Slovnica ~54 min jedra še preostane

Izraziti domnevo

Po tej lekciji znate

Znam izraziti domnevo o tem, kar se dogaja, in povedati, kako gotov sem si.

Začni lekcijo Jedro 54 min · koraki: 6 · izbirno: +2

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Slovnica

15 min

Te glagole poznaš iz drugih pomenov: must — obveznost (A2 #10), can — zmožnost (A1 #20), could — vljudna prošnja (A2 #17). Imajo pa še drug pomen: pokažejo, kako gotov si je govorec v svoji domnevi. Luč v oknu, avto pred hišo, človek se ne oglasi na telefon — in naredimo sklep.

Lestvica gotovosti:

kako gotov primer
is vem zagotovo He is at home — I can see him.
must skoraj gotovo da He must be at home — his car is outside.
may / might / could mogoče da He might be at the gym.
may not / might not mogoče ne He might not be at home.
can't skoraj gotovo ne He can't be at work — it's Sunday.
isn't vem zagotovo, da ne He isn't here.

Oblika. Za modalnim glagolom stoji osnovna oblika brez to, modalni glagol pa sam nima -s: She must be tired, He might know. Če domneva govori o tem, kar se dogaja prav zdaj, — be + -ing: He must be working late — the light's on in his office. They might be waiting for us outside.

Kako izbrati.

must — sklep iz dokazov: sestavil sem dejstva in druge razlage ne vidim. Dokaz običajno povemo zraven: You must be hungry — you haven't eaten all day. A must ne pomeni „zagotovo“. Če nekaj veš zanesljivo, modalnega glagola ne potrebuješ: He's at home — I've just spoken to him. must pove „tako sklepam“, in sogovornik sliši, da je to sklep, ne dejstvo. V slovenščini lahko rečemo „mora biti doma“, pogosteje pa to vlogo opravijo besede „gotovo“, „zagotovo“; v angleščini — sam glagol.

may, might, could — ena od možnosti, in ne vem, ali drži. Med njimi skoraj ni razlike: might je malo manj gotov, may malo bolj uraden, could pomeni „čisto mogoče“: It could be a virus.

can't — sklep „ne“: dejstva to možnost izključujejo. That can't be Tom — he's in Spain this week.

Zanikanje — can't, ne mustn't. mustn't je prepoved (A2 #10): You mustn't park here. Za „gotovo ne“ v britanski angleščini rečejo can't. might not pa je mehki „mogoče ne“: She might not know about the meeting.

Vprašanje. V vprašanju o domnevi vzamemo could ali can: Could it be a mistake? — „Je to mogoče napaka?“ Who can that be? — „Kdo bi to lahko bil?“ Z must in might takih vprašanj skoraj ne tvorimo.

must — domneva ali obveznost? Poglej glagol za njim. Z be, know, have v pomenu „imeti“ in s trajno obliko je must skoraj vedno domneva. Z dejanjem — obveznost:

You must be tired. Gotovo si utrujen. — domneva
You must go to bed. Moraš iti spat. — obveznost

maybe in may be. maybe je ena beseda, prislov, običajno stoji na začetku: Maybe he's at home. may be sta dve besedi, modalni glagol in be, stojita za osebkom: He may be at home. Pomen je isti, piše pa se različno.

Še primeri:

That must be the postman. To je gotovo poštar.
She might be in a meeting. Mogoče je na sestanku.
This can't be our bus — ours is number twelve. To ne more biti naš avtobus.
He must know the answer — he's a doctor. Gotovo ve odgovor.
You could be right. Mogoče imaš prav.

Tako se ne reče. ✗ He mights be ill → ✓ He might be ill. Modalni glagol se ne sprega po osebah, -s nima nikoli.

Preveri se. Sosedov avto je pred hišo, v oknih gori luč. Kaj porečeš: He must be at home ali He might be at home? Kako rečeš „to ne more biti res“? V čem se razlikujeta Maybe she's ill in She may be ill?

prikaži odgovore
He must be at home — dokazi se ujemajo; That can't be true (ali It can't be true); po pomenu v ničemer: v prvi je maybe prislov, v drugi je may be modalni glagol z be.
Oglas

Napake govorcev slovenščine

prirejeno za vaš jezik
1

Zanikani must v domnevi

„Mora biti doma“ je must be, zato zanikanje sestavimo enako: He mustn't be at home. Britanec pa to sliši kot prepoved: „ne sme biti doma“. Za „gotovo ga ni doma“ je potreben ✓ He can't be at home — prav kot slovensko „ne more biti doma“. Za „ni nujno, da je doma“ pa ✓ He might not be at home.

2

can za „lahko je“

✗ He can be at the gym

✓ He might be at the gym

Slovensko „lahko je v telovadnici“ vleče k can, ker je „lahko“ od A1 #20 naš prevod za can. O konkretnem položaju zdaj pa angleščina reče might, may ali could; can se v domnevi drži nikalnice in vprašanja.

3

Brez trajne oblike

„Gotovo dela dolgo — luč gori“: He must work late je pravilna angleščina, a zveni kot obveznost — „mora delati dolgo“. Za domnevo o tem, kar poteka zdaj, je potreben ✓ He must be working late. Slovenski sedanjik „dela“ zajema tudi „prav zdaj“, angleščina pa potrebuje be + -ing.

4

to za modalnim glagolom

✗ She must to be tired

✓ She must be tired

Slovenski nedoločnik („mora biti“, „ne more biti“) hitro prevedeš kot to + glagol, to pa se prenese še iz have to, need to, want to. Za must, might, can't stoji osnovna oblika brez to.

Izgovorjava

4 min

Naglas je na modalnem glagolu: ta nosi pomen domneve. He MUST be at home, That CAN'T be right, She MIGHT be ill. be za njim je nenaglašen in kratek — /bi/.

must be — /ˈmʌs bi/: /t/ med /s/ in /b/ izpade. Enako must know /ˈmʌs nəʊ/.

can't v domnevi je poln in dolg — /kɑːnt/. Končni /t/ pred soglasnikom skoraj izgine, in tedaj can't od can ločita samo dolgi /ɑː/ in naglas (A1 #20). might be — /ˈmaɪt bi/: /t/ ne poči, samo prekine samoglasnik.

Oglas

Besedilo

5 min

Have you seen Tom this morning?

No, but he must be somewhere in the building. His coat's on his chair, and his computer is on.

And his coffee is still warm. He can't be far away.

He might be in the meeting room. The managers meet there on Thursdays.

It can't be the managers' meeting. That always starts at ten, and it's only half past nine.

Then he could be at the coffee machine. Or he may be down in IT — his laptop stopped working yesterday.

Wait, his phone's here too. He never goes anywhere without his phone. He must be very close.

Listen. Can you hear that? Somebody's singing in the kitchen.

That can't be Tom. He hates singing.

Hang on — isn't it his birthday today? Maybe they're singing to him.

Of course! That must be why there's a cake on the kitchen table. They must be waiting for us. Come on!

Branje na glas

Vaje

30 min

1. Vstavljanje.

  1. His car is outside, so he be at home. (skoraj gotovo da)
  2. That be right — the bill says £300 for two coffees. (skoraj gotovo ne)
  3. She isn't answering. She be in a meeting. (mogoče)
  4. You've been working for ten hours. You be exhausted. (skoraj gotovo da)
  5. This be Anna's bag — it has her name on it. (skoraj gotovo da)
  6. He be at work — it's Sunday, and his office is closed. (skoraj gotovo ne)
  7. Take an umbrella. It rain later. (mogoče)
  8. They be asleep — the lights are on, and I can hear music. (skoraj gotovo ne)
  9. Listen to her accent. She be from Scotland. (skoraj gotovo da)
  10. I'm not sure where Lucy is. She be in the library. (mogoče)
Prikaži odgovore
must; can't; might / may / could; must; must; can't; might / may / could; can't; must; might / may / could

2. Prepiši z modalnim glagolom.

  1. I'm sure he's at home.
  2. Perhaps she's ill.
  3. I'm sure it isn't true.
  4. Perhaps they know the answer.
  5. I'm sure you're tired after the flight.
  6. I'm sure that isn't our train — ours leaves at six.
  7. Perhaps he doesn't know about the party.
Prikaži odgovore
He must be at home; She might be ill / She may be ill / She could be ill; It can't be true; They might know the answer / They may know the answer / They could know the answer; You must be tired after the flight; That can't be our train — ours leaves at six; He might not know about the party / He may not know about the party

3. Razširi namig v domnevo

  1. The light is on in his office. (he / must / work / late)
  2. She isn't answering her phone. (she / might / drive)
  3. I can hear water in the bathroom. (someone / must / have / a shower)
  4. They aren't in the classroom. (they / could / wait / outside)
Prikaži odgovore
He must be working late; She might be driving; Someone must be having a shower; They could be waiting outside

4. Iskanje napak.

  1. May be he's still at work.
  2. She must to be tired after the trip.
  3. He mights be at the gym.
  4. It maybe a mistake.
  5. That can't is Tom — he's in Spain.
Prikaži odgovore
Maybe he's still at work / He may still be at work; She must be tired after the trip; He might be at the gym; It may be a mistake / Maybe it's a mistake; That can't be Tom — he's in Spain

5. Povezovanje.

  1. She's yawning.
  2. People are carrying umbrellas.
  3. Nobody's answering the door.
  4. The shop is dark.
  5. He knows everything about cars.
Prikaži odgovore
`She's yawning.` — `She must be tired.`; `People are carrying umbrellas.` — `It must be raining.`; `Nobody's answering the door.` — `They might be out.`; `The shop is dark.` — `It must be closed.`; `He knows everything about cars.` — `He must be a mechanic.`

6. Izreci tri domneve z različno stopnjo gotovosti

o vsakem položaju. Rešitve spodaj so zgled. 1) Sodelavec ni prišel v službo in se ne oglasi na telefon. 2) V stanovanju nad tabo že eno uro nekaj trka.

Prikaži odgovore
He might be ill. He could be stuck in traffic. He can't be on holiday — he was here yesterday; They must be doing some repairs. They might be putting up shelves. They can't be asleep

7. Prevedi v angleščino.

1) Gotovo je doma — njegov avto stoji pred hišo. 2) To ne more biti res. 3) Mogoče je na sestanku. 4) Gotovo nas čakajo zunaj. 5) Gotovo ste utrujeni po poletu.

Prikaži odgovore
He must be at home — his car is outside; That can't be true / It can't be true; She might be in a meeting / She may be in a meeting / She could be in a meeting / Maybe she's in a meeting; They must be waiting for us outside; You must be tired after the flight
Oglas

Povzetek

Obravnavano: lestvica gotovosti must — may, might, could — can't, domneva o tem, kar poteka zdaj (must be doing), zanikanje s can't in might not, vprašanje s could, must kot domneva in kot obveznost, maybe proti may be. Sledi lekcija 11: dolžnosti in zmožnosti.

Konec jedra

Lekcija se šteje za opravljeno, ko so vaje končane. Vse po tem je izbirno.

Lekcija 83

izbirno

Besedišče za kartice

16 besed
  • somewhere /ˈsʌmweə/ nekje
  • far away /ˌfɑːr əˈweɪ/ daleč
  • meeting room /ˈmiːtɪŋ ruːm/ sejna soba
  • warm /wɔːm/ topel
  • hang on /ˌhæŋ ˈɒn/ počakaj, trenutek
  • cake /keɪk/ torta, pecivo
  • postman /ˈpəʊstmən/ poštar
  • mistake /mɪˈsteɪk/ napaka
  • bill /bɪl/ račun
  • exhausted /ɪɡˈzɔːstɪd/ izčrpan
  • asleep /əˈsliːp/ speč, v spanju
  • accent /ˈæksənt/ naglas (tuj izgovor)
  • yawn /jɔːn/ zehati
  • mechanic /məˈkænɪk/ mehanik
  • stuck in traffic /ˌstʌk ɪn ˈtræfɪk/ obtičal v prometnem zastoju
  • gym /dʒɪm/ telovadnica, fitnes

Pisanje

Pet ali šest povedi: prišel si domov, vrata niso zaklenjena, na mizi je tuja torba, v kuhinji igra glasba. Izreci domneve z različno stopnjo gotovosti.

Zgled

The door is open, and there's music in the kitchen. Someone must be at home. It can't be my flatmate — she's in Paris this week. It might be my brother; he has a key. This bag on the table must be his — it's the same colour as his old one. He could be cooking: I can smell onions. Or he might be waiting to surprise me.

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Vadite to lekcijo v drugih razdelkih

Diktatna podlagi te lekcije Zapišite, kar slišite. Preverjanje pokaže vsako besedo, ki se razlikuje, in kako. Napišite narek Branje na glasna podlagi te lekcije Preberite besedilo lekcije na glas — prepoznavanje govora označi besede, ki jih ni ujelo. Preberite besedilo na glas Branje in poslušanjeA1–C1 Besedila na vsaki ravni z vprašanji za razumevanje; prepis se odpre po odgovoru. Preizkusi

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