语法 剩余核心内容 ~54 分钟

讲述比另一件事更早发生的事

完成本课后你将能够

能表明过去的某件事发生在另一件事之前。

开始课程 核心 54 分钟 · 步骤：6 · 可选：+2

标注的核心时长。核心模块中有两项未标注时长，因此实际课时比总和更长。

语法

15 分钟

在 A2 你用两种时态讲过去的事：一般过去时——发生了什么（A2 第1课），过去进行时——那个时刻正在发生什么（A2 第2课）。只要事情按顺序往下讲，这两种就够了。可是讲述常常要往回退一步： “我赶到火车站——火车却已经开走了。”为了这一步，英语有一个专门的时态——过去完成时 （Past Perfect），也就是“过去的过去”。

形式：had + 动词的第三种形式——和现在完成时（A2 第3课）里用的是同一个形式。 had 对所有人称都一样，没有词尾变化。

肯定句 I had finished. → I'd finished.
否定句 She hadn't seen it. (hadn't = had not)
疑问句 Had you met him before?
简略回答 Yes, I had. / No, I hadn't.

缩写 'd 也可能是 would——你在 I'd like（A2 第17课）里见过它。两者很好区分，看后面那个词就行：had 后面是第三种形式（I'd finished），would 后面是原形（I'd like）。动词 have 本身的过去完成时是 had had： We had had dinner, so we weren't hungry. 这不是印错了：第一个 had 是助动词，第二个是 have 的第三种形式。

否定句和疑问句。 否定用 hadn't + 第三种形式，完全不用 did： I hadn't seen him for years. 疑问句的构成和现在完成时一样，只是把 have 换成 had： Had you eaten? 有疑问词时，had 紧跟在疑问词后面： Why had she left so early? Where had they gone? 简略回答里不重复第三种形式： Yes, I had、No, she hadn't。

什么时候用。 过去完成时总是从过去的某个时刻往回看。我们把这个时刻叫作叙述点，它通常就在旁边，用一般过去时表示。

第一种情况——一件事发生在另一件事之前： When I got to the station, the train had left. 火车先开走，我后到。

第二种情况——后来那件事的原因： She couldn't get in because she had lost her keys. 钥匙早就丢了，所以门打不开。

第三种情况——到过去某个时刻为止的经历： I had never seen the sea before that summer. 这和表示经历的现在完成时（A2 第4课）一样，只是起点不是“现在”，而是“那年夏天”。

由此得出一条简短的规则：现在完成时把过去和现在连起来，过去完成时把较早的过去和较晚的过去连起来。

比较一下。 一个形式就能改变事情的先后：

When I arrived, the train left. 我到了，火车才开：我看着它开走。
When I arrived, the train had left. 火车在我到之前就开走了：我没赶上。

如果事情按发生的顺序列出来，就不需要过去完成时： I got up, had a shower and left the house. 先后本来就很清楚。只有讲述往回退的地方，才需要过去完成时。

already、just、never、ever、yet。 位置和在现在完成时里一样（A2 第3课、第4课）：放在 had 和第三种形式之间，yet 放在句末。

The film had already started. 电影已经开始了。
She had just left. 她刚走。
I had never seen snow before. 我以前从来没见过雪。
Had you ever been there before? 你以前去过那儿吗？
They hadn't finished yet. 他们还没做完。

never 和 ever 的句末常常加上 before：它提醒对方，起点不是今天，而是过去的某个时刻。

“第一次”：It was the first time… 这个说法后面用过去完成时： It was the first time I had flown.——“那是我第一次坐飞机。”最高级加 ever 后面也一样： It was the best meal I had ever eaten. 汉语在这里只说“第一次”“最好吃的一顿”，动词不变；英语却要计算到那个时刻为止的经历，所以用过去完成时。说现在的事，结构相同，但用现在完成时： It's the first time I've been here. 口语里也能听到 It was the first time I flew，但标准说法是过去完成时。

更多例句：

By nine o'clock everyone had gone home. 到九点，大家都已经回家了。
I didn't recognise him — he had grown a beard. 我没认出他来：他留了胡子。
We hadn't eaten all day, so we were very hungry. 我们一整天什么都没吃。

不能这样说。 ✗ Did you had seen it before? → ✓ Had you seen it before? 疑问句由 had 自己构成，这里用不着 did。

自我检测。 When we got home, the guests had left 里哪件事发生得更早？I'd finished 和 I'd like 里，哪个是 had，哪个是 would？“那是我第一次看到大海”用英语怎么说？

显示答案
客人在我们到家之前就走了; I'd finished 是 had（后面是第三种形式），I'd like 是 would; It was the first time I had seen the sea.
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中文母语者的常见错误

已针对你的语言编写
1

只用一个过去时。

When I arrived, the train left 在英语里的意思是：火车在你到了以后才开。要说“火车已经开走了”，得用 ✓ When I arrived, the train had already left。汉语靠“已经……了” 就能说清先后，动词不用变，于是只加 already。可英语的先后要靠动词形式。

2

把过去完成时当成“很久以前”。

✗ I had lived in Spain many years ago

✓ I lived in Spain many years ago

。“过去的过去”这个叫法让人以为年代越久越该用它。其实和年代无关：只有当后面还有一个时刻、要从那里往回看时，才用过去完成时。

3

had 后面用第二种形式。

✗ She had went home、✗ I had saw it → ✓ She had gone home、I had seen it。汉语动词没有词形变化，三种形式很容易混。 had 和 have 后面只能用第三种形式。

4

“第一次做某事”说成 first time to。

✗ It was my first time to see the sea

✓ It was the first time I had seen the sea

。这是照着“我第一次看海”直译的说法，英国人不这么说。the first time 后面接主语和过去完成时。

发音

4 分钟

had 在肯定句里不重读：/həd/，在代词后面就只剩 /d/。 I'd finished 读作 /aɪd ˈfɪnɪʃt/——和 I finished /aɪ ˈfɪnɪʃt/ 几乎一样：辅音前的 /d/ 几乎听不见。

所以听的时候，要靠实义动词来判断，尤其是不规则动词：I'd gone 和 I went、 she'd seen 和 she saw。这个办法对完成时同样有效（A2 第20课）。

在否定句和简略回答里，had 重读，读完整： I hadn't seen it /ˈhædnt/、 Yes, I had /hæd/。

had had 要读得连贯，不要卡住： We'd had dinner /wiːd hæd ˈdɪnə/。第一个 had 弱读，和代词连在一起；第二个是实义动词，要读完整。

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课文

5 分钟

Last spring I nearly missed my best friend's wedding. It was in a small village in Wales, and I had booked a train for Saturday morning. I had checked the timetable twice the night before, so I felt calm.

When I got to the station at ten past eight, the platform was empty. The train had already left. The company had changed the timetable a week earlier, but nobody had told me — the email had gone into my spam folder.

I phoned my friend. She didn't answer because she had switched off her phone for the day. In the end her brother picked me up and drove me to the village. We arrived at the church just as the music started. Most of the guests had already sat down, and my friend's mother was looking at the door nervously.

Later, at dinner, I told the story to the whole table. Everyone laughed, and this time I laughed too. It was the first time I had ever been late for a wedding — and I had never felt so stressed in my life.

朗读

练习

30 分钟

1. 填空。

  1. When I (get) to the station, the train (already / leave)
  2. She (can't) get in because she (lose) her keys
  3. I (never / see) the sea before that summer
  4. The police (arrive) at nine, but the thieves (escape) an hour earlier
  5. We (not / eat) all day, so we (be) very hungry
  6. I (not / recognise) him because he (grow) a beard
  7. When we (open) the door, we saw that somebody (break) the window
  8. you (meet) her before the party?
显示答案
got / had already left; couldn't / had lost; had never seen; arrived / had escaped; hadn't eaten / were; didn't recognise / had grown; opened / had broken; Had / met

2. 改错。

  1. I had lived in Spain many years ago.
  2. She had went home before I arrived.
  3. I had finished already the report when she called.
  4. When we arrived, the film has already started.
  5. Did she had left when you arrived?
  6. Had you saw that film before?
显示答案
I lived in Spain many years ago; She had gone home before I arrived / She went home before I arrived; I had already finished the report when she called / I had finished the report already when she called; When we arrived, the film had already started; Had she left when you arrived?; Had you seen that film before?

3. 合成一句。

  1. I lost my keys. + I couldn't get in. (because)
  2. She finished the report. + She went home. (after)
  3. The film started. + We arrived at the cinema. (when)
  4. I didn't sleep well. + I felt terrible all day. (because)
  5. He forgot his passport. + He missed the flight. (because)
显示答案
I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys; She went home after she had finished the report / After she had finished the report, she went home; When we arrived at the cinema, the film had started / When we arrived at the cinema, the film had already started / The film had started when we arrived at the cinema; I felt terrible all day because I hadn't slept well; He missed the flight because he had forgotten his passport

4. 填入 already、just、never、ever 或 yet。

  1. When I called, she had left — 就在一分钟前。
  2. By ten o'clock I had finished all my work — 比我想的早。
  3. I had eaten sushi before that evening — 一次也没有。
  4. Had you been to Wales before that trip?
  5. He hadn't finished his dinner when the taxi arrived
显示答案
just; already; never; ever; yet

5. 变成疑问句。

  1. She had lost her keys. (what)
  2. They had left before midnight. (why)
  3. You had seen the sea before.（一般疑问句）
  4. He had worked in a hotel for a year. (where)
  5. You had been to London before. (ever)
显示答案
What had she lost?; Why had they left before midnight?; Had you seen the sea before?; Where had he worked for a year?; Had you ever been to London before?

6. 用 It was the first time… 改写。

  1. I had never flown before.
  2. She had never seen snow before.
  3. They had never been to Scotland before.
显示答案
It was the first time I had flown / It was the first time I had ever flown; It was the first time she had seen snow / It was the first time she had ever seen snow; It was the first time they had been to Scotland / It was the first time they had ever been to Scotland

7. 用完整的句子回答

——说说你自己。下面的答案是范例。 1) Had you ever been abroad before you were eighteen? 2) What had you done today before you sat down for this lesson? 3) Had you heard of this course before you started it?

显示答案
Yes, I had. I had been to France with my parents / No, I hadn't. I first went abroad when I was twenty; I had made a cup of tea and answered my emails; No, I hadn't. A friend told me about it

8. 译成英语。

1) 我们到的时候，商店已经关门了。 2) 我没认出她来：她剪了头发。 3) 那次旅行以前，我从来没坐过飞机。 4) 他没法付钱，因为他把钱包落在家里了。 5) 那是我第一次看见雪。

显示答案
When we arrived, the shop had already closed; I didn't recognise her — she had cut her hair; I had never flown before that trip / I had never been on a plane before that trip; He couldn't pay because he had left his wallet at home; It was the first time I had seen snow
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小结

本课已学：过去完成时的各种形式，叙述点和从那里往回退的一步，'d 是 had 还是 would，过去完成时里的 already、just、never、ever、yet，It was the first time I had…。下一课——第2课：有前情的故事。

核心内容结束

完成练习后即视为课程结束。此后的内容均为可选。

第 74 课

可选

词卡词汇

14 词
  • wedding /ˈwedɪŋ/ 婚礼
  • village /ˈvɪlɪdʒ/ 村子，村庄
  • book /bʊk/ 预订
  • timetable /ˈtaɪmteɪbl/ 时刻表
  • platform /ˈplætfɔːm/ 站台
  • switch off /ˌswɪtʃ ˈɒf/ 关掉（电器）
  • pick up /ˌpɪk ˈʌp/ （开车）接
  • guest /ɡest/ 客人
  • nervously /ˈnɜːvəsli/ 紧张地，不安地
  • in the end /ɪn ði ˈend/ 最后，结果
  • the night before /ðə naɪt bɪˈfɔː/ 前一天晚上
  • recognise /ˈrekəɡnaɪz/ 认出
  • beard /bɪəd/ 胡子
  • escape /ɪˈskeɪp/ 逃跑

写作

写五到六句话，讲一次你迟到了或者事情出了岔子的经历。至少用两次过去完成时，一次 It was the first time… 或 never … before。

范例： Last winter I missed an important exam. I had set two alarms, but my phone had switched itself off in the night. When I woke up, the exam had already started. I ran all the way to the university, but the teacher didn't let me in. It was the first time I had missed an exam, and I had never felt so stupid.

检查清单：较早发生的事用了 had + 第三种形式吗？旁边有没有一个较晚的事、让你从那里往回看？ already、never、just 放在 had 和第三种形式之间了吗？事情按顺序发生的地方，是不是用了不带 had 的一般过去时？

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在其他板块练习本课内容

听写基于本课 写下您听到的内容。检查会显示每个不同的单词及其差异。 听写练习 朗读基于本课 朗读课程文本——语音识别会高亮未识别的单词。 朗读课文 阅读与听力A1–C1 各水平文本附理解题；回答后即可查看文本。 立即试用

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