Gramatika ~54 min jezgre preostalo

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Započni lekciju Jezgra 54 min · koraci: 6 · neobavezno: +2

Navedeno vrijeme jezgre. Dva bloka jezgre nemaju brojku, pa je stvarna lekcija duža od ovog zbroja.

Gramatika

15 min

Ove glagole znaš po drugim značenjima: must — obveza (A2 #10), can — sposobnost (A1 #20), could — uljudna molba (A2 #17). Imaju i drugo značenje: pokazuju koliko je govornik siguran u svoje nagađanje. Svjetlo u prozoru, auto ispred kuće, čovjek se ne javlja na telefon — i izvodimo zaključak.

Ljestvica sigurnosti:

koliko sam siguran primjer
is znam sigurno He is at home — I can see him.
must gotovo sigurno da He must be at home — his car is outside.
may / might / could možda da He might be at the gym.
may not / might not možda ne He might not be at home.
can't gotovo sigurno ne He can't be at work — it's Sunday.
isn't znam sigurno da ne He isn't here.

Oblik. Iza modalnog glagola dolazi osnovni oblik bez to, a sam modalni glagol nema -s: She must be tired, He might know. Ako je nagađanje o onome što se događa upravo sada — be + -ing: He must be working late — the light's on in his office. They might be waiting for us outside.

Kako izabrati.

must — zaključak iz tragova: zbrojio sam činjenice i ne vidim drugo objašnjenje. Trag se obično navede u blizini: You must be hungry — you haven't eaten all day. Ali must ne znači „sigurno znam“. Ako znaš pouzdano, modalni glagol ne treba: He's at home — I've just spoken to him. must kaže „zaključujem“, i sugovornik čuje da je to zaključak, a ne činjenica. U hrvatskom tu ulogu imaju „mora da“ i „sigurno“ — „mora da je kod kuće“; u engleskom — sam glagol.

may, might, could — jedna od mogućnosti, a ne znam je li točna. Razlike među njima gotovo nema: might je malo manje siguran, may malo službeniji, could znači „sasvim je moguće“: It could be a virus.

can't — zaključak „ne“: činjenice čine mogućnost nemogućom. That can't be Tom — he's in Spain this week.

Niječnica — can't, a ne mustn't. mustn't je zabrana (A2 #10): You mustn't park here. Za „sigurno ne“ u britanskom engleskom kaže se can't. A might not je blago „možda ne“: She might not know about the meeting.

Pitanje. U pitanju o nagađanju uzima se could ili can: Could it be a mistake? — „Je li to možda pogreška?“ Who can that be? — „Tko bi to mogao biti?“ S must i might takva se pitanja gotovo ne grade.

must — nagađanje ili obveza? Pogledaj glagol iza njega. S be, know, have u značenju „imati“ i s trajnim oblikom must je gotovo uvijek nagađanje. S radnjom — obveza:

You must be tired. Sigurno si umoran. — nagađanje
You must go to bed. Moraš ići u krevet. — obveza

maybe i may be. maybe je jedna riječ, prilog, obično stoji na početku: Maybe he's at home. may be su dvije riječi, modalni glagol i be, stoje iza subjekta: He may be at home. Značenje je isto, a pišu se različito.

Još primjera:

That must be the postman. To je sigurno poštar.
She might be in a meeting. Možda je na sastanku.
This can't be our bus — ours is number twelve. Ovo ne može biti naš autobus.
He must know the answer — he's a doctor. Sigurno zna odgovor.
You could be right. Možda si u pravu.

Tako se ne kaže. ✗ He mights be ill → ✓ He might be ill. Modalni glagol se ne mijenja po licima, -s nema.

Provjeri se. Susjedov auto je ispred kuće, u prozorima je svjetlo. Što ćeš reći: He must be at home ili He might be at home? Kako reći „to ne može biti istina“? Po čemu se razlikuje Maybe she's ill od She may be ill?

prikaži odgovore
He must be at home — tragovi se slažu; That can't be true (ili It can't be true); po značenju ni po čemu: u prvoj je maybe prilog, u drugoj je may be modalni glagol s be.
Oglas

Pogreške izvornih govornika hrvatskoga

prilagođeno vašem jeziku
1

mustn't u nagađanju

„Mora da nije kod kuće“ lako se prevede kao He mustn't be at home, a Britanac to čuje kao zabranu: „ne smije biti kod kuće“. Za „sigurno nije“ treba ✓ He can't be at home, kao „ne može biti kod kuće“. A „ne mora biti kod kuće“ („možda nije“) — ✓ He might not be at home.

2

can za „može biti“

✗ He can be at the gym → ✓ He might be at the gym; ✗ It can be that he's ill → ✓ He might be ill. Hrvatsko „može biti (da)…“ izriče mogućnost, ali u potvrdnom nagađanju o konkretnoj situaciji engleski uzima might, may ili could, a can — samo u niječnici i u pitanju.

3

Bez trajnog oblika

„Sigurno radi do kasno — svjetlo gori“ lako se prevede kao He must work late, a to se čuje kao obveza: „mora raditi do kasno“. Za nagađanje treba ✓ He must be working late. Hrvatski prezent „radi“ pokriva i „upravo sada“, a engleski za radnju koja traje sada traži be + -ing.

4

to iza modalnog glagola

✗ She must to be tired

✓ She must be tired

Hrvatski infinitiv („mora biti umorna“, „ne može biti istina“) lako se prevede kao to + glagol. Ali iza must, might, can't stoji osnovni oblik bez to.

Izgovor

4 min

Naglasak je na modalnom glagolu: on nosi smisao nagađanja. He MUST be at home, That CAN'T be right, She MIGHT be ill. be iza njega je nenaglašen i kratak — /bi/.

must be — /ˈmʌs bi/: /t/ između /s/ i /b/ ispada. Isto tako must know /ˈmʌs nəʊ/.

can't u nagađanju je pun i dug — /kɑːnt/. Završno /t/ ispred suglasnika gotovo nestaje, i tada can't od can razlikuju samo dugo /ɑː/ i naglasak (A1 #20). might be — /ˈmaɪt bi/: /t/ se ne izgovara potpuno, nego samo prekida samoglasnik.

Oglas

Tekst

5 min

Have you seen Tom this morning?

No, but he must be somewhere in the building. His coat's on his chair, and his computer is on.

And his coffee is still warm. He can't be far away.

He might be in the meeting room. The managers meet there on Thursdays.

It can't be the managers' meeting. That always starts at ten, and it's only half past nine.

Then he could be at the coffee machine. Or he may be down in IT — his laptop stopped working yesterday.

Wait, his phone's here too. He never goes anywhere without his phone. He must be very close.

Listen. Can you hear that? Somebody's singing in the kitchen.

That can't be Tom. He hates singing.

Hang on — isn't it his birthday today? Maybe they're singing to him.

Of course! That must be why there's a cake on the kitchen table. They must be waiting for us. Come on!

Čitanje naglas

Vježbe

30 min

1. Dopunjavanje.

  1. His car is outside, so he be at home. (gotovo sigurno da)
  2. That be right — the bill says £300 for two coffees. (gotovo sigurno ne)
  3. She isn't answering. She be in a meeting. (možda)
  4. You've been working for ten hours. You be exhausted. (gotovo sigurno da)
  5. This be Anna's bag — it has her name on it. (gotovo sigurno da)
  6. He be at work — it's Sunday, and his office is closed. (gotovo sigurno ne)
  7. Take an umbrella. It rain later. (možda)
  8. They be asleep — the lights are on, and I can hear music. (gotovo sigurno ne)
  9. Listen to her accent. She be from Scotland. (gotovo sigurno da)
  10. I'm not sure where Lucy is. She be in the library. (možda)
Prikaži odgovore
must; can't; might / may / could; must; must; can't; might / may / could; can't; must; might / may / could

2. Prepiši s modalnim glagolom.

  1. I'm sure he's at home.
  2. Perhaps she's ill.
  3. I'm sure it isn't true.
  4. Perhaps they know the answer.
  5. I'm sure you're tired after the flight.
  6. I'm sure that isn't our train — ours leaves at six.
  7. Perhaps he doesn't know about the party.
Prikaži odgovore
He must be at home; She might be ill / She may be ill / She could be ill; It can't be true; They might know the answer / They may know the answer / They could know the answer; You must be tired after the flight; That can't be our train — ours leaves at six; He might not know about the party / He may not know about the party

3. Razvij natuknicu u nagađanje

  1. The light is on in his office. (he / must / work / late)
  2. She isn't answering her phone. (she / might / drive)
  3. I can hear water in the bathroom. (someone / must / have / a shower)
  4. They aren't in the classroom. (they / could / wait / outside)
Prikaži odgovore
He must be working late; She might be driving; Someone must be having a shower; They could be waiting outside

4. Pronalaženje pogreške.

  1. May be he's still at work.
  2. She must to be tired after the trip.
  3. He mights be at the gym.
  4. It maybe a mistake.
  5. That can't is Tom — he's in Spain.
Prikaži odgovore
Maybe he's still at work / He may still be at work; She must be tired after the trip; He might be at the gym; It may be a mistake / Maybe it's a mistake; That can't be Tom — he's in Spain

5. Povezivanje.

  1. She's yawning.
  2. People are carrying umbrellas.
  3. Nobody's answering the door.
  4. The shop is dark.
  5. He knows everything about cars.
Prikaži odgovore
`She's yawning.` — `She must be tired.`; `People are carrying umbrellas.` — `It must be raining.`; `Nobody's answering the door.` — `They might be out.`; `The shop is dark.` — `It must be closed.`; `He knows everything about cars.` — `He must be a mechanic.`

6. Iznesi tri nagađanja različite sigurnosti

o svakoj situaciji. Rješenja ispod su uzorak. 1) Kolega nije došao na posao i ne javlja se na telefon. 2) U stanu iznad tebe već sat vremena nešto lupa.

Prikaži odgovore
He might be ill. He could be stuck in traffic. He can't be on holiday — he was here yesterday; They must be doing some repairs. They might be putting up shelves. They can't be asleep

7. Prevedi na engleski.

1) Mora da je kod kuće — auto mu je ispred kuće. 2) To ne može biti istina. 3) Ona je možda na sastanku. 4) Sigurno nas čekaju vani. 5) Sigurno si umoran nakon leta.

Prikaži odgovore
He must be at home — his car is outside; That can't be true / It can't be true; She might be in a meeting / She may be in a meeting / She could be in a meeting / Maybe she's in a meeting; They must be waiting for us outside; You must be tired after the flight
Oglas

Sažetak

Obrađeno: ljestvica sigurnosti must — may, might, could — can't, nagađanje o onome što traje sada (must be doing), niječnica s can't i might not, pitanje s could, must kao nagađanje i kao obveza, maybe nasuprot may be. Slijedi lekcija 11: obveza i sposobnost.

Kraj jezgre

Lekcija se računa kao završena nakon vježbi. Sve nakon toga je neobavezno.

Lekcija 83

neobavezno

Riječi za kartice

16 riječi
  • somewhere /ˈsʌmweə/ negdje
  • far away /ˌfɑːr əˈweɪ/ daleko
  • meeting room /ˈmiːtɪŋ ruːm/ dvorana za sastanke
  • warm /wɔːm/ topao
  • hang on /ˌhæŋ ˈɒn/ čekaj, samo malo
  • cake /keɪk/ torta, kolač
  • postman /ˈpəʊstmən/ poštar
  • mistake /mɪˈsteɪk/ pogreška
  • bill /bɪl/ račun
  • exhausted /ɪɡˈzɔːstɪd/ iscrpljen
  • asleep /əˈsliːp/ koji spava, u snu
  • accent /ˈæksənt/ naglasak (način izgovora)
  • yawn /jɔːn/ zijevati
  • mechanic /məˈkænɪk/ mehaničar
  • stuck in traffic /ˌstʌk ɪn ˈtræfɪk/ zaglavljen u prometu
  • gym /dʒɪm/ teretana

Pisanje

Pet-šest rečenica: došao si kući, vrata nisu zaključana, na stolu je tuđa torba, u kuhinji svira glazba. Iznesi nagađanja različite sigurnosti.

Uzorak

The door is open, and there's music in the kitchen. Someone must be at home. It can't be my flatmate — she's in Paris this week. It might be my brother; he has a key. This bag on the table must be his — it's the same colour as his old one. He could be cooking: I can smell onions. Or he might be waiting to surprise me.

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