Gramatika ~55 min od osnove preostalo

Reći šta moram i šta umem

Nakon ove lekcije možete

Mogu precizno da kažem šta moram, šta ne moram i šta mi je uspelo.

Započni lekciju Jezgro 55 min · koraci: 6 · opciono: +2

Deklarisano vreme jezgra. Dva bloka jezgra nemaju broj, pa je stvarna lekcija duža od ovog zbira.

Gramatika

16 min

Lekcija spaja dve teme koje su na A2 ostale nepotpune. Prva je umeće i uspeh: can (A1 #20) ima premalo oblika. Druga su pravila: uz must, have to (A2 #10) i should (A2 #11) dolaze „tako je predviđeno“, „to je dozvoljeno“ i „to nije potrebno“.

be able to — umeće u bilo kom vremenu. can ima samo dva oblika: can i could. Budućeg vremena, Present Perfecta i oblika posle drugog glagola nema — tu radi be able to.

buduće vreme I'll be able to swim by the summer.
Present Perfect I haven't been able to sleep this week.
posle drugog glagola I'd like to be able to speak French.
posle modalnog glagola You might be able to get a ticket online.
prošlo vreme I wasn't able to come yesterday.

U sadašnjem vremenu se obično kaže can: I can swim zvuči prirodnije od I'm able to swim.

Umeo ili uspeo? U prošlom vremenu engleski razlikuje ono što se u srpskom često stopi u „mogao sam“. could je umeće uopšte, tokom nekog perioda: I could read when I was four. Uspeh u jednom konkretnom slučaju je was able to ili managed to. managed to naglašava: bilo je teško, ali je uspelo.

I could swim when I was six. Znao sam da plivam sa šest godina.
The water was cold, but I managed to swim to the boat. Uspeo sam da doplivam — tog puta.

U odričnoj rečenici te razlike nema, couldn't uvek odgovara: I couldn't find my keys this morning. Uz glagole opažanja see, hear could je normalan i za jedan slučaj: I could hear music next door.

was able to i managed to u potvrdnoj rečenici su skoro jednaki, ali managed to otvoreno govori o teškoći i trudu. Zato ga tako često prate but i in the end: It took three hours, but in the end we managed to fix it. Ako teškoće nije bilo, obično se kaže samo Past Simple: I finished the report on Friday.

be supposed to — tako je predviđeno, tako je dogovoreno. Obaveza ne dolazi od govornika ni od zakona, nego od pravila, dogovora ili tuđih očekivanja. You're supposed to take your shoes off in the house. — takav je običaj. I'm supposed to be at work at nine. — tako je dogovoreno. Često se u ovom obliku čuje da u stvarnosti ispada drugačije: I'm supposed to be working, but I'm watching football. U prošlom vremenu to je skoro uvek „trebalo je, ali nije se desilo“: The train was supposed to arrive at six. — a stigao je u sedam. not supposed to je blaga zabrana po pravilima, blaža od mustn't: You're not supposed to park here. supposed je ovde pridev, zato je be uvek potreban: I'm supposed to, Were we supposed to…?

Uporedi sa have to. I have to be at work at nine — nemam izbora: ako zakasnim, biće problema. I'm supposed to be at work at nine — takvo je pravilo, ali zvuči kao da se može prekršiti i da ću ga možda i prekršiti. Zato be supposed to dobro odgovara kad objašnjavaš zašto nešto nije išlo po planu.

be allowed to — to se sme, to je dozvoljeno. Dozvolu daje neko drugi: pravila, zakon, roditelji, šef. allowed je treći oblik od allow „dozvoliti“, pa je po građi to pasiv, poznat iz oglasa Pets aren't allowed (A2 #19): ne „ja dozvoljavam“, nego „meni je dozvoljeno“. be se menja po licima i vremenima, a allowed to + glagol ostaje isto.

potvrdna rečenica We're allowed to use dictionaries in the exam.
odrična rečenica You aren't allowed to smoke on the train.
pitanje Are we allowed to take photos?
prošlo vreme I wasn't allowed to stay out late as a child.
buduće vreme Next year students will be allowed to use phones in class.

can ili be allowed to? U sadašnjem vremenu o dozvoli se često kaže samo can: You can park here after six. be allowed to naglašava da dozvola dolazi od pravila ili od drugog čoveka, i zato zvuči preciznije kad se o pravilima obaveštava ili pita: Are we allowed to bring food into the museum? U budućem vremenu i u Present Perfectu can nema oblik, i be allowed to je obavezan — isto kao be able to: Will we be allowed to park here? U prošlosti je granica ista kao kod could i managed to: could — dozvola uopšte, na duže vreme (As a child I could watch TV until nine), was allowed to — dozvola u jednom slučaju (Yesterday we were allowed to leave early).

supposed to ili allowed to? Oba oblika su o pravilima, ali govore o različitom. supposed to — šta treba raditi, allowed to — šta se sme. U odričnoj rečenici razlika je u jačini:

You're supposed to wear a helmet. tako je predviđeno: to je obaveza
You're allowed to bring one bag. to se sme: to je dozvola
You're not supposed to park here. to nije predviđeno — blago, i mnogi ipak parkiraju
You're not allowed to park here. zabranjeno — otvoreno, bez ograde

don't need to — nema potrebe. To je isto što i don't have to (A2 #10): ne moraš to da radiš. need je ovde običan glagol sa to, pa se odrična rečenica, pitanje i prošlo vreme grade sa do: You don't need to come tomorrow. Does she need to bring anything? We didn't need to wait. Ne mešaj ga sa mustn't i not allowed to — „ne sme“: You don't need to come — ne moraš da dođeš; You aren't allowed to come — zabranjeno ti je da dođeš.

Cela skala na jednom primeru:

I must finish today. sam sam tako odlučio
I have to finish today. okolnosti to traže
I'm supposed to finish today. tako je dogovoreno — ali hoću li stići?
I should finish today. bilo bi ispravno
I'm allowed to finish tomorrow. dozvolili su mi da završim sutra
I don't need to finish today. ne moram
I mustn't forget the figures. ne smem

Tako se ne kaže. ✗ We didn't need come so early → ✓ We didn't need to come so early. didn't need je običan glagol, i posle njega treba to.

Proveri se. could ili managed to: „bilo je teško, ali sam stigao na voz“? Šta znači The film was supposed to start at eight? Kako reći „na poslu nam nije dozvoljeno da koristimo telefone“?

prikaži odgovore
managed to — uspeh u jednom slučaju: It was difficult, but I managed to catch the train; film je trebalo da počne u osam, ali je počeo kasnije ili uopšte nije počeo; We aren't allowed to use our phones at work / We're not allowed to use our phones at work.
Oglas

Greške govornika srpskog jezika

prilagođeno vašem jeziku
1

Dva modalna glagola zaredom

✗ I will can swim

✓ I'll be able to swim

„Moći ću“ je obično buduće vreme od „moći“, pa se slaže od will i can. Ali dva modalna glagola zaredom u engleskom ne stoje; drugo mesto zauzima be able to.

2

could o uspehu u jednom slučaju

✗ The exam was hard, but I could pass it

✓ The exam was hard, but I managed to pass it / I was able to pass it

„Mogao sam da položim“ je prošlo vreme od „moći“, pa could deluje kao tačan prevod. Ali could u potvrdnoj rečenici znači umeće uopšte, a ne uspeh tog puta; tome odgovara srpsko „uspeo sam“.

3

supposed to i allowed to bez be

✗ I supposed to be there at nine → ✓ I'm supposed to be there at nine. ✗ We don't allowed to smoke → ✓ We aren't allowed to smoke. Srpski tu ima jedan glagol — „treba da“, „smemo“ — pa se i engleski oblik gradi kao glagol, sa don't, a 'm se na sluh stapa sa supposed. Ali supposed je ovde pridev, a allowed deo pasiva; obema treba be, i odrična rečenica se gradi sa njim: aren't allowed.

4

Bezlično „nije dozvoljeno“

✗ It isn't allowed to smoke here

✓ You aren't allowed to smoke here

„Ovde nije dozvoljeno pušiti“ je bezlična rečenica, pa se engleska počinje sa It. Ali kod be allowed to podmet je onaj kome se dozvoljava ili zabranjuje: You aren't allowed, Passengers aren't allowed. Ako treba imenovati sam predmet zabrane, on postaje podmet: Pets aren't allowed, a na natpisu piše samo No smoking.

Izgovor

4 min

supposed to — /səˈpəʊs tə/: -d i t se stapaju u jedno /t/. Prvi slog je nenaglašen — /sə/, naglasak je na drugom: su-POSED.

able — /ˈeɪbl/, sa naglašenim /eɪ/, kao u table. be able to se izgovara u celini, u jednom dahu: /bi ˈeɪbl tə/; to je slabo /tə/.

managed to — /ˈmænɪdʒ tə/: /d/ ispred /t/ skoro nestaje. Isto tako u allowed to /əˈlaʊd tə/: /d/ i /t/ se stapaju, kao u supposed to. allowed zvuči kao loud sa slabim /ə/ ispred — i potpuno isto kao aloud „naglas“.

Oglas

Tekst

5 min

Hi Claire,

I'm afraid the report isn't ready yet. I was supposed to send it to you yesterday, but I wasn't able to finish it. At four o'clock my laptop suddenly stopped working, and nobody in IT could fix it the same day.

The good news is that I managed to save most of the file — I only lost the last two pages. Sam has lent me his old laptop, and I'm allowed to keep it until Friday, so I'll be able to finish everything this morning. You'll have it by twelve.

You don't need to move the meeting with the client. The figures are all correct — I checked them twice on Monday. But I'm supposed to show the report to Mark first, and he's working from home today. Do you need to see it too, or can I send it straight to him?

One more thing: we're not supposed to leave laptops in the office overnight, but mine stayed there because it wasn't working. I hope that's all right.

Sorry again, Ben

Čitanje naglas

Vežbe

30 min

1. Popunjavanje.

  1. I swim when I was five. (umeo sam)
  2. Don't worry, you drive by the summer. (buduće vreme)
  3. I haven't sleep well since we moved
  4. She speak three languages. (sada)
  5. I'd like to play the piano
  6. I'm sorry, I come to your party last Saturday. (nisam mogao)
  7. If you call the hotel, you might get a cheaper room
Prikaži odgovore
could; will be able to; been able to; can; be able to; couldn't / wasn't able to; be able to

2. Izbor.

  1. My grandmother read without glasses until she was ninety
  2. The traffic was terrible, but we get to the airport on time
  3. The door was locked, but the firefighters get in through the window
  4. When I was young, I run ten kilometres easily
  5. The exam was really difficult, but she pass it
Prikaži odgovore
could; managed to; managed to; could; managed to

3. Prepiši sa be able to

  1. I can drive. (next year)
  2. She can't come to the meeting. (yesterday)
  3. I can't sleep. (this week — Present Perfect)
  4. We can visit you. (in the summer)
  5. He can't find a job. (since March — Present Perfect)
Prikaži odgovore
I'll be able to drive next year / I will be able to drive next year; She wasn't able to come to the meeting yesterday; I haven't been able to sleep this week; We'll be able to visit you in the summer / We will be able to visit you in the summer; He hasn't been able to find a job since March

4. Prepiši sa be supposed to.

  1. The rule is: take your shoes off at the door.
  2. We agreed to meet at six, but he isn't here.
  3. The timetable says the train arrives at five, but it's late.
  4. You can't park here — it's against the rules.
  5. I should be studying now, but I'm watching TV.
Prikaži odgovore
You're supposed to take your shoes off at the door / You are supposed to take your shoes off at the door; We were supposed to meet at six, but he isn't here / We were supposed to meet at six; The train was supposed to arrive at five, but it's late / The train is supposed to arrive at five, but it's late / The train was supposed to arrive at five; You're not supposed to park here / You aren't supposed to park here / You're not supposed to park here — it's against the rules / You aren't supposed to park here — it's against the rules; I'm supposed to be studying now, but I'm watching TV

5. Prepiši sa be allowed to ili don't need to.

  1. It isn't necessary to bring food — there's a café.
  2. It wasn't necessary for us to wait — the doctor saw us at once.
  3. The rules say you can't take photos in the museum.
  4. As a child, I couldn't stay out after nine — my parents said no.
  5. From next year students can use phones in class. (buduće vreme)
  6. Can we bring our own drinks into the cinema? (pitaj o pravilima)
Prikaži odgovore
You don't need to bring food — there's a café / You don't need to bring food; We didn't need to wait — the doctor saw us at once / We didn't need to wait; You aren't allowed to take photos in the museum / You're not allowed to take photos in the museum / We aren't allowed to take photos in the museum / We're not allowed to take photos in the museum; As a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine / As a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine — my parents said no / When I was a child, I wasn't allowed to stay out after nine; From next year students will be allowed to use phones in class / Students will be allowed to use phones in class from next year; Are we allowed to bring our own drinks into the cinema?

6. Pronalaženje greške.

  1. I will can drive next year.
  2. The exam was hard, but I could pass it.
  3. I supposed to be at work at nine.
  4. It isn't allowed to take photos here.
  5. We didn't need come so early.
Prikaži odgovore
I'll be able to drive next year / I will be able to drive next year; The exam was hard, but I managed to pass it / The exam was hard, but I was able to pass it; I'm supposed to be at work at nine / I was supposed to be at work at nine; You aren't allowed to take photos here / You're not allowed to take photos here / We aren't allowed to take photos here / We're not allowed to take photos here; We didn't need to come so early

7. Odgovori punim rečenicama

— o sebi. Odgovori ispod su primer. 1) What would you like to be able to do? 2) What difficult thing did you manage to do last month? 3) What are you supposed to do every day that you don't always do? 4) What weren't you allowed to do as a child?

Prikaži odgovore
I'd like to be able to play the guitar; I managed to finish a difficult project at work; I'm supposed to go to the gym three times a week, but I usually go once; As a child, I wasn't allowed to watch TV after nine

8. Prevedi na engleski.

1) Za mesec dana moći ću da govorim engleski tečnije. 2) Bilo je teško, ali smo uspeli da stignemo na poslednji voz. 3) Voz je trebalo da stigne u šest. 4) Nema potrebe da dolaziš sutra. 5) Ovde po pravilima ne bi trebalo da se puši.

Prikaži odgovore
In a month I'll be able to speak English more fluently / In a month I'll be able to speak English more freely; It was difficult, but we managed to catch the last train; The train was supposed to arrive at six; You don't need to come tomorrow; You're not supposed to smoke here / You aren't supposed to smoke here
Oglas

Rezime

Obrađeno: be able to u svim vremenima i posle drugih glagola, could naspram managed to i was able to; pravila — be supposed to u sadašnjem i prošlom vremenu, be allowed to naspram can i not supposed to, don't need to naspram mustn't, cela skala obaveze. Sledi lekcija 12: ponavljanje lekcija 7–11.

Kraj osnove

Lekcija se računa kao završena kada se urade vežbe. Sve nakon ovoga je opciono.

Lekcija 84

opciono

Reči za špil

14 reči
  • be able to /bi ˈeɪbl tə/ moći, biti u stanju
  • manage to /ˈmænɪdʒ tə/ uspeti (da)
  • be supposed to /bi səˈpəʊs tə/ trebati (po pravilu, po dogovoru)
  • be allowed to /bi əˈlaʊd tə/ smeti, imati dozvolu
  • laptop /ˈlæptɒp/ laptop
  • fix /fɪks/ popraviti
  • save /seɪv/ sačuvati
  • file /faɪl/ fajl, datoteka
  • figures /ˈfɪɡəz/ brojke
  • straight /streɪt/ pravo, odmah
  • overnight /ˌəʊvəˈnaɪt/ preko noći
  • glasses /ˈɡlɑːsɪz/ naočare
  • firefighter /ˈfaɪəfaɪtə/ vatrogasac
  • locked /lɒkt/ zaključan

Pisanje

Pet-šest rečenica o danu koji nije išao po planu: šta je trebalo da uradiš, šta nisi uspeo, šta ti je ipak uspelo i šta sada ne moraš da radiš.

Primer

Yesterday I was supposed to meet a client at ten, but I wasn't able to get there on time. There was an accident on the motorway, and the traffic didn't move for an hour. I managed to call the client from the car, and she was very kind about it. In the end we had the meeting online. So now I don't need to drive to her office next week. I hope I'll be able to meet her in person next month.

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