Gramatika ~54 min z jadra zostáva

Vysloviť dohad

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Viem vysloviť domnienku o tom, čo sa deje, a odhadnúť, nakoľko som si istý.

Začať lekciu Jadro 54 min · kroky: 6 · voliteľné: +2

Deklarovaný čas jadra. Dva bloky jadra nemajú žiadny údaj, takže skutočná lekcia je dlhšia ako tento súčet.

Gramatika

15 min

Tieto slovesá poznáš v iných významoch: must — povinnosť (A2 #10), can — schopnosť (A1 #20), could — zdvorilá prosba (A2 #17). Majú aj druhý význam: ukazujú, nakoľko si je hovoriaci istý svojím dohadom. Svetlo v okne, auto pred domom, človek nedvíha telefón — a my robíme záver.

Stupnica istoty:

nakoľko si istý príklad
is viem to isto He is at home — I can see him.
must takmer isto áno He must be at home — his car is outside.
may / might / could možno áno He might be at the gym.
may not / might not možno nie He might not be at home.
can't takmer isto nie He can't be at work — it's Sunday.
isn't viem to isto, že nie He isn't here.

Tvar. Po modálnom slovese nasleduje základný tvar bez to a samo modálne sloveso nemá -s: She must be tired, He might know. Ak ide o dohad o tom, čo sa deje práve teraz, — be + -ing: He must be working late — the light's on in his office. They might be waiting for us outside.

Ako vybrať.

must — záver z dôkazov: dal som fakty dokopy a iné vysvetlenie nevidím. Dôkaz sa zvyčajne povie hneď vedľa: You must be hungry — you haven't eaten all day. Ale must neznamená „isto“. Ak to vieš naisto, modálne sloveso netreba: He's at home — I've just spoken to him. must hovorí „usudzujem“, a poslucháč počuje, že je to záver, nie fakt. V slovenčine túto úlohu hrajú slová „určite“, „asi“, „to bude“ alebo aj „musí“ („musí byť doma“); v angličtine — samo modálne sloveso.

may, might, could — jedna z možností, a neviem, či je správna. Medzi nimi takmer nie je rozdiel: might je o trochu menej isté, may o trochu oficiálnejšie, could znamená „celkom dobre môže byť“: It could be a virus.

can't — záver „nie“: fakty robia možnosť nemožnou. That can't be Tom — he's in Spain this week.

Zápor — can't, nie mustn't. mustn't je zákaz (A2 #10): You mustn't park here. Pre „určite nie“ sa v britskej angličtine hovorí can't. A might not je mäkké „možno nie“: She might not know about the meeting.

Otázka. V otázke na dohad sa berie could alebo can: Could it be a mistake? — „Nemohla by to byť chyba?“ Who can that be? — „Kto to môže byť?“ S must a might sa také otázky takmer netvoria.

must — dohad, alebo povinnosť? Pozri sa na sloveso za ním. S be, know, have vo význame „mať“ a s priebehovým tvarom je must takmer vždy dohad. S dejom — povinnosť:

You must be tired. Určite si unavený. — dohad
You must go to bed. Musíš ísť spať. — povinnosť

maybe a may be. maybe je jedno slovo, príslovka, zvyčajne stojí na začiatku: Maybe he's at home. may be sú dve slová, modálne sloveso a be, stoja za podmetom: He may be at home. Zmysel je rovnaký, ale píšu sa inak.

Ďalšie príklady:

That must be the postman. To bude asi poštár.
She might be in a meeting. Možno je na porade.
This can't be our bus — ours is number twelve. To nemôže byť náš autobus.
He must know the answer — he's a doctor. Určite pozná odpoveď.
You could be right. Možno máš pravdu.

Takto sa nehovorí. ✗ He mights be ill → ✓ He might be ill. Modálne sloveso sa nemení podľa osôb, -s nemá nikdy.

Otestuj sa. Susedovo auto stojí pred domom, v oknách sa svieti. Čo povieš: He must be at home, alebo He might be at home? Ako povedať „to nemôže byť pravda“? Čím sa líši Maybe she's ill od She may be ill?

zobraziť odpovede
He must be at home — dôkazy do seba zapadajú; That can't be true (alebo It can't be true); zmyslom ničím: v prvej je maybe príslovka, v druhej may be modálne sloveso s be.
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Chyby slovensky hovoriacich

napísané pre váš jazyk
1

„Nemusí byť doma“ ako mustn't

✗ He mustn't be at home → ✓ He might not be at home. „Nemusí“ je po slovensky zápor od „musí“, a tak sa ponúka mustn't — tá istá pasca ako pri „nemusíš“ (A2 #10). Brit však počuje zákaz: „nesmie byť doma“. Ak si istý, že doma nie je, — ✓ He can't be at home, presne ako slovenské „nemôže byť doma“.

2

can vo význame „môže byť“

✗ He can be at the gym

✓ He might be at the gym

Slovenské „môže byť v posilňovni“ zvádza ku can. O konkrétnej situácii teraz však angličtina hovorí might, may alebo could; can sa v dohade drží záporu a otázky.

3

Jednoduchý tvar namiesto priebehového

„Určite ešte pracuje — v kancelárii sa svieti“: He must work late je správna angličtina, ale znie ako povinnosť — „musí pracovať dlho“. Dohad o tom, čo práve prebieha, je ✓ He must be working late. Slovenské „pracuje“ zahŕňa aj „práve teraz“, angličtina potrebuje be + -ing.

4

to po modálnom slovese

✗ She must to be tired

✓ She must be tired

to sa prenáša z have to, need to, want to. Po must, might, can't však stojí sloveso hneď, rovnako ako po slovenskom „musí“, „môže“.

Výslovnosť

4 min

Prízvuk je na modálnom slovese: nesie zmysel dohadu. He MUST be at home, That CAN'T be right, She MIGHT be ill. be za ním je neprízvučné a krátke — /bi/.

must be — /ˈmʌs bi/: /t/ medzi /s/ a /b/ vypadne. Rovnako must know /ˈmʌs nəʊ/.

can't v dohade je plné a dlhé — /kɑːnt/. Koncové /t/ pred spoluhláskou takmer zanikne, a vtedy can't od can odlišuje len dlhé /ɑː/ a prízvuk (A1 #20). might be — /ˈmaɪt bi/: /t/ nevybuchne, len utne samohlásku.

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Text

5 min

Have you seen Tom this morning?

No, but he must be somewhere in the building. His coat's on his chair, and his computer is on.

And his coffee is still warm. He can't be far away.

He might be in the meeting room. The managers meet there on Thursdays.

It can't be the managers' meeting. That always starts at ten, and it's only half past nine.

Then he could be at the coffee machine. Or he may be down in IT — his laptop stopped working yesterday.

Wait, his phone's here too. He never goes anywhere without his phone. He must be very close.

Listen. Can you hear that? Somebody's singing in the kitchen.

That can't be Tom. He hates singing.

Hang on — isn't it his birthday today? Maybe they're singing to him.

Of course! That must be why there's a cake on the kitchen table. They must be waiting for us. Come on!

Čítanie nahlas

Cvičenia

30 min

1. Doplňovanie.

  1. His car is outside, so he be at home. (takmer isto áno)
  2. That be right — the bill says £300 for two coffees. (takmer isto nie)
  3. She isn't answering. She be in a meeting. (možno)
  4. You've been working for ten hours. You be exhausted. (takmer isto áno)
  5. This be Anna's bag — it has her name on it. (takmer isto áno)
  6. He be at work — it's Sunday, and his office is closed. (takmer isto nie)
  7. Take an umbrella. It rain later. (možno)
  8. They be asleep — the lights are on, and I can hear music. (takmer isto nie)
  9. Listen to her accent. She be from Scotland. (takmer isto áno)
  10. I'm not sure where Lucy is. She be in the library. (možno)
Zobraziť odpovede
must; can't; might / may / could; must; must; can't; might / may / could; can't; must; might / may / could

2. Prepíš s modálnym slovesom.

  1. I'm sure he's at home.
  2. Perhaps she's ill.
  3. I'm sure it isn't true.
  4. Perhaps they know the answer.
  5. I'm sure you're tired after the flight.
  6. I'm sure that isn't our train — ours leaves at six.
  7. Perhaps he doesn't know about the party.
Zobraziť odpovede
He must be at home; She might be ill / She may be ill / She could be ill; It can't be true; They might know the answer / They may know the answer / They could know the answer; You must be tired after the flight; That can't be our train — ours leaves at six; He might not know about the party / He may not know about the party

3. Rozviň nápovedu do dohadu

  1. The light is on in his office. (he / must / work / late)
  2. She isn't answering her phone. (she / might / drive)
  3. I can hear water in the bathroom. (someone / must / have / a shower)
  4. They aren't in the classroom. (they / could / wait / outside)
Zobraziť odpovede
He must be working late; She might be driving; Someone must be having a shower; They could be waiting outside

4. Hľadanie chyby.

  1. May be he's still at work.
  2. She must to be tired after the trip.
  3. He mights be at the gym.
  4. It maybe a mistake.
  5. That can't is Tom — he's in Spain.
Zobraziť odpovede
Maybe he's still at work / He may still be at work; She must be tired after the trip; He might be at the gym; It may be a mistake / Maybe it's a mistake; That can't be Tom — he's in Spain

5. Priraďovanie.

  1. She's yawning.
  2. People are carrying umbrellas.
  3. Nobody's answering the door.
  4. The shop is dark.
  5. He knows everything about cars.
Zobraziť odpovede
`She's yawning.` — `She must be tired.`; `People are carrying umbrellas.` — `It must be raining.`; `Nobody's answering the door.` — `They might be out.`; `The shop is dark.` — `It must be closed.`; `He knows everything about cars.` — `He must be a mechanic.`

6. Vyslov tri dohady s rôznou mierou istoty

o každej situácii. Odpovede nižšie sú vzor. 1) Kolega neprišiel do práce a nedvíha telefón. 2) V byte nad tebou už hodinu niečo búcha.

Zobraziť odpovede
He might be ill. He could be stuck in traffic. He can't be on holiday — he was here yesterday; They must be doing some repairs. They might be putting up shelves. They can't be asleep

7. Prelož do angličtiny.

1) Určite je doma — jeho auto stojí pred domom. 2) To nemôže byť pravda. 3) Možno je na porade. 4) Určite na nás čakajú vonku. 5) Po lete musíš byť unavený.

Zobraziť odpovede
He must be at home — his car is outside; That can't be true / It can't be true; She might be in a meeting / She may be in a meeting / She could be in a meeting / Maybe she's in a meeting; They must be waiting for us outside; You must be tired after the flight
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Zhrnutie

Prebrali sme: stupnicu istoty must — may, might, could — can't, dohad o tom, čo práve prebieha (must be doing), zápor cez can't a might not, otázku s could, must ako dohad a ako povinnosť, maybe verzus may be. Ďalej — lekcia 11: povinnosť a schopnosť.

Koniec jadra

Lekcia sa považuje za dokončenú, keď sú splnené cvičenia. Všetko za tým je voliteľné.

Lekcia 83

voliteľné

Slovíčka do balíčka

16 slov
  • somewhere /ˈsʌmweə/ niekde
  • far away /ˌfɑːr əˈweɪ/ ďaleko
  • meeting room /ˈmiːtɪŋ ruːm/ zasadačka
  • warm /wɔːm/ teplý
  • hang on /ˌhæŋ ˈɒn/ počkaj, moment
  • cake /keɪk/ torta, zákusok
  • postman /ˈpəʊstmən/ poštár
  • mistake /mɪˈsteɪk/ chyba
  • bill /bɪl/ účet
  • exhausted /ɪɡˈzɔːstɪd/ vyčerpaný
  • asleep /əˈsliːp/ spiaci
  • accent /ˈæksənt/ prízvuk (cudzí)
  • yawn /jɔːn/ zívať
  • mechanic /məˈkænɪk/ mechanik, automechanik
  • stuck in traffic /ˌstʌk ɪn ˈtræfɪk/ uviaznutý v zápche
  • gym /dʒɪm/ posilňovňa

Písanie

Päť-šesť viet: prišiel (prišla) si domov, dvere nie sú zamknuté, na stole je cudzia taška, v kuchyni hrá hudba. Vyslov dohady s rôznou mierou istoty.

Vzor

The door is open, and there's music in the kitchen. Someone must be at home. It can't be my flatmate — she's in Paris this week. It might be my brother; he has a key. This bag on the table must be his — it's the same colour as his old one. He could be cooking: I can smell onions. Or he might be waiting to surprise me.

Kontrolný zoznam

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