Gramatika ~54 min od osnove preostalo

Izneti pretpostavku

Nakon ove lekcije možete

Mogu da iznesem pretpostavku o tome šta se dešava i da procenim koliko sam siguran.

Započni lekciju Jezgro 54 min · koraci: 6 · opciono: +2

Deklarisano vreme jezgra. Dva bloka jezgra nemaju broj, pa je stvarna lekcija duža od ovog zbira.

Gramatika

15 min

Ove glagole znaš po drugim značenjima: must — obaveza (A2 #10), can — umeće (A1 #20), could — učtiva molba (A2 #17). Imaju i drugo značenje: pokazuju koliko je govornik siguran u svoju pretpostavku. Svetlo u prozoru, auto ispred kuće, čovek se ne javlja na telefon — i mi izvodimo zaključak.

Skala sigurnosti:

koliko sam siguran primer
is znam sigurno He is at home — I can see him.
must skoro siguran da jeste He must be at home — his car is outside.
may / might / could možda jeste He might be at the gym.
may not / might not možda nije He might not be at home.
can't skoro siguran da nije He can't be at work — it's Sunday.
isn't znam sigurno da nije He isn't here.

Oblik. Posle modalnog glagola dolazi osnovni oblik bez to, a sam modalni glagol nema -s: She must be tired, He might know. Ako je pretpostavka o onome što se dešava upravo sada — be + -ing: He must be working late — the light's on in his office. They might be waiting for us outside.

Kako izabrati.

must — zaključak iz dokaza: sabrao sam činjenice i ne vidim drugo objašnjenje. Dokaz se obično navodi odmah pored: You must be hungry — you haven't eaten all day. Ali must nije „sigurno“. Ako nešto znaš pouzdano, modalni glagol nije potreban: He's at home — I've just spoken to him. must kaže „ja tako zaključujem“, i sagovornik čuje da je to zaključak, a ne činjenica. U srpskom tu ulogu ima „mora da…“ ili reči „sigurno“, „verovatno“; u engleskom — sam glagol.

may, might, could — jedna od mogućnosti, i ne znam da li je tačna. Među njima skoro da nema razlike: might je malo manje sigurno, may malo zvaničnije, could znači „sasvim je moguće“: It could be a virus.

can't — zaključak „ne“: činjenice čine tu mogućnost nemogućom. That can't be Tom — he's in Spain this week.

Odrična pretpostavka — can't, a ne mustn't. mustn't je zabrana (A2 #10): You mustn't park here. Za „sigurno nije“ u britanskom engleskom se kaže can't. A might not je blago „možda nije“: She might not know about the meeting.

Pitanje. U pitanju o pretpostavci uzima se could ili can: Could it be a mistake? — „Da nije to greška?“ Who can that be? — „Ko bi to mogao biti?“ Sa must i might takva pitanja skoro da se ne grade.

must — pretpostavka ili obaveza? Gledaj glagol posle njega. Uz be, know, have u značenju „imati“ i uz trajni oblik must je skoro uvek pretpostavka. Uz radnju — obaveza:

You must be tired. Mora da si umoran. — pretpostavka
You must go to bed. Moraš da ideš na spavanje. — obaveza

maybe i may be. maybe je jedna reč, prilog, i obično stoji na početku: Maybe he's at home. may be su dve reči, modalni glagol i be, i stoje posle podmeta: He may be at home. Smisao je isti, a pišu se različito.

Još primera:

That must be the postman. Mora da je to poštar.
She might be in a meeting. Možda je na sastanku.
This can't be our bus — ours is number twelve. Ovo ne može biti naš autobus.
He must know the answer — he's a doctor. Sigurno zna odgovor.
You could be right. Možda si u pravu.

Tako se ne kaže. ✗ He mights be ill → ✓ He might be ill. Modalni glagol se ne menja po licima, -s nikad nema.

Proveri se. Komšijin auto je ispred kuće, u prozorima je svetlo. Šta ćeš reći: He must be at home ili He might be at home? Kako reći „to ne može biti istina“? Po čemu se razlikuje Maybe she's ill od She may be ill?

prikaži odgovore
He must be at home — dokazi se slažu; That can't be true (ili It can't be true); po smislu ni po čemu: u prvoj je maybe prilog, u drugoj je may be modalni glagol sa be.
Oglas

Greške govornika srpskog jezika

prilagođeno vašem jeziku
1

mustn't u pretpostavci

„Mora da nije kod kuće“ lako postaje He mustn't be at home, a Britanac to čuje kao zabranu: „ne sme da bude kod kuće“. Za „sigurno nije kod kuće“ treba ✓ He can't be at home, kao srpsko „ne može biti da je kod kuće“. mustn't je samo zabrana, kao „ne sme“.

2

can za „može biti“

„Može biti da je u teretani“ vuče na He can be at the gym. Ali to nije pretpostavka, nego zvuči kao „sme da bude u teretani“. Za mogućnost u konkretnoj situaciji treba ✓ He might be at the gym / He may be at the gym / He could be at the gym. can se u pretpostavci javlja samo kao can't i u pitanju: Who can that be?

3

to posle modalnog glagola

✗ She must to be tired

✓ She must be tired

U „mora da je umorna“, „ne može da bude tamo“ stoji „da“, i ono se lako prenese kao to. Ali posle must, might, can't dolazi osnovni oblik bez to.

4

Bez trajnog oblika

„Mora da radi do kasno — svetlo je upaljeno“ lako postaje He must work late, a to se čuje kao obaveza: „on je dužan da radi do kasno“. Za pretpostavku o onome što se dešava sada treba ✓ He must be working late. Srpski prezent „radi“ pokriva i „upravo sada“, a engleski za radnju u toku traži be + -ing.

Izgovor

4 min

Naglasak je na modalnom glagolu: on nosi smisao pretpostavke. He MUST be at home, That CAN'T be right, She MIGHT be ill. be posle njega je nenaglašeno i kratko — /bi/.

must be — /ˈmʌs bi/: /t/ između /s/ i /b/ ispada. Isto tako must know /ˈmʌs nəʊ/.

can't u pretpostavci je puno i dugo — /kɑːnt/. Završno /t/ ispred suglasnika skoro nestaje, i tada can't od can razlikuju samo dugo /ɑː/ i naglasak (A1 #20). might be — /ˈmaɪt bi/: /t/ se ne izgovara punim praskom, samo preseca samoglasnik.

Oglas

Tekst

5 min

Have you seen Tom this morning?

No, but he must be somewhere in the building. His coat's on his chair, and his computer is on.

And his coffee is still warm. He can't be far away.

He might be in the meeting room. The managers meet there on Thursdays.

It can't be the managers' meeting. That always starts at ten, and it's only half past nine.

Then he could be at the coffee machine. Or he may be down in IT — his laptop stopped working yesterday.

Wait, his phone's here too. He never goes anywhere without his phone. He must be very close.

Listen. Can you hear that? Somebody's singing in the kitchen.

That can't be Tom. He hates singing.

Hang on — isn't it his birthday today? Maybe they're singing to him.

Of course! That must be why there's a cake on the kitchen table. They must be waiting for us. Come on!

Čitanje naglas

Vežbe

30 min

1. Popunjavanje.

  1. His car is outside, so he be at home. (skoro siguran da jeste)
  2. That be right — the bill says £300 for two coffees. (skoro siguran da nije)
  3. She isn't answering. She be in a meeting. (možda)
  4. You've been working for ten hours. You be exhausted. (skoro siguran da jeste)
  5. This be Anna's bag — it has her name on it. (skoro siguran da jeste)
  6. He be at work — it's Sunday, and his office is closed. (skoro siguran da nije)
  7. Take an umbrella. It rain later. (možda)
  8. They be asleep — the lights are on, and I can hear music. (skoro siguran da nije)
  9. Listen to her accent. She be from Scotland. (skoro siguran da jeste)
  10. I'm not sure where Lucy is. She be in the library. (možda)
Prikaži odgovore
must; can't; might / may / could; must; must; can't; might / may / could; can't; must; might / may / could

2. Prepiši sa modalnim glagolom.

  1. I'm sure he's at home.
  2. Perhaps she's ill.
  3. I'm sure it isn't true.
  4. Perhaps they know the answer.
  5. I'm sure you're tired after the flight.
  6. I'm sure that isn't our train — ours leaves at six.
  7. Perhaps he doesn't know about the party.
Prikaži odgovore
He must be at home; She might be ill / She may be ill / She could be ill; It can't be true; They might know the answer / They may know the answer / They could know the answer; You must be tired after the flight; That can't be our train — ours leaves at six; He might not know about the party / He may not know about the party

3. Razvij podsticaj u pretpostavku

  1. The light is on in his office. (he / must / work / late)
  2. She isn't answering her phone. (she / might / drive)
  3. I can hear water in the bathroom. (someone / must / have / a shower)
  4. They aren't in the classroom. (they / could / wait / outside)
Prikaži odgovore
He must be working late; She might be driving; Someone must be having a shower; They could be waiting outside

4. Pronalaženje greške.

  1. May be he's still at work.
  2. She must to be tired after the trip.
  3. He mights be at the gym.
  4. It maybe a mistake.
  5. That can't is Tom — he's in Spain.
Prikaži odgovore
Maybe he's still at work / He may still be at work; She must be tired after the trip; He might be at the gym; It may be a mistake / Maybe it's a mistake; That can't be Tom — he's in Spain

5. Povezivanje.

  1. She's yawning.
  2. People are carrying umbrellas.
  3. Nobody's answering the door.
  4. The shop is dark.
  5. He knows everything about cars.
Prikaži odgovore
`She's yawning.` — `She must be tired.`; `People are carrying umbrellas.` — `It must be raining.`; `Nobody's answering the door.` — `They might be out.`; `The shop is dark.` — `It must be closed.`; `He knows everything about cars.` — `He must be a mechanic.`

6. Iznesi tri pretpostavke različite sigurnosti

o svakoj situaciji. Odgovori ispod su primer. 1) Kolega nije došao na posao i ne javlja se na telefon. 2) U stanu iznad tebe već sat vremena nešto lupa.

Prikaži odgovore
He might be ill. He could be stuck in traffic. He can't be on holiday — he was here yesterday; They must be doing some repairs. They might be putting up shelves. They can't be asleep

7. Prevedi na engleski.

1) Mora da je kod kuće — njegov auto stoji ispred kuće. 2) To ne može biti istina. 3) Možda je ona na sastanku. 4) Mora da nas čekaju napolju. 5) Mora da ste umorni posle leta.

Prikaži odgovore
He must be at home — his car is outside; That can't be true / It can't be true; She might be in a meeting / She may be in a meeting / She could be in a meeting / Maybe she's in a meeting; They must be waiting for us outside; You must be tired after the flight
Oglas

Rezime

Obrađeno: skala sigurnosti must — may, might, could — can't, pretpostavka o onome što traje sada (must be doing), odrična pretpostavka kroz can't i might not, pitanje sa could, must kao pretpostavka i kao obaveza, maybe naspram may be. Sledi lekcija 11: obaveza i umeće.

Kraj osnove

Lekcija se računa kao završena kada se urade vežbe. Sve nakon ovoga je opciono.

Lekcija 83

opciono

Reči za špil

16 reči
  • somewhere /ˈsʌmweə/ negde
  • far away /ˌfɑːr əˈweɪ/ daleko
  • meeting room /ˈmiːtɪŋ ruːm/ sala za sastanke
  • warm /wɔːm/ topao
  • hang on /ˌhæŋ ˈɒn/ čekaj, samo malo
  • cake /keɪk/ torta, kolač
  • postman /ˈpəʊstmən/ poštar
  • mistake /mɪˈsteɪk/ greška
  • bill /bɪl/ račun
  • exhausted /ɪɡˈzɔːstɪd/ iscrpljen
  • asleep /əˈsliːp/ koji spava, zaspao
  • accent /ˈæksənt/ akcenat, izgovor
  • yawn /jɔːn/ zevati
  • mechanic /məˈkænɪk/ mehaničar
  • stuck in traffic /ˌstʌk ɪn ˈtræfɪk/ zaglavljen u saobraćaju
  • gym /dʒɪm/ teretana

Pisanje

Pet-šest rečenica: došao si kući, vrata nisu zaključana, na stolu je tuđa torba, u kuhinji svira muzika. Iznesi pretpostavke različite sigurnosti.

Primer

The door is open, and there's music in the kitchen. Someone must be at home. It can't be my flatmate — she's in Paris this week. It might be my brother; he has a key. This bag on the table must be his — it's the same colour as his old one. He could be cooking: I can smell onions. Or he might be waiting to surprise me.

Kontrolna lista

Nacrt je sačuvan na ovom uređaju
Oglas

Vežbajte ovu lekciju u drugim odeljcima

Diktatna osnovu ove lekcije Zapišite ono što čujete. Provera pokazuje svaku reč koja se razlikuje i kako. Pišite diktat Čitanje naglasna osnovu ove lekcije Pročitajte tekst lekcije naglas — prepoznavanje govora ističe reči koje nije uhvatilo. Čitajte tekst naglas Čitanje i slušanjeA1–C1 Tekstovi na svakom nivou sa pitanjima za razumevanje; transkript se otvara nakon odgovora. Probajte

Imate ideju za novu funkciju?

Pošalji ideju
Oglas
Oglas