Tatabahasa ~54 min daripada teras tinggal

Menyatakan tekaan

Selepas pelajaran ini anda boleh

Saya boleh membuat andaian tentang apa yang sedang berlaku dan menyatakan sejauh mana saya yakin.

Mulakan pelajaran Teras 54 min · langkah: 6 · pilihan: +2

Masa teras yang diisytiharkan. Dua blok teras tidak membawa sebarang angka, jadi pelajaran sebenar lebih panjang daripada jumlah ini.

Tatabahasa

15 min

Kata kerja ini sudah anda kenali dalam makna lain: must — kewajipan (A2 #10), can — kebolehan (A1 #20), could — permintaan sopan (A2 #17). Kata kerja ini juga mempunyai makna kedua: ia menunjukkan sejauh mana penutur yakin dengan tekaannya. Lampu menyala di tingkap, kereta ada di depan rumah, orang itu tidak menjawab telefon — dan kita membuat kesimpulan.

Skala keyakinan:

sejauh mana yakin contoh
is tahu dengan pasti He is at home — I can see him.
must hampir pasti ya He must be at home — his car is outside.
may / might / could mungkin ya He might be at the gym.
may not / might not mungkin tidak He might not be at home.
can't hampir pasti tidak He can't be at work — it's Sunday.
isn't tahu dengan pasti bahawa tidak He isn't here.

Bentuk. Selepas kata kerja modal — bentuk asas tanpa to, dan kata kerja modal itu sendiri tidak menerima -s: She must be tired, He might know. Jika tekaan itu tentang apa yang sedang berlaku sekarang — be + -ing: He must be working late — the light's on in his office. They might be waiting for us outside.

Cara memilih.

must — kesimpulan daripada bukti: saya menggabungkan fakta dan tidak nampak penjelasan lain. Bukti itu biasanya disebut berdekatan: You must be hungry — you haven't eaten all day. Tetapi must bukan “pasti seratus peratus”. Jika anda tahu dengan pasti, kata kerja modal tidak diperlukan: He's at home — I've just spoken to him. must bermaksud “saya membuat kesimpulan begini”, dan pendengar faham bahawa ini kesimpulan, bukan fakta. “Mesti” dalam bahasa Melayu juga ada dua makna yang sama: “awak mesti pergi” (kewajipan) dan “dia mesti lapar” (tekaan), jadi makna kedua must ini tidak asing bagi anda.

may, might, could — salah satu kemungkinan, dan saya tidak tahu sama ada ia betul. Antara ketiga-tiganya hampir tiada beza: might sedikit kurang yakin, may sedikit lebih rasmi, could bermaksud “boleh jadi”: It could be a virus.

can't — kesimpulan “tidak”: fakta menjadikan kemungkinan itu mustahil. That can't be Tom — he's in Spain this week.

Nafi — can't, bukan mustn't. mustn't — larangan (A2 #10): You mustn't park here. Untuk “hampir pasti tidak” dalam bahasa Inggeris British digunakan can't. Manakala might not — “mungkin tidak” yang lembut: She might not know about the meeting.

Soalan. Dalam soalan tentang tekaan digunakan could atau can: Could it be a mistake? — “Mungkinkah ini satu kesilapan?” Who can that be? — “Siapa agaknya itu?” Dengan must dan might soalan seperti ini hampir tidak dibina.

must — tekaan atau kewajipan? Lihat kata kerja selepasnya. Dengan be, know, have dalam erti “mempunyai” dan dengan bentuk berterusan, must hampir selalu tekaan. Dengan perbuatan — kewajipan:

You must be tired. Awak mesti penat. — tekaan
You must go to bed. Awak mesti pergi tidur. — kewajipan

maybe dan may be. maybe — satu perkataan, kata keterangan, biasanya di awal ayat: Maybe he's at home. may be — dua perkataan, kata kerja modal dan be, terletak selepas subjek: He may be at home. Maknanya sama, tetapi ejaannya berbeza.

Contoh lain:

That must be the postman. Itu mesti posmen.
She might be in a meeting. Mungkin dia sedang bermesyuarat.
This can't be our bus — ours is number twelve. Ini tidak mungkin bas kita.
He must know the answer — he's a doctor. Dia tentu tahu jawapannya.
You could be right. Mungkin awak betul.

Jangan sebut begini. ✗ He mights be ill → ✓ He might be ill. Kata kerja modal tidak berubah mengikut subjek, ia tidak pernah menerima -s.

Uji diri anda. Kereta jiran ada di depan rumah, lampu di tingkap menyala. Apa yang anda katakan: He must be at home atau He might be at home? Bagaimana hendak mengatakan “itu tidak mungkin benar”? Apakah beza antara Maybe she's ill dan She may be ill?

tunjukkan jawapan
He must be at home — bukti-buktinya sepadan; That can't be true (atau It can't be true); dari segi makna tiada beza: dalam ayat pertama maybe ialah kata keterangan, dalam ayat kedua may be ialah kata kerja modal dengan be.
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Kesilapan penutur bahasa Melayu

ditulis untuk bahasa anda
1

be yang hilang selepas kata kerja modal

✗ He must at home

✗ She might tired

✓ He must be at home

She might be tired. “Dia mesti di rumah”, “dia mungkin penat” — dalam bahasa Melayu di sini tiada kata kerja. Tetapi selepas must, might, can't mesti ada kata kerja, dan di hadapan tempat atau kata adjektif kata kerja itu ialah be.

2

maybe dan may be tertukar

✗ He maybe at home → ✓ He may be at home; ✗ May be he's at home → ✓ Maybe he's at home. “Mungkin” satu perkataan, dan ia boleh berdiri di awal ayat dan selepas subjek, jadi maybe mudah diletakkan di kedua-dua tempat. Ujian mudah: jika boleh diganti dengan perhaps, tulis bersambung.

3

mustn't dalam tekaan

“Dia mesti tak ada di rumah” mudah menjadi He mustn't be at home, tetapi orang British mendengarnya sebagai larangan: “dia tidak boleh berada di rumah”. Untuk “hampir pasti tidak” — ✓ He can't be at home, sama seperti “tidak mungkin” dalam bahasa Melayu.

4

must tentang masa depan

He must come tomorrow bermaksud kewajipan: “dia wajib datang”. Untuk tekaan tentang masa depan — ✓ He'll probably come tomorrow atau He might come tomorrow. “Dia mesti datang esok” boleh bermaksud “pasti datang”, tetapi must sebagai tekaan hampir selalu tentang masa kini.

Sebutan

4 min

Tekanan — pada kata kerja modal: ia membawa makna tekaan. He MUST be at home, That CAN'T be right, She MIGHT be ill. be selepasnya tanpa tekanan dan pendek — /bi/.

must be — /ˈmʌs bi/: /t/ di antara /s/ dan /b/ gugur. Begitu juga must know /ˈmʌs nəʊ/.

can't dalam tekaan penuh dan panjang — /kɑːnt/. /t/ di hujung sebelum konsonan hampir hilang, dan ketika itu can't dibezakan daripada can hanya oleh /ɑː/ yang panjang dan tekanan (A1 #20). might be — /ˈmaɪt bi/: /t/ tidak diletupkan, ia hanya memutuskan vokal.

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Teks

5 min

Have you seen Tom this morning?

No, but he must be somewhere in the building. His coat's on his chair, and his computer is on.

And his coffee is still warm. He can't be far away.

He might be in the meeting room. The managers meet there on Thursdays.

It can't be the managers' meeting. That always starts at ten, and it's only half past nine.

Then he could be at the coffee machine. Or he may be down in IT — his laptop stopped working yesterday.

Wait, his phone's here too. He never goes anywhere without his phone. He must be very close.

Listen. Can you hear that? Somebody's singing in the kitchen.

That can't be Tom. He hates singing.

Hang on — isn't it his birthday today? Maybe they're singing to him.

Of course! That must be why there's a cake on the kitchen table. They must be waiting for us. Come on!

Membaca kuat

Latihan

30 min

1. Isian tempat kosong.

  1. His car is outside, so he be at home. (hampir pasti ya)
  2. That be right — the bill says £300 for two coffees. (hampir pasti tidak)
  3. She isn't answering. She be in a meeting. (mungkin)
  4. You've been working for ten hours. You be exhausted. (hampir pasti ya)
  5. This be Anna's bag — it has her name on it. (hampir pasti ya)
  6. He be at work — it's Sunday, and his office is closed. (hampir pasti tidak)
  7. Take an umbrella. It rain later. (mungkin)
  8. They be asleep — the lights are on, and I can hear music. (hampir pasti tidak)
  9. Listen to her accent. She be from Scotland. (hampir pasti ya)
  10. I'm not sure where Lucy is. She be in the library. (mungkin)
Tunjukkan jawapan
must; can't; might / may / could; must; must; can't; might / may / could; can't; must; might / may / could

2. Tulis semula dengan kata kerja modal.

  1. I'm sure he's at home.
  2. Perhaps she's ill.
  3. I'm sure it isn't true.
  4. Perhaps they know the answer.
  5. I'm sure you're tired after the flight.
  6. I'm sure that isn't our train — ours leaves at six.
  7. Perhaps he doesn't know about the party.
Tunjukkan jawapan
He must be at home; She might be ill / She may be ill / She could be ill; It can't be true; They might know the answer / They may know the answer / They could know the answer; You must be tired after the flight; That can't be our train — ours leaves at six; He might not know about the party / He may not know about the party

3. Kembangkan petunjuk menjadi tekaan

  1. The light is on in his office. (he / must / work / late)
  2. She isn't answering her phone. (she / might / drive)
  3. I can hear water in the bathroom. (someone / must / have / a shower)
  4. They aren't in the classroom. (they / could / wait / outside)
Tunjukkan jawapan
He must be working late; She might be driving; Someone must be having a shower; They could be waiting outside

4. Pengesanan kesilapan.

  1. May be he's still at work.
  2. She must to be tired after the trip.
  3. He mights be at the gym.
  4. It maybe a mistake.
  5. That can't is Tom — he's in Spain.
Tunjukkan jawapan
Maybe he's still at work / He may still be at work; She must be tired after the trip; He might be at the gym; It may be a mistake / Maybe it's a mistake; That can't be Tom — he's in Spain

5. Padanan.

  1. She's yawning.
  2. People are carrying umbrellas.
  3. Nobody's answering the door.
  4. The shop is dark.
  5. He knows everything about cars.
Tunjukkan jawapan
`She's yawning.` — `She must be tired.`; `People are carrying umbrellas.` — `It must be raining.`; `Nobody's answering the door.` — `They might be out.`; `The shop is dark.` — `It must be closed.`; `He knows everything about cars.` — `He must be a mechanic.`

6. Buat tiga tekaan dengan tahap keyakinan berbeza

tentang setiap situasi. Jawapan di bawah hanyalah contoh. 1) Rakan sekerja anda tidak datang ke tempat kerja dan tidak menjawab telefon. 2) Di rumah di tingkat atas anda sudah sejam ada bunyi ketukan.

Tunjukkan jawapan
He might be ill. He could be stuck in traffic. He can't be on holiday — he was here yesterday; They must be doing some repairs. They might be putting up shelves. They can't be asleep

7. Terjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggeris.

1) Dia (lelaki) mesti ada di rumah — keretanya ada di depan rumah. 2) Itu tidak mungkin benar. 3) Mungkin dia (perempuan) sedang bermesyuarat. 4) Mereka mesti sedang menunggu kita di luar. 5) Awak tentu penat selepas penerbangan itu.

Tunjukkan jawapan
He must be at home — his car is outside; That can't be true / It can't be true; She might be in a meeting / She may be in a meeting / She could be in a meeting / Maybe she's in a meeting; They must be waiting for us outside; You must be tired after the flight
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Rumusan

Telah dipelajari: skala keyakinan must — may, might, could — can't, tekaan tentang apa yang sedang berlaku (must be doing), nafi dengan can't dan might not, soalan dengan could, must sebagai tekaan dan sebagai kewajipan, maybe berbanding may be. Seterusnya — pelajaran 11: kewajipan dan kebolehan.

Tamat teras

Pelajaran dikira selesai apabila latihan sudah dilakukan. Semua selepas ini adalah pilihan.

Pelajaran 83

pilihan

Kosa kata untuk dek

16 perkataan
  • somewhere /ˈsʌmweə/ di suatu tempat
  • far away /ˌfɑːr əˈweɪ/ jauh
  • meeting room /ˈmiːtɪŋ ruːm/ bilik mesyuarat
  • warm /wɔːm/ hangat
  • hang on /ˌhæŋ ˈɒn/ tunggu sekejap
  • cake /keɪk/ kek
  • postman /ˈpəʊstmən/ posmen
  • mistake /mɪˈsteɪk/ kesilapan
  • bill /bɪl/ bil
  • exhausted /ɪɡˈzɔːstɪd/ keletihan, sangat penat
  • asleep /əˈsliːp/ sedang tidur
  • accent /ˈæksənt/ loghat
  • yawn /jɔːn/ menguap
  • mechanic /məˈkænɪk/ mekanik
  • stuck in traffic /ˌstʌk ɪn ˈtræfɪk/ tersekat dalam kesesakan lalu lintas
  • gym /dʒɪm/ gim

Penulisan

Lima hingga enam ayat: anda pulang ke rumah, pintu tidak berkunci, di atas meja ada beg orang lain, di dapur muzik sedang dimainkan. Buat tekaan dengan tahap keyakinan yang berbeza.

Contoh

The door is open, and there's music in the kitchen. Someone must be at home. It can't be my flatmate — she's in Paris this week. It might be my brother; he has a key. This bag on the table must be his — it's the same colour as his old one. He could be cooking: I can smell onions. Or he might be waiting to surprise me.

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