Gramatika ~55 min jezgre preostalo

Govoriti o obvezi i sposobnosti

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Mogu točno reći što moram, što ne moram i što mi je uspjelo.

Započni lekciju Jezgra 55 min · koraci: 6 · neobavezno: +2

Navedeno vrijeme jezgre. Dva bloka jezgre nemaju brojku, pa je stvarna lekcija duža od ovog zbroja.

Gramatika

16 min

Ova lekcija spaja dvije teme koje su na A2 ostale nepotpune. Prva je sposobnost i uspjeh: can (A1 #20) ima premalo oblika. Druga su pravila: uz must, have to (A2 #10) i should (A2 #11) dolaze „tako je propisano“, „to se smije“ i „to nije potrebno“.

be able to — sposobnost u bilo kojem vremenu. can ima samo dva oblika: can i could. Budućeg vremena, perfekta ni oblika iza drugog glagola nema — ondje radi be able to.

buduće vrijeme I'll be able to swim by the summer.
perfekt I haven't been able to sleep this week.
iza drugog glagola I'd like to be able to speak French.
iza modalnog glagola You might be able to get a ticket online.
prošlo vrijeme I wasn't able to come yesterday.

U sadašnjem vremenu obično se kaže can: I can swim zvuči prirodnije od I'm able to swim.

Znao sam ili uspio sam? U prošlom vremenu engleski razlikuje ono što se u hrvatskom lako kaže istim „mogao sam“. could je sposobnost općenito, kroz neko razdoblje: I could read when I was four. Uspjeh u jednom konkretnom slučaju — was able to ili managed to. managed to naglašava: bilo je teško, ali je uspjelo.

I could swim when I was six. Znao sam plivati sa šest godina.
The water was cold, but I managed to swim to the boat. Uspio sam doplivati — taj put.

U niječnici te razlike nema, couldn't uvijek odgovara: I couldn't find my keys this morning. S glagolima opažanja see, hear could je i o jednom slučaju sasvim normalan: I could hear music next door.

was able to i managed to u potvrdnoj rečenici gotovo su jednaki, ali managed to izravno govori o teškoći i trudu. Zato ga tako često prate but i in the end: It took three hours, but in the end we managed to fix it. Ako teškoće nije bilo, obično se kaže samo Past Simple: I finished the report on Friday.

be supposed to — tako je propisano, tako smo se dogovorili. Obveza ne dolazi od govornika ni od zakona, nego od pravila, dogovora ili tuđih očekivanja. You're supposed to take your shoes off in the house. — tako je običaj. I'm supposed to be at work at nine. — tako je dogovoreno. U tom se obliku često čuje da u stvarnosti ispada drukčije: I'm supposed to be working, but I'm watching football. U prošlom vremenu to je gotovo uvijek „trebalo je, ali nije se dogodilo“: The train was supposed to arrive at six. — a stigao je u sedam. not supposed to je blaga zabrana po pravilima, blaža od mustn't: You're not supposed to park here. supposed je ovdje pridjev, zato je be uvijek potreban: I'm supposed to, Were we supposed to…?

Usporedi s have to. I have to be at work at nine — nemam izbora: zakasnim li, bit će problema. I'm supposed to be at work at nine — takvo je pravilo, ali zvuči kao da se može prekršiti, i možda ću ga i prekršiti. Zato be supposed to dobro pristaje kad objašnjavaš zašto nešto nije išlo po planu.

be allowed to — to se smije, to je dopušteno. Dopuštenje daje netko drugi: pravila, zakon, roditelji, šef. allowed je treći oblik od allow „dopustiti“, pa je to po građi pasiv, poznat iz natpisa Pets aren't allowed (A2 #19): ne „ja dopuštam“, nego „meni je dopušteno“. be se mijenja po licima i vremenima, a allowed to + glagol ostaje.

izjavna rečenica We're allowed to use dictionaries in the exam.
niječnica You aren't allowed to smoke on the train.
pitanje Are we allowed to take photos?
prošlo vrijeme I wasn't allowed to stay out late as a child.
buduće vrijeme Next year students will be allowed to use phones in class.

can ili be allowed to? U sadašnjem vremenu o dopuštenju se često kaže samo can: You can park here after six. be allowed to naglašava da dopuštenje dolazi od pravila ili od druge osobe, i zato zvuči preciznije kad se o pravilima obavještava ili pita: Are we allowed to bring food into the museum? U budućem vremenu i u perfektu can nema oblika, i be allowed to je obavezan — isto kao be able to: Will we be allowed to park here? O prošlosti je granica ista kao kod could i managed to: could je dopuštenje općenito, kroz dulje vrijeme (As a child I could watch TV until nine), was allowed to — dopuštenje u jednom slučaju (Yesterday we were allowed to leave early).

supposed to ili allowed to? Oba su oblika o pravilima, ali govore o različitom. supposed to — što treba činiti, allowed to — što se smije. U niječnici je razlika u jačini:

You're supposed to wear a helmet. tako je propisano: to je obveza
You're allowed to bring one bag. to se smije: to je dopuštenje
You're not supposed to park here. to se ne bi smjelo — blago, i mnogi ipak parkiraju
You're not allowed to park here. zabranjeno — izravno, bez ograda

don't need to — nema potrebe. To je isto što i don't have to (A2 #10): ne moraš to činiti. need je ovdje običan glagol s to, zato se niječnica, pitanje i prošlo vrijeme grade s do: You don't need to come tomorrow. Does she need to bring anything? We didn't need to wait. Ne miješaj ga s mustn't i not allowed to — „ne smije se“: You don't need to come — ne moraš doći; You aren't allowed to come — dolazak je zabranjen.

Cijela ljestvica na jednom primjeru:

I must finish today. sam sam tako odlučio
I have to finish today. to traže okolnosti
I'm supposed to finish today. tako smo se dogovorili — ali hoću li stići?
I should finish today. bilo bi ispravno
I'm allowed to finish tomorrow. dopustili su mi da završim sutra
I don't need to finish today. ne moram
I mustn't forget the figures. ne smijem

Tako se ne kaže. ✗ We didn't need come so early → ✓ We didn't need to come so early. didn't need je običan glagol, i iza njega treba to.

Provjeri se. could ili managed to: „bilo je teško, ali stigao sam na vlak“? Što znači The film was supposed to start at eight? Kako reći „na poslu ne smijemo koristiti mobitele“?

prikaži odgovore
managed to — uspjeh u jednom slučaju: It was difficult, but I managed to catch the train; film je trebao početi u osam, ali je počeo kasnije ili uopće nije počeo; We aren't allowed to use our phones at work / We're not allowed to use our phones at work.
Oglas

Pogreške izvornih govornika hrvatskoga

prilagođeno vašem jeziku
1

Dva modalna glagola zaredom

✗ I will can swim

✓ I'll be able to swim

Hrvatsko „moći ću“ gradi se kao i svako buduće vrijeme, pa se slaže od will i can. Ali dva modalna glagola zaredom u engleskom ne stoje; drugo mjesto zauzima be able to.

2

could o uspjehu u jednom slučaju

✗ The exam was hard, but I could pass it

✓ The exam was hard, but I managed to pass it / I was able to pass it

„Mogao sam“ je prošlo vrijeme od „moći“, pa se could čini točnim prijevodom. Ali could u potvrdnoj rečenici znači sposobnost općenito, a ne uspjeh tog puta — za to je bliže hrvatsko „uspio sam“.

3

supposed to i allowed to bez be

✗ I supposed to be there at nine → ✓ I'm supposed to be there at nine. ✗ We don't allowed to smoke → ✓ We aren't allowed to smoke. Hrvatski za to ima jedan glagol — „trebam“, „smijemo“ — pa se i engleski oblik slaže kao glagol, a 'm se na sluh stapa sa supposed. Ali supposed je ovdje pridjev, a allowed dio pasiva, i obama treba be; niječnica se gradi s njim: aren't allowed, a ne don't allowed.

4

Bezlično „nije dopušteno“

✗ It isn't allowed to smoke here

✓ You aren't allowed to smoke here

„Ovdje nije dopušteno pušiti“ je bezlično, i rečenicu se želi početi s It. Ali kod be allowed to subjekt je onaj kome se dopušta ili zabranjuje: You aren't allowed, Passengers aren't allowed. Ako treba imenovati sam predmet zabrane, on postaje subjekt: Pets aren't allowed, a na natpisu piše samo No smoking.

Izgovor

4 min

supposed to — /səˈpəʊs tə/: -d i t stapaju se u jedno /t/. Prvi je slog nenaglašen — /sə/, naglasak je na drugom: su-POSED.

able — /ˈeɪbl/, s naglašenim /eɪ/, kao u table. be able to izgovara se cijelo, u jednom dahu: /bi ˈeɪbl tə/; to je slabo /tə/.

managed to — /ˈmænɪdʒ tə/: /d/ ispred /t/ gotovo nestaje. Isto tako u allowed to /əˈlaʊd tə/: /d/ i /t/ se stapaju, kao u supposed to. allowed zvuči kao loud sa slabim /ə/ ispred — i točno isto kao aloud „naglas“.

Oglas

Tekst

5 min

Hi Claire,

I'm afraid the report isn't ready yet. I was supposed to send it to you yesterday, but I wasn't able to finish it. At four o'clock my laptop suddenly stopped working, and nobody in IT could fix it the same day.

The good news is that I managed to save most of the file — I only lost the last two pages. Sam has lent me his old laptop, and I'm allowed to keep it until Friday, so I'll be able to finish everything this morning. You'll have it by twelve.

You don't need to move the meeting with the client. The figures are all correct — I checked them twice on Monday. But I'm supposed to show the report to Mark first, and he's working from home today. Do you need to see it too, or can I send it straight to him?

One more thing: we're not supposed to leave laptops in the office overnight, but mine stayed there because it wasn't working. I hope that's all right.

Sorry again, Ben

Čitanje naglas

Vježbe

30 min

1. Dopunjavanje.

  1. I swim when I was five. (znao sam)
  2. Don't worry, you drive by the summer. (buduće vrijeme)
  3. I haven't sleep well since we moved
  4. She speak three languages. (sada)
  5. I'd like to play the piano
  6. I'm sorry, I come to your party last Saturday. (nisam mogao)
  7. If you call the hotel, you might get a cheaper room
Prikaži odgovore
could; will be able to; been able to; can; be able to; couldn't / wasn't able to; be able to

2. Odabir.

  1. My grandmother read without glasses until she was ninety
  2. The traffic was terrible, but we get to the airport on time
  3. The door was locked, but the firefighters get in through the window
  4. When I was young, I run ten kilometres easily
  5. The exam was really difficult, but she pass it
Prikaži odgovore
could; managed to; managed to; could; managed to

3. Prepiši s be able to

  1. I can drive. (next year)
  2. She can't come to the meeting. (yesterday)
  3. I can't sleep. (this week — perfekt)
  4. We can visit you. (in the summer)
  5. He can't find a job. (since March — perfekt)
Prikaži odgovore
I'll be able to drive next year / I will be able to drive next year; She wasn't able to come to the meeting yesterday; I haven't been able to sleep this week; We'll be able to visit you in the summer / We will be able to visit you in the summer; He hasn't been able to find a job since March

4. Prepiši s be supposed to.

  1. The rule is: take your shoes off at the door.
  2. We agreed to meet at six, but he isn't here.
  3. The timetable says the train arrives at five, but it's late.
  4. You can't park here — it's against the rules.
  5. I should be studying now, but I'm watching TV.
Prikaži odgovore
You're supposed to take your shoes off at the door / You are supposed to take your shoes off at the door; We were supposed to meet at six, but he isn't here / We were supposed to meet at six; The train was supposed to arrive at five, but it's late / The train is supposed to arrive at five, but it's late / The train was supposed to arrive at five; You're not supposed to park here / You aren't supposed to park here / You're not supposed to park here — it's against the rules / You aren't supposed to park here — it's against the rules; I'm supposed to be studying now, but I'm watching TV

5. Prepiši s be allowed to ili don't need to.

  1. It isn't necessary to bring food — there's a café.
  2. It wasn't necessary for us to wait — the doctor saw us at once.
  3. The rules say you can't take photos in the museum.
  4. As a child, I couldn't stay out after nine — my parents said no.
  5. From next year students can use phones in class. (buduće vrijeme)
  6. Can we bring our own drinks into the cinema? (pitaj o pravilima)
Prikaži odgovore
You don't need to bring food — there's a café / You don't need to bring food; We didn't need to wait — the doctor saw us at once / We didn't need to wait; You aren't allowed to take photos in the museum / You're not allowed to take photos in the museum / We aren't allowed to take photos in the museum / We're not allowed to take photos in the museum; As a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine / As a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine — my parents said no / When I was a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine; From next year students will be allowed to use phones in class / Students will be allowed to use phones in class from next year; Are we allowed to bring our own drinks into the cinema?

6. Pronalaženje pogreške.

  1. I will can drive next year.
  2. The exam was hard, but I could pass it.
  3. I supposed to be at work at nine.
  4. It isn't allowed to take photos here.
  5. We didn't need come so early.
Prikaži odgovore
I'll be able to drive next year / I will be able to drive next year; The exam was hard, but I managed to pass it / The exam was hard, but I was able to pass it; I'm supposed to be at work at nine / I was supposed to be at work at nine; You aren't allowed to take photos here / You're not allowed to take photos here / We aren't allowed to take photos here / We're not allowed to take photos here; We didn't need to come so early

7. Odgovori punim rečenicama

— o sebi. Rješenja ispod su uzorak. 1) What would you like to be able to do? 2) What difficult thing did you manage to do last month? 3) What are you supposed to do every day that you don't always do? 4) What weren't you allowed to do as a child?

Prikaži odgovore
I'd like to be able to play the guitar; I managed to finish a difficult project at work; I'm supposed to go to the gym three times a week, but I usually go once; As a child, I wasn't allowed to watch TV after nine

8. Prevedi na engleski.

1) Za mjesec dana moći ću tečnije govoriti engleski. 2) Bilo je teško, ali uspjeli smo stići na zadnji vlak. 3) Vlak je trebao stići u šest. 4) Ne trebaš sutra dolaziti. 5) Ovdje se ne bi smjelo pušiti.

Prikaži odgovore
In a month I'll be able to speak English more fluently / In a month I'll be able to speak English more freely; It was difficult, but we managed to catch the last train; The train was supposed to arrive at six; You don't need to come tomorrow; You're not supposed to smoke here / You aren't supposed to smoke here
Oglas

Sažetak

Obrađeno: be able to u svim vremenima i iza drugih glagola, could nasuprot managed to i was able to; pravila — be supposed to u sadašnjem i prošlom vremenu, be allowed to nasuprot can i not supposed to, don't need to nasuprot mustn't, cijela ljestvica obveze. Slijedi lekcija 12: ponavljanje lekcija 7–11.

Kraj jezgre

Lekcija se računa kao završena nakon vježbi. Sve nakon toga je neobavezno.

Lekcija 84

neobavezno

Riječi za kartice

14 riječi
  • be able to /bi ˈeɪbl tə/ moći, biti u stanju
  • manage to /ˈmænɪdʒ tə/ uspjeti
  • be supposed to /bi səˈpəʊs tə/ trebati (po pravilima, po dogovoru)
  • be allowed to /bi əˈlaʊd tə/ smjeti (uz dopuštenje)
  • laptop /ˈlæptɒp/ prijenosno računalo
  • fix /fɪks/ popraviti
  • save /seɪv/ spremiti (datoteku)
  • file /faɪl/ datoteka
  • figures /ˈfɪɡəz/ brojke
  • straight /streɪt/ izravno, odmah
  • overnight /ˌəʊvəˈnaɪt/ preko noći
  • glasses /ˈɡlɑːsɪz/ naočale
  • firefighter /ˈfaɪəfaɪtə/ vatrogasac
  • locked /lɒkt/ zaključan

Pisanje

Pet-šest rečenica o danu koji nije išao po planu: što si trebao učiniti, što nisi mogao, što ti je ipak uspjelo i što sada ne moraš učiniti.

Uzorak

Yesterday I was supposed to meet a client at ten, but I wasn't able to get there on time. There was an accident on the motorway, and the traffic didn't move for an hour. I managed to call the client from the car, and she was very kind about it. In the end we had the meeting online. So now I don't need to drive to her office next week. I hope I'll be able to meet her in person next month.

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