Menyatakan kewajipan dan kebolehan
Saya boleh menyatakan dengan tepat apa yang wajib saya lakukan, apa yang tidak perlu saya lakukan dan apa yang berjaya saya lakukan.
Masa teras yang diisytiharkan. Dua blok teras tidak membawa sebarang angka, jadi pelajaran sebenar lebih panjang daripada jumlah ini.
Tatabahasa
16 minPelajaran ini menghimpunkan dua topik yang masih belum lengkap di A2. Yang pertama — kebolehan dan kejayaan: can (A1 #20) mempunyai terlalu sedikit bentuk. Yang kedua — peraturan: kepada must, have to (A2 #10) dan should (A2 #11) ditambah “begitulah sepatutnya”, “itu dibenarkan” dan “itu tidak perlu”.
be able to — kebolehan dalam semua kala. can hanya ada dua bentuk: can dan could. Bentuk masa depan, Present Perfect dan bentuk selepas kata kerja lain tiada padanya — di situ digunakan be able to.
| masa depan | I'll be able to swim by the summer. |
| Present Perfect | I haven't been able to sleep this week. |
| selepas kata kerja lain | I'd like to be able to speak French. |
| selepas kata kerja modal | You might be able to get a ticket online. |
| masa lampau | I wasn't able to come yesterday. |
Dalam kala kini biasanya digunakan can: I can swim kedengaran lebih biasa daripada I'm able to swim.
Pandai atau berjaya? Dalam masa lampau bahasa Inggeris membezakan dua perkara yang dalam bahasa Melayu sering disampaikan dengan “boleh” atau “dapat” yang sama. could — kebolehan secara umum, sepanjang suatu tempoh: I could read when I was four. Kejayaan dalam satu kejadian tertentu — was able to atau managed to. managed to menegaskan: susah, tetapi berjaya.
| I could swim when I was six. | Pandai berenang pada umur enam tahun. |
| The water was cold, but I managed to swim to the boat. | Berjaya berenang sampai ke bot — pada kali itu. |
Dalam ayat nafi perbezaan ini tiada, couldn't sentiasa sesuai: I couldn't find my keys this morning. Dengan kata kerja pancaindera see, hear, could tentang satu kejadian juga biasa: I could hear music next door.
was able to dan managed to dalam ayat penyata hampir sama, tetapi managed to terus menyatakan kesukaran dan usaha. Sebab itu ia sering disertai but dan in the end: It took three hours, but in the end we managed to fix it. Jika tiada kesukaran, biasanya digunakan Past Simple sahaja: I finished the report on Friday.
be supposed to — begitulah sepatutnya, begitulah yang dipersetujui. Kewajipan ini datang bukan daripada penutur dan bukan daripada undang-undang, tetapi daripada peraturan, persetujuan atau harapan orang lain. You're supposed to take your shoes off in the house. — begitulah adatnya. I'm supposed to be at work at nine. — begitulah yang dipersetujui. Bentuk ini sering membayangkan bahawa hakikatnya lain: I'm supposed to be working, but I'm watching football. Dalam masa lampau ia hampir selalu bermaksud “sepatutnya, tetapi tidak berlaku”: The train was supposed to arrive at six. — tetapi tiba pukul tujuh. not supposed to — larangan lembut mengikut peraturan, lebih lembut daripada mustn't: You're not supposed to park here. supposed di sini kata adjektif, jadi be sentiasa diperlukan: I'm supposed to, Were we supposed to…?
Bandingkan dengan have to. I have to be at work at nine — saya tiada pilihan: kalau lewat, akan ada masalah. I'm supposed to be at work at nine — itu peraturannya, tetapi kedengaran seolah-olah ia boleh dilanggar, dan mungkin saya akan melanggarnya. Sebab itu be supposed to sangat sesuai apabila anda menerangkan mengapa sesuatu tidak berjalan seperti yang dirancang.
be allowed to — itu dibenarkan. Kebenaran diberikan oleh pihak lain: peraturan, undang-undang, ibu bapa, majikan. allowed ialah bentuk ketiga allow “membenarkan”, jadi dari segi binaan ini ayat pasif, yang anda kenali daripada notis Pets aren't allowed (A2 #19): bukan “saya membenarkan”, tetapi “saya dibenarkan”. be berubah mengikut subjek dan kala, manakala allowed to + kata kerja kekal.
| ayat penyata | We're allowed to use dictionaries in the exam. |
| ayat nafi | You aren't allowed to smoke on the train. |
| ayat tanya | Are we allowed to take photos? |
| masa lampau | I wasn't allowed to stay out late as a child. |
| masa depan | Next year students will be allowed to use phones in class. |
can atau be allowed to? Dalam kala kini tentang kebenaran sering digunakan can sahaja: You can park here after six. be allowed to menegaskan bahawa kebenaran datang daripada peraturan atau orang lain, jadi ia kedengaran lebih tepat apabila peraturan dimaklumkan atau ditanya: Are we allowed to bring food into the museum? Dalam masa depan dan Present Perfect can tiada bentuk, dan be allowed to wajib — sama seperti be able to: Will we be allowed to park here? Tentang masa lampau sempadannya sama seperti antara could dan managed to: could — kebenaran secara umum, untuk tempoh yang lama (As a child I could watch TV until nine), was allowed to — kebenaran dalam satu kejadian (Yesterday we were allowed to leave early).
supposed to atau allowed to? Kedua-duanya tentang peraturan, tetapi maksudnya berbeza. supposed to — apa yang sepatutnya dilakukan, allowed to — apa yang boleh dilakukan. Dalam ayat nafi bezanya pada kekuatan:
| You're supposed to wear a helmet. | begitulah sepatutnya: ini kewajipan |
| You're allowed to bring one bag. | itu dibenarkan: ini kebenaran |
| You're not supposed to park here. | tidak sepatutnya — lembut, dan ramai yang tetap meletak kereta di situ |
| You're not allowed to park here. | dilarang — terus terang, tanpa pengecualian |
don't need to — tiada keperluan. Ini sama dengan don't have to (A2 #10): boleh tidak dilakukan. need di sini kata kerja biasa dengan to, jadi ayat nafi, ayat tanya dan masa lampau dibina dengan do: You don't need to come tomorrow. Does she need to bring anything? We didn't need to wait. Jangan kelirukan dengan mustn't dan not allowed to — “tidak boleh”: You don't need to come — boleh tidak datang; You aren't allowed to come — dilarang datang.
Seluruh skala dalam satu contoh:
| I must finish today. | saya sendiri yang memutuskan |
| I have to finish today. | keadaan memaksa |
| I'm supposed to finish today. | begitu yang dipersetujui — tetapi sempatkah? |
| I should finish today. | itu yang betul |
| I'm allowed to finish tomorrow. | saya dibenarkan menyiapkannya esok |
| I don't need to finish today. | tidak perlu |
| I mustn't forget the figures. | tidak boleh |
Jangan sebut begini. ✗ We didn't need come so early → ✓ We didn't need to come so early. didn't need ialah kata kerja biasa, dan selepasnya perlu to.
Uji diri anda. could atau managed to: “memang susah, tetapi saya sempat menaiki kereta api itu”? Apakah maksud The film was supposed to start at eight? Bagaimana hendak mengatakan “kami tidak dibenarkan menggunakan telefon di tempat kerja”?
tunjukkan jawapan
Kesilapan penutur bahasa Melayu
ditulis untuk bahasa andaDua kata kerja modal berturut-turut
✗ I will can swim
✓ I'll be able to swim
Dalam bahasa Melayu “akan” dan “boleh” mudah berdiri bersebelahan, jadi will dan can pun digabungkan. Tetapi dalam bahasa Inggeris dua kata kerja modal tidak boleh berturut-turut; tempat kedua diambil oleh be able to.
could untuk kejayaan dalam satu kejadian
✗ The exam was hard, but I could pass it
✓ The exam was hard, but I managed to pass it / I was able to pass it
“Saya dapat lulus” — “dapat” sesuai untuk kebolehan dan juga kejayaan, jadi could terasa sebagai terjemahan yang tepat. Tetapi could dalam ayat penyata bermaksud kebolehan secara umum, bukan kejayaan pada kali itu.
be yang hilang dengan supposed to dan allowed to
✗ I supposed to be there at nine → ✓ I'm supposed to be there at nine; ✗ We not allowed to smoke → ✓ We aren't allowed to smoke. “Saya sepatutnya…”, “kami tidak dibenarkan…” tidak memerlukan kata kerja lain, jadi be mudah tertinggal. Tetapi supposed kata adjektif dan allowed sebahagian daripada ayat pasif, dan kedua-duanya memerlukan be. Dalam tulisan -d juga sering hilang: ✗ suppose to, ✗ allow to → ✓ supposed to, allowed to.
Ayat tanpa subjek
✗ It isn't allowed to smoke here
✗ Not allowed to smoke here
✓ You aren't allowed to smoke here
“Tidak dibenarkan merokok di sini” tiada subjek, jadi ayat Inggeris dimulakan dengan It atau tanpa subjek langsung. Tetapi subjek be allowed to ialah orang yang diberi atau tidak diberi kebenaran: You aren't allowed, Passengers aren't allowed. Pada papan tanda ditulis No smoking sahaja.
Sebutan
4 minsupposed to — /səˈpəʊs tə/: -d dan t bercantum menjadi satu /t/. Suku kata pertama tanpa tekanan — /sə/, tekanan pada suku kata kedua: su-POSED.
able — /ˈeɪbl/, dengan /eɪ/ yang bertekanan, seperti dalam table. be able to disebut seluruhnya dalam satu nafas: /bi ˈeɪbl tə/; to — /tə/ yang lemah.
managed to — /ˈmænɪdʒ tə/: /d/ sebelum /t/ hampir hilang. Begitu juga dalam allowed to /əˈlaʊd tə/: /d/ dan /t/ bercantum, seperti dalam supposed to. allowed berbunyi seperti loud dengan /ə/ yang lemah di hadapan — dan sama persis dengan aloud “dengan lantang”.
Teks
5 minHi Claire,
I'm afraid the report isn't ready yet. I was supposed to send it to you yesterday, but I wasn't able to finish it. At four o'clock my laptop suddenly stopped working, and nobody in IT could fix it the same day.
The good news is that I managed to save most of the file — I only lost the last two pages. Sam has lent me his old laptop, and I'm allowed to keep it until Friday, so I'll be able to finish everything this morning. You'll have it by twelve.
You don't need to move the meeting with the client. The figures are all correct — I checked them twice on Monday. But I'm supposed to show the report to Mark first, and he's working from home today. Do you need to see it too, or can I send it straight to him?
One more thing: we're not supposed to leave laptops in the office overnight, but mine stayed there because it wasn't working. I hope that's all right.
Sorry again, Ben
Latihan
30 min1. Isian tempat kosong.
- I swim when I was five. (pandai)
- Don't worry, you drive by the summer. (masa depan)
- I haven't sleep well since we moved
- She speak three languages. (sekarang)
- I'd like to play the piano
- I'm sorry, I come to your party last Saturday. (tidak dapat)
- If you call the hotel, you might get a cheaper room
Tunjukkan jawapan
2. Aneka pilihan.
- My grandmother read without glasses until she was ninety
- The traffic was terrible, but we get to the airport on time
- The door was locked, but the firefighters get in through the window
- When I was young, I run ten kilometres easily
- The exam was really difficult, but she pass it
Tunjukkan jawapan
3. Tulis semula dengan be able to
- I can drive. (next year)
- She can't come to the meeting. (yesterday)
- I can't sleep. (this week — Present Perfect)
- We can visit you. (in the summer)
- He can't find a job. (since March — Present Perfect)
Tunjukkan jawapan
4. Tulis semula dengan be supposed to.
- The rule is: take your shoes off at the door.
- We agreed to meet at six, but he isn't here.
- The timetable says the train arrives at five, but it's late.
- You can't park here — it's against the rules.
- I should be studying now, but I'm watching TV.
Tunjukkan jawapan
5. Tulis semula dengan be allowed to atau don't need to.
- It isn't necessary to bring food — there's a café.
- It wasn't necessary for us to wait — the doctor saw us at once.
- The rules say you can't take photos in the museum.
- As a child, I couldn't stay out after nine — my parents said no.
- From next year students can use phones in class. (masa depan)
- Can we bring our own drinks into the cinema? (tanya tentang peraturan)
Tunjukkan jawapan
6. Pengesanan kesilapan.
- I will can drive next year.
- The exam was hard, but I could pass it.
- I supposed to be at work at nine.
- It isn't allowed to take photos here.
- We didn't need come so early.
Tunjukkan jawapan
7. Jawab dengan ayat lengkap
— tentang diri anda. Jawapan di bawah hanyalah contoh. 1) What would you like to be able to do? 2) What difficult thing did you manage to do last month? 3) What are you supposed to do every day that you don't always do? 4) What weren't you allowed to do as a child?
Tunjukkan jawapan
8. Terjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggeris.
1) Sebulan lagi saya akan dapat bercakap bahasa Inggeris dengan lebih fasih. 2) Memang susah, tetapi kami sempat menaiki kereta api terakhir. 3) Kereta api itu sepatutnya tiba pukul enam tadi. 4) Awak tidak perlu datang esok. 5) Awak tidak sepatutnya merokok di sini.
Tunjukkan jawapan
Rumusan
Telah dipelajari: be able to dalam semua kala dan selepas kata kerja lain, could berbanding managed to dan was able to; peraturan — be supposed to dalam kala kini dan lampau, be allowed to berbanding can dan not supposed to, don't need to berbanding mustn't, seluruh skala kewajipan. Seterusnya — pelajaran 12: ulang kaji pelajaran 7–11.
Tamat teras
Pelajaran dikira selesai apabila latihan sudah dilakukan. Semua selepas ini adalah pilihan.
pilihan
Kosa kata untuk dek
14 perkataan- be able to /bi ˈeɪbl tə/ boleh, mampu, dapat
- manage to /ˈmænɪdʒ tə/ berjaya, sempat
- be supposed to /bi səˈpəʊs tə/ sepatutnya (mengikut peraturan atau persetujuan)
- be allowed to /bi əˈlaʊd tə/ dibenarkan, boleh (dengan izin)
- laptop /ˈlæptɒp/ komputer riba
- fix /fɪks/ membaiki
- save /seɪv/ menyimpan
- file /faɪl/ fail
- figures /ˈfɪɡəz/ angka
- straight /streɪt/ terus, terus sahaja
- overnight /ˌəʊvəˈnaɪt/ semalaman
- glasses /ˈɡlɑːsɪz/ cermin mata
- firefighter /ˈfaɪəfaɪtə/ ahli bomba
- locked /lɒkt/ berkunci
Penulisan
Lima hingga enam ayat tentang hari yang tidak berjalan seperti yang dirancang: apa yang sepatutnya anda lakukan, apa yang tidak dapat anda lakukan, apa yang akhirnya berjaya anda lakukan dan apa yang sekarang tidak perlu lagi dilakukan.
Contoh
Yesterday I was supposed to meet a client at ten, but I wasn't able to get there on time. There was an accident on the motorway, and the traffic didn't move for an hour. I managed to call the client from the car, and she was very kind about it. In the end we had the meeting online. So now I don't need to drive to her office next week. I hope I'll be able to meet her in person next month.
Senarai semak
Latih pelajaran ini dalam bahagian lain
Ada idea untuk ciri baru?
⚑ pilihan