Gramatika ~54 min ng core ang natitira

Magsabi ng hinuha

Pagkatapos ng araling ito, maaari mong

Kaya kong maghinuha tungkol sa nangyayari, at sabihin kung gaano ako kasigurado.

Simulan ang aralin Pangunahin 54 min · hakbang: 6 · opsyonal: +2

Inihayag na oras ng pangunahing bahagi. Dalawa sa mga pangunahing bloke ay walang numero, kaya mas mahaba ang tunay na aralin kaysa sa kabuuan nito.

Gramatika

15 min

Kilala na ninyo ang mga pandiwang ito sa ibang kahulugan: must — obligasyon (A2 #10), can — kakayahan (A1 #20), could — magalang na pakiusap (A2 #17). May ikalawa pa silang kahulugan: ipinapakita nila kung gaano kasigurado ang nagsasalita sa kanyang hinuha. May ilaw sa bintana, may kotse sa harap ng bahay, hindi sumasagot sa telepono ang tao — at gumagawa tayo ng konklusyon.

Panukat ng katiyakan:

gaano kasigurado halimbawa
is alam ko nang tiyak He is at home — I can see him.
must halos sigurado akong oo He must be at home — his car is outside.
may / might / could baka oo He might be at the gym.
may not / might not baka hindi He might not be at home.
can't halos sigurado akong hindi He can't be at work — it's Sunday.
isn't alam kong tiyak na hindi He isn't here.

Anyo. Pagkatapos ng pandiwang modal — batayang anyo na walang to, at walang -s ang pandiwang modal mismo: She must be tired, He might know. Kung ang hinuha ay tungkol sa nangyayari mismo ngayon — be + -ing: He must be working late — the light's on in his office. They might be waiting for us outside.

Paano pumili.

must — konklusyon mula sa ebidensiya: pinagsama ko ang mga katotohanan, at wala akong makitang ibang paliwanag. Karaniwang binabanggit sa tabi ang ebidensiya: You must be hungry — you haven't eaten all day. Pero hindi “tiyak” ang must. Kung alam ninyo nang sigurado, hindi kailangan ang pandiwang modal: He's at home — I've just spoken to him. Ang sinasabi ng must ay “ganito ang konklusyon ko”, at naririnig ng kausap na hinuha ito, hindi katotohanan. Sa Tagalog, mga salitang gaya ng “malamang”, “siguro”, “baka” ang gumagawa nito; sa Ingles — ang pandiwa mismo.

may, might, could — isa sa mga posibleng paliwanag, at hindi ko alam kung tama ito. Halos walang pagkakaiba sa kanila: bahagyang mas mahina ang katiyakan ng might, bahagyang mas pormal ang may, at ang ibig sabihin ng could ay “posibleng-posible”: It could be a virus.

can't — konklusyong “hindi”: ginagawang imposible ng mga katotohanan ang paliwanag. That can't be Tom — he's in Spain this week.

Ang negatibo — can't, hindi mustn't. Ang mustn't ay pagbabawal (A2 #10): You mustn't park here. Para sa “tiyak na hindi” sa British English, can't ang sinasabi. Ang might not naman ay malambot na “baka hindi”: She might not know about the meeting.

Tanong. Sa tanong tungkol sa hinuha, could o can ang ginagamit: Could it be a mistake? — “Pagkakamali kaya ito?” Who can that be? — “Sino kaya iyan?” Halos hindi bumubuo ng ganitong tanong sa must at might.

must — hinuha o obligasyon? Tingnan ang pandiwang kasunod nito. Kasama ng be, know, have sa kahulugang “magkaroon” at ng anyong continuous, halos laging hinuha ang must. Kasama ng kilos — obligasyon:

You must be tired. Malamang pagod ka. — hinuha
You must go to bed. Kailangan mo nang matulog. — obligasyon

maybe at may be. Ang maybe ay isang salita, pang-abay, at karaniwang nasa unahan: Maybe he's at home. Ang may be ay dalawang salita, pandiwang modal at be, at nasa likod ng simuno: He may be at home. Iisa ang kahulugan, pero magkaiba ang pagsulat.

Iba pang halimbawa:

That must be the postman. Malamang ang kartero iyan.
She might be in a meeting. Baka nasa pulong siya.
This can't be our bus — ours is number twelve. Hindi puwedeng ito ang bus natin.
He must know the answer — he's a doctor. Malamang alam niya ang sagot.
You could be right. Posibleng tama kayo.

Hindi ganito ang sinasabi. ✗ He mights be ill → ✓ He might be ill. Hindi nagbabago ang pandiwang modal ayon sa panauhan, at hindi ito nagkakaroon ng -s.

Subukin ang sarili. Nasa harap ng bahay ang kotse ng kapitbahay, at may ilaw sa mga bintana. Ano ang sasabihin ninyo: He must be at home o He might be at home? Paano sasabihin ang “Hindi puwedeng totoo iyan”? Ano ang pagkakaiba ng Maybe she's ill at She may be ill?

ipakita ang mga sagot
He must be at home — nagtutugma ang mga ebidensiya; That can't be true (o It can't be true); walang pagkakaiba sa kahulugan: sa una, pang-abay ang maybe; sa ikalawa, ang may be ay pandiwang modal at be.
Patalastas

Mga mali ng mga nagsasalita ng Filipino

isinulat para sa iyong wika
1

can para sa “puwede” sa hinuha

✗ She can be in a meeting

✓ She might be in a meeting / She could be in a meeting

Ginagamit ang “puwede” sa Tagalog kapwa para sa pahintulot at para sa posibilidad (“Puwedeng nasa pulong siya”), kaya can ang lumalabas. Pero sa paturol na hinuha tungkol sa isang tiyak na sitwasyon, might, may o could ang kailangan; ang can ng hinuha ay nasa negatibo (can't) at sa tanong (Who can that be?).

2

Nawawalang be

✗ He must at home

✗ You must tired

✗ He must working late

✓ He must be at home

You must be tired, He must be working late. Walang pandiwa sa “Malamang nasa bahay siya” o “Pagod ka siguro”, kaya madaling makalimutan ang be. Pero pandiwa ang kasunod ng pandiwang modal: kapag walang ibang pandiwa, be ang nasa puwestong iyon, at sa anyong continuous — be + -ing.

3

maybe at may be na nagkakapalit

✗ May be he's at home → ✓ Maybe he's at home; ✗ He maybe at home → ✓ He may be at home. Pareho ang tunog nila, at kilalang-kilala ang maybe mula sa Taglish (“Maybe bukas na lang”), kaya ito ang naisusulat kahit pandiwa ang kailangan — lalo na’t walang pandiwa sa “Baka nasa bahay siya”. Madaling subukan: kung mapapalitan ng perhaps, isulat nang magkadikit.

4

Iisang “siguro” para sa must at maybe

His car is outside. Maybe he's at home. — hindi mali, pero mahina ito para sa ganitong ebidensiya. Madalas sabihin ang “Nasa bahay siguro siya” kahit halos sigurado na, kaya maybe ang ginagamit kahit saan. Sa Ingles, kapag may ebidensiya at wala nang ibang paliwanag, must ang natural: He must be at home — his car is outside.

Pagbigkas

4 min

Nasa pandiwang modal ang diin: ito ang nagdadala ng kahulugan ng hinuha. He MUST be at home, That CAN'T be right, She MIGHT be ill. Walang diin at maikli ang be pagkatapos nito — /bi/.

must be — /ˈmʌs bi/: nawawala ang /t/ sa pagitan ng /s/ at /b/. Ganoon din ang must know /ˈmʌs nəʊ/.

Buo at mahaba ang can't sa hinuha — /kɑːnt/. Halos nawawala ang huling /t/ bago ang katinig, at ang tanging nagpapaiba sa can't at can ay ang mahabang /ɑː/ at ang diin (A1 #20). might be — /ˈmaɪt bi/: hindi pumuputok ang /t/, pinuputol lang nito ang patinig.

Patalastas

Teksto

5 min

Have you seen Tom this morning?

No, but he must be somewhere in the building. His coat's on his chair, and his computer is on.

And his coffee is still warm. He can't be far away.

He might be in the meeting room. The managers meet there on Thursdays.

It can't be the managers' meeting. That always starts at ten, and it's only half past nine.

Then he could be at the coffee machine. Or he may be down in IT — his laptop stopped working yesterday.

Wait, his phone's here too. He never goes anywhere without his phone. He must be very close.

Listen. Can you hear that? Somebody's singing in the kitchen.

That can't be Tom. He hates singing.

Hang on — isn't it his birthday today? Maybe they're singing to him.

Of course! That must be why there's a cake on the kitchen table. They must be waiting for us. Come on!

Pagbasa nang malakas

Mga pagsasanay

30 min

1. Pagpupuno.

  1. His car is outside, so he be at home. (halos sigurado akong oo)
  2. That be right — the bill says £300 for two coffees. (halos sigurado akong hindi)
  3. She isn't answering. She be in a meeting. (baka)
  4. You've been working for ten hours. You be exhausted. (halos sigurado akong oo)
  5. This be Anna's bag — it has her name on it. (halos sigurado akong oo)
  6. He be at work — it's Sunday, and his office is closed. (halos sigurado akong hindi)
  7. Take an umbrella. It rain later. (baka)
  8. They be asleep — the lights are on, and I can hear music. (halos sigurado akong hindi)
  9. Listen to her accent. She be from Scotland. (halos sigurado akong oo)
  10. I'm not sure where Lucy is. She be in the library. (baka)
Ipakita ang mga sagot
must; can't; might / may / could; must; must; can't; might / may / could; can't; must; might / may / could

2. Isulat muli gamit ang pandiwang modal.

  1. I'm sure he's at home.
  2. Perhaps she's ill.
  3. I'm sure it isn't true.
  4. Perhaps they know the answer.
  5. I'm sure you're tired after the flight.
  6. I'm sure that isn't our train — ours leaves at six.
  7. Perhaps he doesn't know about the party.
Ipakita ang mga sagot
He must be at home; She might be ill / She may be ill / She could be ill; It can't be true; They might know the answer / They may know the answer / They could know the answer; You must be tired after the flight; That can't be our train — ours leaves at six; He might not know about the party / He may not know about the party

3. Gawing hinuha ang pahiwatig,

  1. The light is on in his office. (he / must / work / late)
  2. She isn't answering her phone. (she / might / drive)
  3. I can hear water in the bathroom. (someone / must / have / a shower)
  4. They aren't in the classroom. (they / could / wait / outside)
Ipakita ang mga sagot
He must be working late; She might be driving; Someone must be having a shower; They could be waiting outside

4. Paghahanap ng mali.

  1. May be he's still at work.
  2. She must to be tired after the trip.
  3. He mights be at the gym.
  4. It maybe a mistake.
  5. That can't is Tom — he's in Spain.
Ipakita ang mga sagot
Maybe he's still at work / He may still be at work; She must be tired after the trip; He might be at the gym; It may be a mistake / Maybe it's a mistake; That can't be Tom — he's in Spain

5. Pagtutugma.

  1. She's yawning.
  2. People are carrying umbrellas.
  3. Nobody's answering the door.
  4. The shop is dark.
  5. He knows everything about cars.
Ipakita ang mga sagot
`She's yawning.` — `She must be tired.`; `People are carrying umbrellas.` — `It must be raining.`; `Nobody's answering the door.` — `They might be out.`; `The shop is dark.` — `It must be closed.`; `He knows everything about cars.` — `He must be a mechanic.`

6. Magbigay ng tatlong hinuha na magkakaiba ang katiyakan

tungkol sa bawat sitwasyon. Halimbawa lang ang mga sagot sa ibaba. 1) Hindi pumasok sa trabaho ang isang katrabaho, at hindi siya sumasagot sa telepono. 2) Isang oras nang may kumakalabog sa apartment sa itaas ninyo.

Ipakita ang mga sagot
He might be ill. He could be stuck in traffic. He can't be on holiday — he was here yesterday; They must be doing some repairs. They might be putting up shelves. They can't be asleep

7. Isalin sa Ingles.

1) Malamang nasa bahay siya — nasa labas ng bahay ang kotse niya. 2) Hindi puwedeng totoo iyan. 3) Baka nasa pulong siya. 4) Malamang hinihintay nila tayo sa labas. 5) Malamang pagod kayo pagkatapos ng biyahe sa eroplano.

Ipakita ang mga sagot
He must be at home — his car is outside; That can't be true / It can't be true; She might be in a meeting / She may be in a meeting / She could be in a meeting / Maybe she's in a meeting; They must be waiting for us outside; You must be tired after the flight
Patalastas

Buod

Natalakay: ang panukat ng katiyakan must — may, might, could — can't, ang hinuha tungkol sa nangyayari ngayon (must be doing), ang negatibo sa pamamagitan ng can't at might not, ang tanong na may could, ang must bilang hinuha at bilang obligasyon, at maybe laban sa may be. Susunod — aralin 11: obligasyon at kakayahan.

Dulo ng core

Itinuturing na tapos ang aralin kapag nagawa na ang mga ehersisyo. Lahat pagkatapos nito ay opsyonal.

Aralin 83

opsyonal

Bokabularyo para sa deck

16 salita
  • somewhere /ˈsʌmweə/ sa kung saan
  • far away /ˌfɑːr əˈweɪ/ malayo, sa malayo
  • meeting room /ˈmiːtɪŋ ruːm/ silid-pulungan
  • warm /wɔːm/ mainit-init
  • hang on /ˌhæŋ ˈɒn/ sandali, teka lang
  • cake /keɪk/ keyk
  • postman /ˈpəʊstmən/ kartero
  • mistake /mɪˈsteɪk/ mali, pagkakamali
  • bill /bɪl/ bayarin, singil
  • exhausted /ɪɡˈzɔːstɪd/ pagod na pagod
  • asleep /əˈsliːp/ tulog
  • accent /ˈæksənt/ punto (accent)
  • yawn /jɔːn/ humikab
  • mechanic /məˈkænɪk/ mekaniko
  • stuck in traffic /ˌstʌk ɪn ˈtræfɪk/ naipit sa trapik
  • gym /dʒɪm/ gym, himnasyo

Pagsulat

Lima o anim na pangungusap: dumating kayo sa bahay, hindi naka-lock ang pinto, may bag ng ibang tao sa mesa, at may tumutugtog na musika sa kusina. Magbigay ng mga hinuhang magkakaiba ang katiyakan.

Halimbawa

The door is open, and there's music in the kitchen. Someone must be at home. It can't be my flatmate — she's in Paris this week. It might be my brother; he has a key. This bag on the table must be his — it's the same colour as his old one. He could be cooking: I can smell onions. Or he might be waiting to surprise me.

Checklist

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Patalastas

Magsanay sa araling ito sa iba pang mga seksyon

Diktasyonbatay sa araling ito Isulat ang naririnig mo. Ipinapakita ng tsek ang bawat salitang iba, at paano. Isulat ang dikta Pagbasa nang malakasbatay sa araling ito Basahin nang malakas ang teksto ng aralin — itinatampok ng speech recognition ang mga salitang hindi nito nahuli. Basahin nang malakas ang teksto Pagbasa at pakikinigA1–C1 Mga teksto sa bawat antas na may mga tanong sa pag-unawa; bubukas ang transcript pagkatapos mong sagutin. Subukan

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