Gramatika ~55 min z jadra zostáva

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Začať lekciu Jadro 55 min · kroky: 6 · voliteľné: +2

Deklarovaný čas jadra. Dva bloky jadra nemajú žiadny údaj, takže skutočná lekcia je dlhšia ako tento súčet.

Gramatika

16 min

Lekcia spája dve témy, ktoré na A2 zostali neúplné. Prvá — schopnosť a úspech: can (A1 #20) má príliš málo tvarov. Druhá — pravidlá: k must, have to (A2 #10) a should (A2 #11) pribúda „tak sa má“, „tak sa smie“ a „tak to netreba“.

be able to — schopnosť v každom čase. can má len dva tvary: can a could. Budúci čas, Present Perfect ani tvar za iným slovesom nemá — tam nastupuje be able to.

budúci čas I'll be able to swim by the summer.
Present Perfect I haven't been able to sleep this week.
za iným slovesom I'd like to be able to speak French.
za modálnym slovesom You might be able to get a ticket online.
minulý čas I wasn't able to come yesterday.

V prítomnom čase sa zvyčajne hovorí can: I can swim znie prirodzenejšie ako I'm able to swim.

Vedel, alebo dokázal? V minulom čase angličtina rozlišuje to, čo v slovenčine často splýva v „mohol som“. could — schopnosť vo všeobecnosti, počas nejakého obdobia: I could read when I was four. Úspech v jednom konkrétnom prípade — was able to alebo managed to. managed to zdôrazňuje: bolo to ťažké, ale podarilo sa.

I could swim when I was six. Vedel som plávať, keď som mal šesť.
The water was cold, but I managed to swim to the boat. Podarilo sa mi doplávať — v ten raz.

V zápore tento rozdiel nie je, couldn't sa hodí vždy: I couldn't find my keys this morning. So slovesami vnímania see, hear je could aj o jednom prípade bežné: I could hear music next door.

was able to a managed to sú v kladnej vete takmer rovnocenné, ale managed to priamo hovorí o ťažkosti a námahe. Preto ho tak často sprevádza but a in the end: It took three hours, but in the end we managed to fix it. Ak ťažkosť nebola, zvyčajne sa povie jednoducho Past Simple: I finished the report on Friday.

be supposed to — tak sa má, tak sme sa dohodli. Povinnosť nevychádza od hovoriaceho ani od zákona, ale z pravidiel, dohody alebo cudzích očakávaní. You're supposed to take your shoes off in the house. — tak je to zvykom. I'm supposed to be at work at nine. — tak je to dohodnuté. V tomto tvare často počuť, že v skutočnosti to vychádza inak: I'm supposed to be working, but I'm watching football. V minulom čase je to takmer vždy „malo sa, ale nestalo sa“: The train was supposed to arrive at six. — a prišiel o siedmej. not supposed to — mäkký zákaz podľa pravidiel, mäkší ako mustn't: You're not supposed to park here. supposed je tu prídavné meno, preto be treba vždy: I'm supposed to, Were we supposed to…?

Porovnaj s have to. I have to be at work at nine — nemám na výber: ak prídem neskoro, budú nepríjemnosti. I'm supposed to be at work at nine — také je pravidlo, ale znie to tak, akoby sa dalo porušiť a možno ho aj poruším. Preto sa be supposed to dobre hodí, keď vysvetľuješ, prečo niečo nešlo podľa plánu.

be allowed to — tak sa smie, je to dovolené. Povolenie dáva niekto iný: pravidlá, zákon, rodičia, šéf. allowed je tretí tvar od allow „dovoliť“, takže je to svojou stavbou trpný rod, známy z oznamu Pets aren't allowed (A2 #19): nie „ja dovoľujem“, ale „mne je dovolené“. be sa mení podľa osôb a časov, a allowed to + sloveso zostáva.

oznamovacia veta We're allowed to use dictionaries in the exam.
zápor You aren't allowed to smoke on the train.
otázka Are we allowed to take photos?
minulý čas I wasn't allowed to stay out late as a child.
budúci čas Next year students will be allowed to use phones in class.

can, alebo be allowed to? V prítomnom čase sa o povolení často hovorí jednoducho can: You can park here after six. be allowed to zdôrazňuje, že povolenie ide od pravidiel alebo od iného človeka, a preto znie presnejšie, keď sa pravidlá oznamujú alebo keď sa na ne pýtame: Are we allowed to bring food into the museum? V budúcom čase a v Present Perfect can tvar nemá a be allowed to je nevyhnutné — rovnako ako be able to: Will we be allowed to park here? O minulosti je hranica tá istá ako pri could a managed to: could — povolenie vo všeobecnosti, na dlhší čas (As a child I could watch TV until nine), was allowed to — povolenie v jednom prípade (Yesterday we were allowed to leave early).

supposed to, alebo allowed to? Oba tvary sú o pravidlách, ale hovoria o niečom inom. supposed to — čo sa má robiť, allowed to — čo sa smie. V zápore je rozdiel v sile:

You're supposed to wear a helmet. tak sa má: je to povinnosť
You're allowed to bring one bag. tak sa smie: je to povolenie
You're not supposed to park here. tak sa nemá — mäkko, a mnohí tu aj tak parkujú
You're not allowed to park here. zakázané — priamo, bez výhrad

don't need to — nie je to potrebné. Je to to isté ako don't have to (A2 #10): nemusíš to robiť. need je tu obyčajné sloveso s to, preto sa zápor, otázka a minulý čas tvoria s do: You don't need to come tomorrow. Does she need to bring anything? We didn't need to wait. Nezamieňaj si ho s mustn't a not allowed to — „nesmieš“: You don't need to come — nemusíš prísť; You aren't allowed to come — prísť je zakázané.

Celá stupnica na jednom príklade:

I must finish today. sám som sa tak rozhodol
I have to finish today. vyžadujú to okolnosti
I'm supposed to finish today. tak sme sa dohodli — ale stihnem to?
I should finish today. bolo by správne
I'm allowed to finish tomorrow. dovolili mi dokončiť to zajtra
I don't need to finish today. nemusím
I mustn't forget the figures. nesmiem

Takto sa nehovorí. ✗ We didn't need come so early → ✓ We didn't need to come so early. didn't need je obyčajné sloveso a za ním treba to.

Otestuj sa. could, alebo managed to: „bolo to ťažké, ale stihol som vlak“? Čo znamená The film was supposed to start at eight? Ako povedať „v práci nesmieme používať telefóny“?

zobraziť odpovede
managed to — úspech v jednom prípade: It was difficult, but I managed to catch the train; film sa mal začať o ôsmej, ale začal sa neskôr alebo sa nezačal vôbec; We aren't allowed to use our phones at work / We're not allowed to use our phones at work.
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Chyby slovensky hovoriacich

napísané pre váš jazyk
1

Dve modálne slovesá za sebou

✗ I will can swim

✓ I'll be able to swim

Slovenské „budem môcť“, „budem vedieť“ sa tvorí ako každý budúci čas, a tak sa skladá z will a can. Dve modálne slovesá za sebou však angličtina nepostaví; druhé miesto zaberá be able to.

2

could o úspechu v jednom prípade

✗ The exam was hard, but I could pass it

✓ The exam was hard, but I managed to pass it / I was able to pass it

„Mohol som“, „dokázal som“ — minulý čas, a could sa zdá presným prekladom. could v kladnej vete však znamená schopnosť vo všeobecnosti, nie úspech v ten raz. Pomôže „podarilo sa mi“ — to je managed to.

3

„Mal som“ ako had to

„Mal som ti včera zavolať“ nie je I had to call you yesterday: to je správna angličtina, ale znamená „musel som zavolať“ — a zavolal som. Slovenské „mal som niečo urobiť“ je ✓ I was supposed to call you yesterday, The train was supposed to arrive at six.

4

supposed to a allowed to bez be

✗ I supposed to be there at nine → ✓ I'm supposed to be there at nine. ✗ We don't allowed to smoke → ✓ We aren't allowed to smoke. Po slovensky je to jedno sloveso — „mám“, „smieme“ —, a tak sa aj anglický tvar skladá ako sloveso. supposed je však prídavné meno a allowed časť trpného rodu; oba potrebujú be, aj v zápore: aren't allowed, nie don't allowed. Preto sa v písme stráca aj -d: ✗ suppose to, ✗ allow to → ✓ supposed to, allowed to.

5

Neosobné „nesmie sa“

✗ It isn't allowed to smoke here

✓ You aren't allowed to smoke here

Slovenské „tu sa nesmie fajčiť“ je neosobné a vetu sa chce začať s It. Pri be allowed to je však podmetom ten, komu sa dovoľuje alebo zakazuje: You aren't allowed. Na tabuľke je jednoducho No smoking.

Výslovnosť

4 min

supposed to — /səˈpəʊs tə/: -d a t splývajú do jedného /t/. Prvá slabika je neprízvučná — /sə/, prízvuk je na druhej: su-POSED.

able — /ˈeɪbl/, s prízvučným /eɪ/, ako v table. be able to sa vyslovuje celé, na jeden nádych: /bi ˈeɪbl tə/; to je slabé /tə/.

managed to — /ˈmænɪdʒ tə/: /d/ pred /t/ takmer zanikne. Rovnako v allowed to /əˈlaʊd tə/: /d/ a /t/ splývajú ako v supposed to. allowed znie ako loud so slabým /ə/ na začiatku — a presne tak isto ako aloud „nahlas“.

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Text

5 min

Hi Claire,

I'm afraid the report isn't ready yet. I was supposed to send it to you yesterday, but I wasn't able to finish it. At four o'clock my laptop suddenly stopped working, and nobody in IT could fix it the same day.

The good news is that I managed to save most of the file — I only lost the last two pages. Sam has lent me his old laptop, and I'm allowed to keep it until Friday, so I'll be able to finish everything this morning. You'll have it by twelve.

You don't need to move the meeting with the client. The figures are all correct — I checked them twice on Monday. But I'm supposed to show the report to Mark first, and he's working from home today. Do you need to see it too, or can I send it straight to him?

One more thing: we're not supposed to leave laptops in the office overnight, but mine stayed there because it wasn't working. I hope that's all right.

Sorry again, Ben

Čítanie nahlas

Cvičenia

30 min

1. Doplňovanie.

  1. I swim when I was five. (vedel som)
  2. Don't worry, you drive by the summer. (budúci čas)
  3. I haven't sleep well since we moved
  4. She speak three languages. (teraz)
  5. I'd like to play the piano
  6. I'm sorry, I come to your party last Saturday. (nemohol som)
  7. If you call the hotel, you might get a cheaper room
Zobraziť odpovede
could; will be able to; been able to; can; be able to; couldn't / wasn't able to; be able to

2. Výber.

  1. My grandmother read without glasses until she was ninety
  2. The traffic was terrible, but we get to the airport on time
  3. The door was locked, but the firefighters get in through the window
  4. When I was young, I run ten kilometres easily
  5. The exam was really difficult, but she pass it
Zobraziť odpovede
could; managed to; managed to; could; managed to

3. Prepíš s be able to

  1. I can drive. (next year)
  2. She can't come to the meeting. (yesterday)
  3. I can't sleep. (this week — Present Perfect)
  4. We can visit you. (in the summer)
  5. He can't find a job. (since March — Present Perfect)
Zobraziť odpovede
I'll be able to drive next year / I will be able to drive next year; She wasn't able to come to the meeting yesterday; I haven't been able to sleep this week; We'll be able to visit you in the summer / We will be able to visit you in the summer; He hasn't been able to find a job since March

4. Prepíš s be supposed to.

  1. The rule is: take your shoes off at the door.
  2. We agreed to meet at six, but he isn't here.
  3. The timetable says the train arrives at five, but it's late.
  4. You can't park here — it's against the rules.
  5. I should be studying now, but I'm watching TV.
Zobraziť odpovede
You're supposed to take your shoes off at the door / You are supposed to take your shoes off at the door; We were supposed to meet at six, but he isn't here / We were supposed to meet at six; The train was supposed to arrive at five, but it's late / The train is supposed to arrive at five, but it's late / The train was supposed to arrive at five; You're not supposed to park here / You aren't supposed to park here / You're not supposed to park here — it's against the rules / You aren't supposed to park here — it's against the rules; I'm supposed to be studying now, but I'm watching TV

5. Prepíš s be allowed to alebo don't need to.

  1. It isn't necessary to bring food — there's a café.
  2. It wasn't necessary for us to wait — the doctor saw us at once.
  3. The rules say you can't take photos in the museum.
  4. As a child, I couldn't stay out after nine — my parents said no.
  5. From next year students can use phones in class. (budúci čas)
  6. Can we bring our own drinks into the cinema? (spýtaj sa na pravidlá)
Zobraziť odpovede
You don't need to bring food — there's a café / You don't need to bring food; We didn't need to wait — the doctor saw us at once / We didn't need to wait; You aren't allowed to take photos in the museum / You're not allowed to take photos in the museum / We aren't allowed to take photos in the museum / We're not allowed to take photos in the museum; As a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine / As a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine — my parents said no / When I was a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine; From next year students will be allowed to use phones in class / Students will be allowed to use phones in class from next year; Are we allowed to bring our own drinks into the cinema?

6. Hľadanie chyby.

  1. I will can drive next year.
  2. The exam was hard, but I could pass it.
  3. I supposed to be at work at nine.
  4. It isn't allowed to take photos here.
  5. We didn't need come so early.
Zobraziť odpovede
I'll be able to drive next year / I will be able to drive next year; The exam was hard, but I managed to pass it / The exam was hard, but I was able to pass it; I'm supposed to be at work at nine / I was supposed to be at work at nine; You aren't allowed to take photos here / You're not allowed to take photos here / We aren't allowed to take photos here / We're not allowed to take photos here; We didn't need to come so early

7. Odpovedz celými vetami

— o sebe. Odpovede nižšie sú vzor. 1) What would you like to be able to do? 2) What difficult thing did you manage to do last month? 3) What are you supposed to do every day that you don't always do? 4) What weren't you allowed to do as a child?

Zobraziť odpovede
I'd like to be able to play the guitar; I managed to finish a difficult project at work; I'm supposed to go to the gym three times a week, but I usually go once; As a child, I wasn't allowed to watch TV after nine

8. Prelož do angličtiny.

1) O mesiac budem vedieť hovoriť po anglicky plynulejšie. 2) Bolo to ťažké, ale stihli sme posledný vlak. 3) Vlak mal prísť o šiestej. 4) Zajtra nemusíš prísť. 5) Tu sa nemá fajčiť.

Zobraziť odpovede
In a month I'll be able to speak English more fluently / In a month I'll be able to speak English more freely; It was difficult, but we managed to catch the last train; The train was supposed to arrive at six; You don't need to come tomorrow; You're not supposed to smoke here / You aren't supposed to smoke here
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Zhrnutie

Prebrali sme: be able to vo všetkých časoch a za inými slovesami, could verzus managed to a was able to; pravidlá — be supposed to v prítomnom a minulom čase, be allowed to verzus can a not supposed to, don't need to verzus mustn't, celú stupnicu povinnosti. Ďalej — lekcia 12: opakovanie lekcií 7–11.

Koniec jadra

Lekcia sa považuje za dokončenú, keď sú splnené cvičenia. Všetko za tým je voliteľné.

Lekcia 84

voliteľné

Slovíčka do balíčka

14 slov
  • be able to /bi ˈeɪbl tə/ môcť, byť schopný
  • manage to /ˈmænɪdʒ tə/ podariť sa, zvládnuť
  • be supposed to /bi səˈpəʊs tə/ mať (niečo urobiť podľa pravidiel, podľa dohody)
  • be allowed to /bi əˈlaʊd tə/ smieť, mať povolené
  • laptop /ˈlæptɒp/ notebook
  • fix /fɪks/ opraviť
  • save /seɪv/ uložiť
  • file /faɪl/ súbor
  • figures /ˈfɪɡəz/ čísla, údaje
  • straight /streɪt/ priamo, rovno
  • overnight /ˌəʊvəˈnaɪt/ cez noc
  • glasses /ˈɡlɑːsɪz/ okuliare
  • firefighter /ˈfaɪəfaɪtə/ hasič
  • locked /lɒkt/ zamknutý

Písanie

Päť-šesť viet o dni, ktorý nešiel podľa plánu: čo si mal(a) urobiť, čo sa ti nepodarilo, čo sa predsa len podarilo a čo teraz nemusíš robiť.

Vzor

Yesterday I was supposed to meet a client at ten, but I wasn't able to get there on time. There was an accident on the motorway, and the traffic didn't move for an hour. I managed to call the client from the car, and she was very kind about it. In the end we had the meeting online. So now I don't need to drive to her office next week. I hope I'll be able to meet her in person next month.

Kontrolný zoznam

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Diktátna základe tejto lekcie Napíšte, čo počujete. Kontrola ukáže každé slovo, ktoré sa líši, a ako. Píšte diktát Čítanie nahlasna základe tejto lekcie Prečítajte text lekcie nahlas — rozpoznávanie reči zvýrazní slová, ktoré nechytilo. Čítajte text nahlas Čítanie a počúvanieA1–C1 Texty na každej úrovni s otázkami na porozumenie; prepis sa otvorí po odpovedi. Vyskúšať

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