Tata bahasa ~55 menit inti tersisa

Mengatakan kewajiban dan kemampuan

Setelah pelajaran ini Anda dapat

Saya dapat mengatakan dengan tepat apa yang wajib saya lakukan, apa yang tidak perlu saya lakukan, dan apa yang berhasil saya lakukan.

Mulai pelajaran Inti 55 menit · langkah: 6 · opsional: +2

Waktu inti yang dinyatakan. Dua blok inti tidak memiliki angka, sehingga pelajaran sebenarnya lebih lama dari jumlah ini.

Tata bahasa

16 menit

Pelajaran ini menggabungkan dua topik yang di A2 belum lengkap. Yang pertama — kemampuan dan keberhasilan: can (A1 #20) punya terlalu sedikit bentuk. Yang kedua — aturan: ke must, have to (A2 #10) dan should (A2 #11) ditambahkan “begitu aturannya”, “begitu boleh” dan “tidak perlu begitu”.

be able to — kemampuan dalam kala apa pun. can hanya punya dua bentuk: can dan could. Bentuk masa depan, Present Perfect, bentuk sesudah kata kerja lain tidak ada padanya — di situ bekerja be able to.

masa depan I'll be able to swim by the summer.
Present Perfect I haven't been able to sleep this week.
sesudah kata kerja lain I'd like to be able to speak French.
sesudah kata kerja modal You might be able to get a ticket online.
lampau I wasn't able to come yesterday.

Dalam kala kini biasanya dipakai can: I can swim terdengar lebih wajar daripada I'm able to swim.

Bisa atau berhasil? Dalam kala lampau bahasa Inggris membedakan hal yang dalam bahasa Indonesia sama-sama disebut “bisa”. could — kemampuan secara umum, selama suatu masa: I could read when I was four. Keberhasilan dalam satu peristiwa tertentu — was able to atau managed to. managed to menekankan: tadinya sulit, tetapi berhasil.

I could swim when I was six. Sudah bisa berenang pada umur enam tahun.
The water was cold, but I managed to swim to the boat. Berhasil berenang sampai ke perahu — kali itu.

Dalam kalimat negatif perbedaan ini tidak ada, couldn't selalu cocok: I couldn't find my keys this morning. Dengan kata kerja persepsi see, hear bentuk could untuk satu peristiwa juga wajar: I could hear music next door.

was able to dan managed to dalam kalimat positif hampir sama, tetapi managed to terang-terangan berbicara tentang kesulitan dan usaha. Karena itu ia begitu sering ditemani but dan in the end: It took three hours, but in the end we managed to fix it. Jika tidak ada kesulitan, biasanya cukup dipakai Past Simple: I finished the report on Friday.

be supposed to — begitu aturannya, begitu kesepakatannya. Kewajiban tidak datang dari pembicara dan bukan dari hukum, melainkan dari aturan, kesepakatan, atau harapan orang lain. You're supposed to take your shoes off in the house. — begitu kebiasaannya. I'm supposed to be at work at nine. — begitu kesepakatannya. Sering dalam bentuk ini terdengar bahwa kenyataannya lain: I'm supposed to be working, but I'm watching football. Dalam kala lampau artinya hampir selalu “seharusnya terjadi, tetapi tidak”: The train was supposed to arrive at six. — padahal datang jam tujuh. not supposed to — larangan yang lunak menurut aturan, lebih lunak daripada mustn't: You're not supposed to park here. supposed di sini — kata sifat, karena itu be selalu diperlukan: I'm supposed to, Were we supposed to…?

Bandingkan dengan have to. I have to be at work at nine — saya tidak punya pilihan: kalau terlambat, akan ada masalah. I'm supposed to be at work at nine — begitu aturannya, tetapi kedengarannya aturan itu bisa dilanggar dan mungkin saya akan melanggarnya. Karena itu be supposed to sangat cocok saat Anda menjelaskan mengapa sesuatu tidak berjalan sesuai rencana.

be allowed to — begitu boleh, ini diizinkan. Izin diberikan oleh pihak lain: aturan, hukum, orang tua, atasan. allowed — bentuk ketiga dari allow “mengizinkan”, jadi dari segi susunannya ini kalimat pasif, yang sudah dikenal dari pengumuman Pets aren't allowed (A2 #19): bukan “saya mengizinkan”, melainkan “saya diizinkan”. be berubah menurut persona dan kala, sedangkan allowed to + kata kerja tetap.

kalimat positif We're allowed to use dictionaries in the exam.
kalimat negatif You aren't allowed to smoke on the train.
kalimat tanya Are we allowed to take photos?
lampau I wasn't allowed to stay out late as a child.
masa depan Next year students will be allowed to use phones in class.

can atau be allowed to? Dalam kala kini tentang izin sering dipakai can saja: You can park here after six. be allowed to menekankan bahwa izin datang dari aturan atau dari orang lain, karena itu terdengar lebih tepat saat aturan diberitahukan atau ditanyakan: Are we allowed to bring food into the museum? Dalam masa depan dan Present Perfect can tidak punya bentuk, dan be allowed to wajib — sama seperti be able to: Will we be allowed to park here? Tentang masa lalu batasnya sama seperti pada could dan managed to: could — izin secara umum, untuk waktu yang lama (As a child I could watch TV until nine), was allowed to — izin dalam satu peristiwa (Yesterday we were allowed to leave early).

supposed to atau allowed to? Keduanya tentang aturan, tetapi membicarakan hal yang berbeda. supposed to — apa yang semestinya dilakukan, allowed to — apa yang boleh. Dalam kalimat negatif bedanya ada pada kekuatannya:

You're supposed to wear a helmet. begitu aturannya: ini kewajiban
You're allowed to bring one bag. begitu boleh: ini izin
You're not supposed to park here. tidak semestinya — lunak, dan banyak orang tetap parkir
You're not allowed to park here. dilarang — tegas, tanpa kecuali

don't need to — tidak ada keperluan. Ini sama dengan don't have to (A2 #10): boleh tidak dilakukan. need di sini — kata kerja biasa dengan to, karena itu kalimat negatif, kalimat tanya, dan kala lampau dibentuk dengan do: You don't need to come tomorrow. Does she need to bring anything? We didn't need to wait. Jangan campurkan dengan mustn't dan not allowed to — “tidak boleh”: You don't need to come — boleh tidak datang; You aren't allowed to come — dilarang datang.

Seluruh skala dalam satu contoh:

I must finish today. saya sendiri yang memutuskan
I have to finish today. keadaan menuntut
I'm supposed to finish today. begitu kesepakatannya — tapi apakah sempat?
I should finish today. sebaiknya begitu
I'm allowed to finish tomorrow. saya diizinkan menyelesaikannya besok
I don't need to finish today. tidak perlu
I mustn't forget the figures. tidak boleh

Jangan katakan begini. ✗ We didn't need come so early → ✓ We didn't need to come so early. didn't need — kata kerja biasa, dan sesudahnya diperlukan to.

Uji diri Anda. could atau managed to: “tadi sulit, tetapi saya bisa mengejar keretanya”? Apa arti The film was supposed to start at eight? Bagaimana mengatakan “kami tidak diizinkan memakai telepon di tempat kerja”?

tampilkan jawaban
managed to — keberhasilan dalam satu peristiwa: It was difficult, but I managed to catch the train; filmnya seharusnya mulai jam delapan, tetapi mulai lebih lambat atau tidak mulai sama sekali; We aren't allowed to use our phones at work / We're not allowed to use our phones at work.
Iklan

Kesalahan penutur bahasa Indonesia

ditulis untuk bahasa Anda
1

“Akan bisa” menjadi dua kata kerja modal

✗ I will can swim

✓ I'll be able to swim

“Akan bisa” terdiri dari dua kata, dan masing-masing ingin diterjemahkan: will + can. Tetapi dalam bahasa Inggris dua kata kerja modal tidak berdiri berurutan; tempat kedua diisi oleh be able to.

2

“Bisa” untuk keberhasilan dalam satu peristiwa

✗ The exam was hard, but I could pass it

✓ The exam was hard, but I managed to pass it / I was able to pass it

“Ujiannya sulit, tapi saya bisa lulus” — “bisa” di sini berarti “berhasil”, dan could tampak seperti terjemahan yang tepat. Tetapi could dalam kalimat positif berarti kemampuan secara umum, bukan keberhasilan kali itu.

3

supposed to dan allowed to tanpa be

✗ I supposed to be there at nine → ✓ I'm supposed to be there at nine. ✗ We don't allowed to smoke → ✓ We aren't allowed to smoke. “Saya seharusnya…”, “kami tidak diizinkan…” — tanpa kata kerja penghubung, dan supposed, allowed tampak seperti kata kerja lampau. Tetapi keduanya memerlukan be, dan penyangkalan juga dibentuk dengannya: aren't allowed, bukan don't allowed. Di akhir -d juga sering hilang dalam tulisan: ✗ suppose to, ✗ allow to → ✓ supposed to, allowed to.

4

“Dilarang merokok di sini” tanpa subjek

✗ It isn't allowed to smoke here

✓ You aren't allowed to smoke here

Kalimat Indonesia tidak menyebut siapa yang dilarang, dan dalam bahasa Inggris tempat kosong itu diisi It. Tetapi subjek be allowed to adalah orang yang diizinkan atau dilarang: You aren't allowed, Passengers aren't allowed. Pada papan cukup ditulis No smoking.

Pelafalan

4 menit

supposed to — /səˈpəʊs tə/: -d dan t menyatu menjadi satu /t/. Suku kata pertama tidak bertekanan — /sə/, tekanan pada suku kedua: su-POSED.

able — /ˈeɪbl/, dengan /eɪ/ yang bertekanan, seperti dalam table. be able to diucapkan utuh, dalam satu tarikan napas: /bi ˈeɪbl tə/; to — lemah /tə/.

managed to — /ˈmænɪdʒ tə/: /d/ sebelum /t/ hampir hilang. Begitu juga dalam allowed to /əˈlaʊd tə/: /d/ dan /t/ menyatu, seperti dalam supposed to. allowed terdengar seperti loud dengan /ə/ lemah di depannya — dan persis sama dengan aloud “dengan suara keras”.

Iklan

Teks

5 menit

Hi Claire,

I'm afraid the report isn't ready yet. I was supposed to send it to you yesterday, but I wasn't able to finish it. At four o'clock my laptop suddenly stopped working, and nobody in IT could fix it the same day.

The good news is that I managed to save most of the file — I only lost the last two pages. Sam has lent me his old laptop, and I'm allowed to keep it until Friday, so I'll be able to finish everything this morning. You'll have it by twelve.

You don't need to move the meeting with the client. The figures are all correct — I checked them twice on Monday. But I'm supposed to show the report to Mark first, and he's working from home today. Do you need to see it too, or can I send it straight to him?

One more thing: we're not supposed to leave laptops in the office overnight, but mine stayed there because it wasn't working. I hope that's all right.

Sorry again, Ben

Membaca nyaring

Latihan

30 menit

1. Mengisi rumpang.

  1. I swim when I was five. (dulu sudah bisa)
  2. Don't worry, you drive by the summer. (masa depan)
  3. I haven't sleep well since we moved
  4. She speak three languages. (sekarang)
  5. I'd like to play the piano
  6. I'm sorry, I come to your party last Saturday. (tidak bisa)
  7. If you call the hotel, you might get a cheaper room
Tampilkan jawaban
could; will be able to; been able to; can; be able to; couldn't / wasn't able to; be able to

2. Memilih.

  1. My grandmother read without glasses until she was ninety
  2. The traffic was terrible, but we get to the airport on time
  3. The door was locked, but the firefighters get in through the window
  4. When I was young, I run ten kilometres easily
  5. The exam was really difficult, but she pass it
Tampilkan jawaban
could; managed to; managed to; could; managed to

3. Tulis ulang dengan be able to

  1. I can drive. (next year)
  2. She can't come to the meeting. (yesterday)
  3. I can't sleep. (this week — Present Perfect)
  4. We can visit you. (in the summer)
  5. He can't find a job. (since March — Present Perfect)
Tampilkan jawaban
I'll be able to drive next year / I will be able to drive next year; She wasn't able to come to the meeting yesterday; I haven't been able to sleep this week; We'll be able to visit you in the summer / We will be able to visit you in the summer; He hasn't been able to find a job since March

4. Tulis ulang dengan be supposed to.

  1. The rule is: take your shoes off at the door.
  2. We agreed to meet at six, but he isn't here.
  3. The timetable says the train arrives at five, but it's late.
  4. You can't park here — it's against the rules.
  5. I should be studying now, but I'm watching TV.
Tampilkan jawaban
You're supposed to take your shoes off at the door / You are supposed to take your shoes off at the door; We were supposed to meet at six, but he isn't here / We were supposed to meet at six; The train was supposed to arrive at five, but it's late / The train is supposed to arrive at five, but it's late / The train was supposed to arrive at five; You're not supposed to park here / You aren't supposed to park here / You're not supposed to park here — it's against the rules / You aren't supposed to park here — it's against the rules; I'm supposed to be studying now, but I'm watching TV

5. Tulis ulang dengan be allowed to atau don't need to.

  1. It isn't necessary to bring food — there's a café.
  2. It wasn't necessary for us to wait — the doctor saw us at once.
  3. The rules say you can't take photos in the museum.
  4. As a child, I couldn't stay out after nine — my parents said no.
  5. From next year students can use phones in class. (masa depan)
  6. Can we bring our own drinks into the cinema? (tanyakan tentang aturan)
Tampilkan jawaban
You don't need to bring food — there's a café / You don't need to bring food; We didn't need to wait — the doctor saw us at once / We didn't need to wait; You aren't allowed to take photos in the museum / You're not allowed to take photos in the museum / We aren't allowed to take photos in the museum / We're not allowed to take photos in the museum; As a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine / As a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine — my parents said no / When I was a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine; From next year students will be allowed to use phones in class / Students will be allowed to use phones in class from next year; Are we allowed to bring our own drinks into the cinema?

6. Mencari kesalahan dan memperbaikinya.

  1. I will can drive next year.
  2. The exam was hard, but I could pass it.
  3. I supposed to be at work at nine.
  4. It isn't allowed to take photos here.
  5. We didn't need come so early.
Tampilkan jawaban
I'll be able to drive next year / I will be able to drive next year; The exam was hard, but I managed to pass it / The exam was hard, but I was able to pass it; I'm supposed to be at work at nine / I was supposed to be at work at nine; You aren't allowed to take photos here / You're not allowed to take photos here / We aren't allowed to take photos here / We're not allowed to take photos here; We didn't need to come so early

7. Jawablah dengan kalimat lengkap

— tentang diri Anda. Jawaban di bawah — contoh. 1) What would you like to be able to do? 2) What difficult thing did you manage to do last month? 3) What are you supposed to do every day that you don't always do? 4) What weren't you allowed to do as a child?

Tampilkan jawaban
I'd like to be able to play the guitar; I managed to finish a difficult project at work; I'm supposed to go to the gym three times a week, but I usually go once; As a child, I wasn't allowed to watch TV after nine

8. Terjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggris.

1) Sebulan lagi saya akan bisa berbicara bahasa Inggris dengan lebih lancar. 2) Memang sulit, tapi kami berhasil mengejar kereta terakhir. 3) Keretanya seharusnya tiba jam enam. 4) Kamu tidak perlu datang besok. 5) Di sini mestinya tidak boleh merokok.

Tampilkan jawaban
In a month I'll be able to speak English more fluently / In a month I'll be able to speak English more freely; It was difficult, but we managed to catch the last train; The train was supposed to arrive at six; You don't need to come tomorrow; You're not supposed to smoke here / You aren't supposed to smoke here
Iklan

Ringkasan

Sudah dibahas: be able to dalam semua kala dan sesudah kata kerja lain, could lawan managed to dan was able to; aturan — be supposed to dalam kala kini dan lampau, be allowed to lawan can dan not supposed to, don't need to lawan mustn't, seluruh skala kewajiban. Berikutnya — pelajaran 12: pengulangan pelajaran 7–11.

Akhir inti

Pelajaran dianggap selesai setelah latihan dikerjakan. Semua setelah ini bersifat opsional.

Pelajaran 84

opsional

Kosakata untuk dek kartu

14 kata
  • be able to /bi ˈeɪbl tə/ bisa, mampu
  • manage to /ˈmænɪdʒ tə/ berhasil (melakukan)
  • be supposed to /bi səˈpəʊs tə/ seharusnya (menurut aturan atau kesepakatan)
  • be allowed to /bi əˈlaʊd tə/ boleh, diizinkan
  • laptop /ˈlæptɒp/ laptop
  • fix /fɪks/ memperbaiki
  • save /seɪv/ menyimpan
  • file /faɪl/ berkas, file
  • figures /ˈfɪɡəz/ angka-angka
  • straight /streɪt/ langsung
  • overnight /ˌəʊvəˈnaɪt/ semalaman
  • glasses /ˈɡlɑːsɪz/ kacamata
  • firefighter /ˈfaɪəfaɪtə/ petugas pemadam kebakaran
  • locked /lɒkt/ terkunci

Menulis

Lima atau enam kalimat tentang hari yang tidak berjalan sesuai rencana: apa yang seharusnya Anda lakukan, apa yang tidak bisa Anda lakukan, apa yang akhirnya berhasil, dan apa yang sekarang tidak perlu dilakukan.

Contoh

Yesterday I was supposed to meet a client at ten, but I wasn't able to get there on time. There was an accident on the motorway, and the traffic didn't move for an hour. I managed to call the client from the car, and she was very kind about it. In the end we had the meeting online. So now I don't need to drive to her office next week. I hope I'll be able to meet her in person next month.

Daftar periksa

Draf disimpan di perangkat ini
Iklan

Punya ide untuk fitur baru?

Kirim ide
Iklan
Iklan