkin)
  4. You've been working for ten hours. You be exhausted. (hampir pasti ya)
  5. This be Anna's bag — it has her name on it. (hampir pasti ya)
  6. He be at work — it's Sunday, and his office is closed. (hampir pasti tidak)
  7. Take an umbrella. It rain later. (mungkin)
  8. They be asleep — the lights are on, and I can hear music. (hampir pasti tidak)
  9. Listen to her accent. She be from Scotland. (hampir pasti ya)
  10. I'm not sure where Lucy is. She be in the library. (mungkin)
Tampilkan jawaban
must; can't; might / may / could; must; must; can't; might / may / could; can't; must; might / may / could

2. Tulis ulang dengan kata kerja modal.

  1. I'm sure he's at home.
  2. Perhaps she's ill.
  3. I'm sure it isn't true.
  4. Perhaps they know the answer.
  5. I'm sure you're tired after the flight.
  6. I'm sure that isn't our train — ours leaves at six.
  7. Perhaps he doesn't know about the party.
Tampilkan jawaban
He must be at home; She might be ill / She may be ill / She could be ill; It can't be true; They might know the answer / They may know the answer / They could know the answer; You must be tired after the flight; That can't be our train — ours leaves at six; He might not know about the party / He may not know about the party

3. Kembangkan petunjuk menjadi dugaan

  1. The light is on in his office. (he / must / work / late)
  2. She isn't answering her phone. (she / might / drive)
  3. I can hear water in the bathroom. (someone / must / have / a shower)
  4. They aren't in the classroom. (they / could / wait / outside)
Tampilkan jawaban
He must be working late; She might be driving; Someone must be having a shower; They could be waiting outside

4. Mencari kesalahan dan memperbaikinya.

  1. May be he's still at work.
  2. She must to be tired after the trip.
  3. He mights be at the gym.
  4. It maybe a mistake.
  5. That can't is Tom — he's in Spain.
Tampilkan jawaban
Maybe he's still at work / He may still be at work; She must be tired after the trip; He might be at the gym; It may be a mistake / Maybe it's a mistake; That can't be Tom — he's in Spain

5. Menjodohkan.

  1. She's yawning.
  2. People are carrying umbrellas.
  3. Nobody's answering the door.
  4. The shop is dark.
  5. He knows everything about cars.
Tampilkan jawaban
`She's yawning.` — `She must be tired.`; `People are carrying umbrellas.` — `It must be raining.`; `Nobody's answering the door.` — `They might be out.`; `The shop is dark.` — `It must be closed.`; `He knows everything about cars.` — `He must be a mechanic.`

6. Ajukan tiga dugaan dengan tingkat keyakinan yang berbeda

tentang setiap situasi. Jawaban di bawah — contoh. 1) Seorang rekan kerja (laki-laki) tidak datang ke kantor dan tidak mengangkat telepon. 2) Di flat di atas Anda sudah satu jam ada yang mengetuk-ngetuk.

Tampilkan jawaban
He might be ill. He could be stuck in traffic. He can't be on holiday — he was here yesterday; They must be doing some repairs. They might be putting up shelves. They can't be asleep

7. Terjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggris.

1) Dia (laki-laki) pasti di rumah — mobilnya ada di depan rumah. 2) Itu tidak mungkin benar. 3) Mungkin dia (perempuan) sedang rapat. 4) Mereka pasti sedang menunggu kita di luar. 5) Anda pasti lelah setelah penerbangan.

Tampilkan jawaban
He must be at home — his car is outside; That can't be true / It can't be true; She might be in a meeting / She may be in a meeting / She could be in a meeting / Maybe she's in a meeting; They must be waiting for us outside; You must be tired after the flight
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Ringkasan

Sudah dibahas: skala keyakinan must — may, might, could — can't, dugaan tentang hal yang sedang berlangsung (must be doing), penyangkalan dengan can't dan might not, pertanyaan dengan could, must sebagai dugaan dan sebagai kewajiban, maybe lawan may be. Berikutnya — pelajaran 11: kewajiban dan kemampuan.

Akhir inti

Pelajaran dianggap selesai setelah latihan dikerjakan. Semua setelah ini bersifat opsional.

Pelajaran 83

opsional

Kosakata untuk dek kartu

16 kata
  • somewhere /ˈsʌmweə/ di suatu tempat
  • far away /ˌfɑːr əˈweɪ/ jauh
  • meeting room /ˈmiːtɪŋ ruːm/ ruang rapat
  • warm /wɔːm/ hangat
  • hang on /ˌhæŋ ˈɒn/ tunggu sebentar
  • cake /keɪk/ kue, bolu
  • postman /ˈpəʊstmən/ tukang pos
  • mistake /mɪˈsteɪk/ kesalahan
  • bill /bɪl/ tagihan, bon
  • exhausted /ɪɡˈzɔːstɪd/ sangat lelah, kehabisan tenaga
  • asleep /əˈsliːp/ sedang tidur, tertidur
  • accent /ˈæksənt/ aksen, logat
  • yawn /jɔːn/ menguap
  • mechanic /məˈkænɪk/ montir, mekanik
  • stuck in traffic /ˌstʌk ɪn ˈtræfɪk/ terjebak macet
  • gym /dʒɪm/ pusat kebugaran, gym

Menulis

Lima atau enam kalimat: Anda pulang ke rumah, pintunya tidak terkunci, di meja ada tas orang lain, di dapur musik diputar. Sampaikan dugaan dengan tingkat keyakinan yang berbeda.

Contoh

The door is open, and there's music in the kitchen. Someone must be at home. It can't be my flatmate — she's in Paris this week. It might be my brother; he has a key. This bag on the table must be his — it's the same colour as his old one. He could be cooking: I can smell onions. Or he might be waiting to surprise me.

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