Gramatika ~55 min ng core ang natitira

Magsabi tungkol sa obligasyon at kakayahan

Pagkatapos ng araling ito, maaari mong

Kaya kong sabihin nang eksakto kung ano ang obligasyon ko, kung ano ang hindi ko kailangang gawin, at kung ano ang nagawa ko.

Simulan ang aralin Pangunahin 55 min · hakbang: 6 · opsyonal: +2

Inihayag na oras ng pangunahing bahagi. Dalawa sa mga pangunahing bloke ay walang numero, kaya mas mahaba ang tunay na aralin kaysa sa kabuuan nito.

Gramatika

16 min

Pinagsasama ng araling ito ang dalawang paksang hindi natapos sa A2. Ang una — kakayahan at tagumpay: masyadong kaunti ang anyo ng can (A1 #20). Ang ikalawa — mga tuntunin: sa must, have to (A2 #10) at should (A2 #11), nadaragdag ang “iyon ang tuntunin”, “puwede” at “hindi kailangan”.

be able to — kakayahan sa anumang panahunan. Dalawa lang ang anyo ng can: can at could. Wala itong hinaharap, perfect, o anyo pagkatapos ng ibang pandiwa — doon gumagana ang be able to.

hinaharap I'll be able to swim by the summer.
perfect I haven't been able to sleep this week.
pagkatapos ng ibang pandiwa I'd like to be able to speak French.
pagkatapos ng pandiwang modal You might be able to get a ticket online.
pangnagdaan I wasn't able to come yesterday.

Sa kasalukuyan, karaniwang can ang sinasabi: mas natural ang I can swim kaysa sa I'm able to swim.

Marunong o nagawa? Sa nakaraan, pinaghihiwalay ng Ingles ang kakayahan sa pangkalahatan at ang tagumpay sa isang pagkakataon — gaya ng “marunong lumangoy” at “nakalangoy” sa Tagalog. could — kakayahan sa pangkalahatan, sa loob ng isang panahon: I could read when I was four. Ang tagumpay sa isang tiyak na pagkakataon — was able to o managed to. Idinidiin ng managed to: mahirap, pero nagawa.

I could swim when I was six. Marunong na akong lumangoy noong anim na taon ako.
The water was cold, but I managed to swim to the boat. Nakalangoy ako hanggang sa bangka — nang pagkakataong iyon.

Sa negatibo, walang ganitong pagkakaiba, at laging puwede ang couldn't: I couldn't find my keys this morning. Kasama ng mga pandiwa ng pandama na see, hear, normal din ang could para sa iisang pagkakataon: I could hear music next door.

Halos magkapareho ang was able to at managed to sa paturol, pero tuwirang sinasabi ng managed to na may hirap at pagsisikap. Kaya madalas itong may kasamang but at in the end: It took three hours, but in the end we managed to fix it. Kung walang hirap, karaniwang Past Simple lang ang sinasabi: I finished the report on Friday.

be supposed to — iyon ang tuntunin, iyon ang napagkasunduan. Hindi galing sa nagsasalita at hindi galing sa batas ang obligasyon, kundi sa mga tuntunin, kasunduan o inaasahan ng iba. You're supposed to take your shoes off in the house. — ganito ang nakaugalian. I'm supposed to be at work at nine. — ganito ang napagkasunduan. Madalas, naririnig sa anyong ito na iba ang nangyayari sa totoo: I'm supposed to be working, but I'm watching football. Sa pangnagdaan, halos laging “dapat sana, pero hindi nangyari”: The train was supposed to arrive at six. — pero alas-siyete ito dumating. not supposed to — malambot na pagbabawal ayon sa tuntunin, mas malambot kaysa sa mustn't: You're not supposed to park here. Pang-uri ang supposed dito, kaya laging kailangan ang be: I'm supposed to, Were we supposed to…?

Ihambing sa have to. I have to be at work at nine — wala akong pagpipilian: kapag nahuli ako, magkakaproblema ako. I'm supposed to be at work at nine — iyon ang tuntunin, pero parang puwede itong labagin, at baka labagin ko nga. Kaya bagay ang be supposed to kapag ipinapaliwanag ninyo kung bakit hindi natuloy ang isang bagay ayon sa plano.

be allowed to — puwede, pinapayagan. Iba ang nagbibigay ng pahintulot: mga tuntunin, batas, magulang, amo. Ang allowed ay ikatlong anyo ng allow “payagan”, kaya sa pagkakabuo, tinig na balintiyak ito, gaya ng sa paunawang Pets aren't allowed (A2 #19): hindi “pinapayagan ko”, kundi “pinapayagan ako”. Nagbabago ang be ayon sa panauhan at panahunan, at nananatili ang allowed to + pandiwa.

paturol We're allowed to use dictionaries in the exam.
negatibo You aren't allowed to smoke on the train.
tanong Are we allowed to take photos?
pangnagdaan I wasn't allowed to stay out late as a child.
hinaharap Next year students will be allowed to use phones in class.

can o be allowed to? Sa kasalukuyan, madalas can lang ang sinasabi tungkol sa pahintulot: You can park here after six. Idinidiin ng be allowed to na galing sa mga tuntunin o sa ibang tao ang pahintulot, kaya mas eksakto ang tunog nito kapag nagbabalita o nagtatanong tungkol sa mga tuntunin: Are we allowed to bring food into the museum? Sa hinaharap at sa perfect, walang anyo ang can, at kailangang-kailangan ang be allowed to — gaya ng be able to: Will we be allowed to park here? Tungkol sa nakaraan, pareho ang hangganan gaya ng sa could at managed to: could — pahintulot sa pangkalahatan, sa mahabang panahon (As a child I could watch TV until nine), was allowed to — pahintulot sa iisang pagkakataon (Yesterday we were allowed to leave early).

supposed to o allowed to? Parehong tungkol sa mga tuntunin ang dalawang anyo, pero magkaiba ang sinasabi nila. supposed to — kung ano ang dapat gawin, allowed to — kung ano ang puwede. Sa negatibo, nasa lakas ang pagkakaiba:

You're supposed to wear a helmet. iyon ang tuntunin: obligasyon ito
You're allowed to bring one bag. puwede: pahintulot ito
You're not supposed to park here. hindi dapat ayon sa tuntunin — malambot, at marami pa rin ang pumaparada
You're not allowed to park here. bawal — tuwiran, walang pasubali

don't need to — hindi kailangan. Kapareho ito ng don't have to (A2 #10): puwedeng hindi gawin. Karaniwang pandiwa ang need dito, na may to, kaya binubuo ang negatibo, tanong at pangnagdaan gamit ang do: You don't need to come tomorrow. Does she need to bring anything? We didn't need to wait. Huwag itong ipagkamali sa mustn't at not allowed to — “bawal”: You don't need to come — puwedeng hindi pumunta; You aren't allowed to come — bawal pumunta.

Ang buong panukat sa iisang halimbawa:

I must finish today. ako mismo ang nagpasya
I have to finish today. hinihingi ng mga pangyayari
I'm supposed to finish today. iyon ang napagkasunduan — pero aabot kaya ako?
I should finish today. iyon ang tama
I'm allowed to finish tomorrow. pinayagan akong tapusin bukas
I don't need to finish today. puwedeng hindi
I mustn't forget the figures. bawal

Hindi ganito ang sinasabi. ✗ We didn't need come so early → ✓ We didn't need to come so early. Karaniwang pandiwa ang didn't need, at kailangan ang to pagkatapos nito.

Subukin ang sarili. could o managed to: “mahirap, pero naabutan ko ang tren”? Ano ang ibig sabihin ng The film was supposed to start at eight? Paano sasabihin ang “Hindi kami pinapayagang gumamit ng telepono sa trabaho”?

ipakita ang mga sagot
managed to — tagumpay sa iisang pagkakataon: It was difficult, but I managed to catch the train; dapat sana ay alas-otso nagsimula ang pelikula, pero nagsimula ito nang mas huli o hindi nagsimula; We aren't allowed to use our phones at work / We're not allowed to use our phones at work.
Patalastas

Mga mali ng mga nagsasalita ng Filipino

isinulat para sa iyong wika
1

Dalawang pandiwang modal na magkasunod

✗ I will can swim

✓ I'll be able to swim

Iisang salita ang “Makakalangoy ako”, at dala nito kapwa ang hinaharap at ang kakayahan, kaya gustong buuin ito mula sa will at can. Pero hindi nagkakasunod ang dalawang pandiwang modal sa Ingles; be able to ang nasa ikalawang puwesto.

2

was able to sa bawat natapos na gawain

I was able to visit my parents last weekend — hindi mali, pero parang may malaking hadlang na nalampasan. Karaniwan sa Tagalog ang anyong may “naka-” kahit walang hirap (“Nakapunta ako sa Baguio”), at isinasalin ito bilang was able to. Kung walang hirap, Past Simple lang: ✓ I visited my parents last weekend. Para sa tagumpay sa kabila ng hirap ang was able to at managed to.

3

supposed to at allowed to na walang be

✗ I supposed to be there at nine → ✓ I'm supposed to be there at nine. ✗ We don't allowed to smoke → ✓ We aren't allowed to smoke. Walang pandiwa sa “Dapat nandoon ako nang alas-nuwebe”, at halos hindi naririnig ang 'm bago ang supposed. Pero pang-uri ang supposed dito, at bahagi ng tinig na balintiyak ang allowed: kailangan ng dalawa ang be, at sa pamamagitan nito binubuo ang negatibo — aren't allowed, hindi don't allowed. Dahil sa tunog, nawawala rin ang -d sa pagsulat: ✗ suppose to, ✗ allow to → ✓ supposed to, allowed to.

4

“Bawal” na walang simuno

✗ It isn't allowed to smoke here

✓ You aren't allowed to smoke here

Walang simuno ang “Bawal manigarilyo rito”, pero kailangan ng simuno sa Ingles, kaya It ang idinadagdag. Sa be allowed to, ang simuno ay ang taong pinapayagan o pinagbabawalan: You aren't allowed, Passengers aren't allowed. Kung ang bagay mismo ang gustong banggitin, ito ang nagiging simuno: Pets aren't allowed; sa karatula — No smoking lang.

Pagbigkas

4 min

supposed to — /səˈpəʊs tə/: nagsasama ang -d at t sa iisang /t/. Walang diin ang unang pantig — /sə/; nasa ikalawa ang diin: su-POSED.

able — /ˈeɪbl/, may diing /eɪ/, gaya ng sa table. Binibigkas nang buo ang be able to, sa iisang hinga: /bi ˈeɪbl tə/; mahina ang to — /tə/.

managed to — /ˈmænɪdʒ tə/: halos nawawala ang /d/ bago ang /t/. Ganoon din sa allowed to /əˈlaʊd tə/: nagsasama ang /d/ at /t/, gaya ng sa supposed to. Ang tunog ng allowed ay gaya ng loud na may mahinang /ə/ sa unahan — at eksaktong kapareho ng aloud “nang malakas”.

Patalastas

Teksto

5 min

Hi Claire,

I'm afraid the report isn't ready yet. I was supposed to send it to you yesterday, but I wasn't able to finish it. At four o'clock my laptop suddenly stopped working, and nobody in IT could fix it the same day.

The good news is that I managed to save most of the file — I only lost the last two pages. Sam has lent me his old laptop, and I'm allowed to keep it until Friday, so I'll be able to finish everything this morning. You'll have it by twelve.

You don't need to move the meeting with the client. The figures are all correct — I checked them twice on Monday. But I'm supposed to show the report to Mark first, and he's working from home today. Do you need to see it too, or can I send it straight to him?

One more thing: we're not supposed to leave laptops in the office overnight, but mine stayed there because it wasn't working. I hope that's all right.

Sorry again, Ben

Pagbasa nang malakas

Mga pagsasanay

30 min

1. Pagpupuno.

  1. I swim when I was five. (marunong)
  2. Don't worry, you drive by the summer. (hinaharap)
  3. I haven't sleep well since we moved
  4. She speak three languages. (ngayon)
  5. I'd like to play the piano
  6. I'm sorry, I come to your party last Saturday. (hindi nakaya)
  7. If you call the hotel, you might get a cheaper room
Ipakita ang mga sagot
could; will be able to; been able to; can; be able to; couldn't / wasn't able to; be able to

2. Pagpili.

  1. My grandmother read without glasses until she was ninety
  2. The traffic was terrible, but we get to the airport on time
  3. The door was locked, but the firefighters get in through the window
  4. When I was young, I run ten kilometres easily
  5. The exam was really difficult, but she pass it
Ipakita ang mga sagot
could; managed to; managed to; could; managed to

3. Isulat muli gamit ang be able to

  1. I can drive. (next year)
  2. She can't come to the meeting. (yesterday)
  3. I can't sleep. (this week — perfect)
  4. We can visit you. (in the summer)
  5. He can't find a job. (since March — perfect)
Ipakita ang mga sagot
I'll be able to drive next year / I will be able to drive next year; She wasn't able to come to the meeting yesterday; I haven't been able to sleep this week; We'll be able to visit you in the summer / We will be able to visit you in the summer; He hasn't been able to find a job since March

4. Isulat muli gamit ang be supposed to.

  1. The rule is: take your shoes off at the door.
  2. We agreed to meet at six, but he isn't here.
  3. The timetable says the train arrives at five, but it's late.
  4. You can't park here — it's against the rules.
  5. I should be studying now, but I'm watching TV.
Ipakita ang mga sagot
You're supposed to take your shoes off at the door / You are supposed to take your shoes off at the door; We were supposed to meet at six, but he isn't here / We were supposed to meet at six; The train was supposed to arrive at five, but it's late / The train is supposed to arrive at five, but it's late / The train was supposed to arrive at five; You're not supposed to park here / You aren't supposed to park here / You're not supposed to park here — it's against the rules / You aren't supposed to park here — it's against the rules; I'm supposed to be studying now, but I'm watching TV

5. Isulat muli gamit ang be allowed to o don't need to.

  1. It isn't necessary to bring food — there's a café.
  2. It wasn't necessary for us to wait — the doctor saw us at once.
  3. The rules say you can't take photos in the museum.
  4. As a child, I couldn't stay out after nine — my parents said no.
  5. From next year students can use phones in class. (hinaharap)
  6. Can we bring our own drinks into the cinema? (magtanong tungkol sa mga tuntunin)
Ipakita ang mga sagot
You don't need to bring food — there's a café / You don't need to bring food; We didn't need to wait — the doctor saw us at once / We didn't need to wait; You aren't allowed to take photos in the museum / You're not allowed to take photos in the museum / We aren't allowed to take photos in the museum / We're not allowed to take photos in the museum; As a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine / As a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine — my parents said no / When I was a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine; From next year students will be allowed to use phones in class / Students will be allowed to use phones in class from next year; Are we allowed to bring our own drinks into the cinema?

6. Paghahanap ng mali.

  1. I will can drive next year.
  2. The exam was hard, but I could pass it.
  3. I supposed to be at work at nine.
  4. It isn't allowed to take photos here.
  5. We didn't need come so early.
Ipakita ang mga sagot
I'll be able to drive next year / I will be able to drive next year; The exam was hard, but I managed to pass it / The exam was hard, but I was able to pass it; I'm supposed to be at work at nine / I was supposed to be at work at nine; You aren't allowed to take photos here / You're not allowed to take photos here / We aren't allowed to take photos here / We're not allowed to take photos here; We didn't need to come so early

7. Sagutin nang buong pangungusap

— tungkol sa inyong sarili. Halimbawa lang ang mga sagot sa ibaba. 1) What would you like to be able to do? 2) What difficult thing did you manage to do last month? 3) What are you supposed to do every day that you don't always do? 4) What weren't you allowed to do as a child?

Ipakita ang mga sagot
I'd like to be able to play the guitar; I managed to finish a difficult project at work; I'm supposed to go to the gym three times a week, but I usually go once; As a child, I wasn't allowed to watch TV after nine

8. Isalin sa Ingles.

1) Pagkalipas ng isang buwan, makakapagsalita na ako ng Ingles nang mas matatas. 2) Mahirap, pero naabutan namin ang huling tren. 3) Dapat sana ay alas-sais dumating ang tren. 4) Hindi mo kailangang pumunta bukas. 5) Ayon sa tuntunin, hindi dapat manigarilyo rito.

Ipakita ang mga sagot
In a month I'll be able to speak English more fluently / In a month I'll be able to speak English more freely; It was difficult, but we managed to catch the last train; The train was supposed to arrive at six; You don't need to come tomorrow; You're not supposed to smoke here / You aren't supposed to smoke here
Patalastas

Buod

Natalakay: ang be able to sa lahat ng panahunan at pagkatapos ng ibang pandiwa, could laban sa managed to at was able to; mga tuntunin — be supposed to sa kasalukuyan at pangnagdaan, be allowed to laban sa can at not supposed to, don't need to laban sa mustn't, at ang buong panukat ng obligasyon. Susunod — aralin 12: pag-uulit ng mga aralin 7–11.

Dulo ng core

Itinuturing na tapos ang aralin kapag nagawa na ang mga ehersisyo. Lahat pagkatapos nito ay opsyonal.

Aralin 84

opsyonal

Bokabularyo para sa deck

14 salita
  • be able to /bi ˈeɪbl tə/ kaya, nagagawa
  • manage to /ˈmænɪdʒ tə/ magawa (kahit mahirap)
  • be supposed to /bi səˈpəʊs tə/ dapat (ayon sa tuntunin o napagkasunduan)
  • be allowed to /bi əˈlaʊd tə/ pinapayagan, puwede (nang may pahintulot)
  • laptop /ˈlæptɒp/ laptop
  • fix /fɪks/ ayusin, kumpunihin
  • save /seɪv/ i-save, itago (ang file)
  • file /faɪl/ file
  • figures /ˈfɪɡəz/ mga numero
  • straight /streɪt/ diretso, agad
  • overnight /ˌəʊvəˈnaɪt/ magdamag
  • glasses /ˈɡlɑːsɪz/ salamin sa mata
  • firefighter /ˈfaɪəfaɪtə/ bumbero
  • locked /lɒkt/ nakakandado

Pagsulat

Lima o anim na pangungusap tungkol sa isang araw na hindi natuloy ayon sa plano: ano ang dapat ninyong ginawa, ano ang hindi ninyo nakaya, ano ang nagawa pa rin ninyo, at ano ang hindi na ninyo kailangang gawin ngayon.

Halimbawa

Yesterday I was supposed to meet a client at ten, but I wasn't able to get there on time. There was an accident on the motorway, and the traffic didn't move for an hour. I managed to call the client from the car, and she was very kind about it. In the end we had the meeting online. So now I don't need to drive to her office next week. I hope I'll be able to meet her in person next month.

Checklist

Nai-save ang draft sa device na ito
Patalastas

Magsanay sa araling ito sa iba pang mga seksyon

Diktasyonbatay sa araling ito Isulat ang naririnig mo. Ipinapakita ng tsek ang bawat salitang iba, at paano. Isulat ang dikta Pagbasa nang malakasbatay sa araling ito Basahin nang malakas ang teksto ng aralin — itinatampok ng speech recognition ang mga salitang hindi nito nahuli. Basahin nang malakas ang teksto Pagbasa at pakikinigA1–C1 Mga teksto sa bawat antas na may mga tanong sa pag-unawa; bubukas ang transcript pagkatapos mong sagutin. Subukan

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