Slovnica ~54 min jedra še preostane

Povedati, kaj se je zgodilo pred nečim drugim

Po tej lekciji znate

Znam pokazati, da se je en dogodek v preteklosti zgodil pred drugim.

Začni lekcijo Jedro 54 min · koraki: 6 · izbirno: +2

Navedeni čas jedra. Dva bloka jedra nimata številke, zato je prava lekcija daljša od te vsote.

Slovnica

15 min

Na A2 si o preteklosti pripovedoval z dvema časoma: Past Simple — kaj se je zgodilo (A2 #1), Past Continuous — kaj se je v tistem trenutku dogajalo (A2 #2). To zadošča, dokler si dogodki sledijo po vrsti. Pripoved pa pogosto stopi korak nazaj: „prišel sem na postajo — vlak pa je že odpeljal“. Za tak korak ima angleščina poseben čas — Past Perfect, predpreteklik.

Oblika: had + tretja oblika glagola — prav tista kot v Present Perfectu (A2 #3). had je enak za vse osebe, končnic ni.

trdilna poved I had finished. → I'd finished.
nikalna poved She hadn't seen it. (hadn't = had not)
vprašanje Had you met him before?
kratek odgovor Yes, I had. / No, I hadn't.

Skrajšana oblika 'd nastane tudi iz would — poznaš jo iz I'd like (A2 #17). Ločiti ju je lahko po naslednji besedi: za had pride tretja oblika (I'd finished), za would — osnovna (I'd like). Pri samem glagolu have je predpreteklik videti kot had had: We had had dinner, so we weren't hungry. To ni tipkarska napaka: prvi had je pomožni, drugi — tretja oblika od have.

Nikalna poved in vprašanje. Nikalna poved — hadn't + tretja oblika, brez kakršnega koli did: I hadn't seen him for years. Vprašanje se tvori tako kot v Present Perfectu, le da namesto have stoji had: Had you eaten? Z vprašalnico had pride takoj za njo: Why had she left so early? Where had they gone? V kratkem odgovoru tretje oblike ne ponavljamo: Yes, I had, No, she hadn't.

Kdaj se uporablja. Past Perfect vedno gleda nazaj iz nekega trenutka v preteklosti. Ta trenutek — imenujmo ga točka pripovedi — običajno stoji zraven v Past Simple.

Prvi primer — en dogodek se je zgodil pred drugim: When I got to the station, the train had left. Najprej je odpeljal vlak, potem sem prišel jaz.

Drugi — vzrok tega, kar je bilo potem: She couldn't get in because she had lost her keys. Ključe je izgubila prej, zato se vrata niso odprla.

Tretji — izkušnja do nekega trenutka v preteklosti: I had never seen the sea before that summer. To je isto kot Present Perfect o izkušnji (A2 #4), le da štetje ne teče od „zdaj“, ampak od „tistega poletja“.

Od tod kratko pravilo: Present Perfect povezuje preteklost s sedanjostjo, Past Perfect — zgodnejšo preteklost s poznejšo.

Primerjaj. Ena oblika spremeni vrstni red dogodkov:

When I arrived, the train left. Prišel sem in vlak je speljal: videl sem, kako odhaja.
When I arrived, the train had left. Vlak je odpeljal prej: nisem ga več ujel.

Če so dogodki našteti v vrstnem redu, v katerem so se zgodili, Past Perfect ni potreben: I got up, had a shower and left the house. Vrstni red je jasen že tako. Predpreteklik je potreben tam, kjer se pripoved vrne nazaj.

already, just, never, ever, yet. Stojijo tam kot v Present Perfectu (A2 #3, A2 #4): med had in tretjo obliko, yet pa — na koncu povedi.

The film had already started. Film se je že začel.
She had just left. Pravkar je odšla.
I had never seen snow before. Nikoli prej še nisem videl snega.
Had you ever been there before? Si bil že kdaj prej tam?
They hadn't finished yet. Še niso končali.

K never in ever pogosto dodamo na koncu before: spominja, da štetje ne teče od današnjega dne, ampak od trenutka v preteklosti.

„Prvič“: It was the first time… Za to zvezo stoji Past Perfect: It was the first time I had flown. — „Takrat sem prvič letel.“ Enako za presežnikom z ever: It was the best meal I had ever eaten. V slovenščini je tu navaden preteklik („najboljši obrok, kar sem ga kdaj jedel“), angleščina pa šteje izkušnjo do tistega trenutka — od tod predpreteklik. V sedanjosti je shema enaka, le s Present Perfectom: It's the first time I've been here. V pogovoru lahko slišiš tudi It was the first time I flew, a za normo velja Past Perfect.

Še primeri:

By nine o'clock everyone had gone home. Do devetih so vsi že odšli domov.
I didn't recognise him — he had grown a beard. Nisem ga prepoznal: pustil si je rasti brado.
We hadn't eaten all day, so we were very hungry. Ves dan nismo nič jedli.

Tako se ne reče. ✗ Did you had seen it before? → ✓ Had you seen it before? Vprašanje tvori sam had, did je tu odveč.

Preveri se. Kateri dogodek je bil prej: When we got home, the guests had left? Kje je had in kje would: I'd finished, I'd like? Kako rečeš „Takrat sem prvič videl morje“?

prikaži odgovore
gostje so odšli, preden smo prišli mi; I'd finished je had (za njim tretja oblika), I'd like je would; It was the first time I had seen the sea.
Oglas

Napake govorcev slovenščine

prirejeno za vaš jezik
1

En preteklik namesto dveh

When I arrived, the train left v angleščini pomeni, da je vlak odpeljal po tvojem prihodu. Za „je že odpeljal“ je potrebno ✓ When I arrived, the train had already left. Slovenščina sicer ima predpreteklik („vlak je bil že odpeljal“), a ga v govoru skoraj ne slišimo: rečemo „vlak je že odpeljal“, in zdi se, da bo already naredil isto. Ne bo: vrstni red dogodkov v angleščini nosi oblika glagola.

2

Present Perfect namesto Past Perfecta

✗ When we arrived, the film has already started

✓ When we arrived, the film had already started

„Film se je že začel“ — slovenski preteklik s „je“ je zgrajen podobno kot has started (A2 #20). Toda has started gleda iz sedanjosti; za korak nazaj od trenutka v preteklosti je potreben had.

3

Druga oblika za had

✗ She had went home

✗ I had saw it

✓ She had gone home

I had seen it. Ista past kot pri have (A2 #3): slovenščina ima za preteklost eno samo obliko („šla“, „videl“), zato se ponudi znani went. Za had stoji samo tretja oblika.

4

„Prvič“ s sedanjikom ali navadnim preteklikom

„Prvič sem tukaj“ → ✗ It's the first time I'm here → ✓ It's the first time I've been here. Slovenščina tu uporabi sedanjik, angleščina pa za the first time šteje izkušnjo do tistega trenutka: v sedanjosti Present Perfect, v preteklosti Past Perfect — „takrat sem prvič videl morje“ je ✓ It was the first time I had seen the sea.

Izgovorjava

4 min

had je v trdilni povedi nenaglašen: /həd/, za osebnim zaimkom pa samo /d/. I'd finished se sliši /aɪd ˈfɪnɪʃt/ — skoraj kot I finished /aɪ ˈfɪnɪʃt/: glas /d/ pred soglasnikom se komaj sliši.

Zato se pri poslušanju opri na glavni glagol, kadar je nepravilen: I'd gone proti I went, she'd seen proti she saw. Isti prijem deluje pri Present Perfectu (A2 #20).

V nikalni povedi in v kratkem odgovoru je had naglašen in poln: I hadn't seen it /ˈhædnt/, Yes, I had /hæd/.

had had izgovarjaj brez zatikanja: We'd had dinner /wiːd hæd ˈdɪnə/. Prvi had je šibek in se zlije z zaimkom, drugi je glavni glagol in zveni v celoti.

Oglas

Besedilo

5 min

Last spring I nearly missed my best friend's wedding. It was in a small village in Wales, and I had booked a train for Saturday morning. I had checked the timetable twice the night before, so I felt calm.

When I got to the station at ten past eight, the platform was empty. The train had already left. The company had changed the timetable a week earlier, but nobody had told me — the email had gone into my spam folder.

I phoned my friend. She didn't answer because she had switched off her phone for the day. In the end her brother picked me up and drove me to the village. We arrived at the church just as the music started. Most of the guests had already sat down, and my friend's mother was looking at the door nervously.

Later, at dinner, I told the story to the whole table. Everyone laughed, and this time I laughed too. It was the first time I had ever been late for a wedding — and I had never felt so stressed in my life.

Branje na glas

Vaje

30 min

1. Vstavljanje.

  1. When I (get) to the station, the train (already / leave)
  2. She (can't) get in because she (lose) her keys
  3. I (never / see) the sea before that summer
  4. The police (arrive) at nine, but the thieves (escape) an hour earlier
  5. We (not / eat) all day, so we (be) very hungry
  6. I (not / recognise) him because he (grow) a beard
  7. When we (open) the door, we saw that somebody (break) the window
  8. you (meet) her before the party?
Prikaži odgovore
got / had already left; couldn't / had lost; had never seen; arrived / had escaped; hadn't eaten / were; didn't recognise / had grown; opened / had broken; Had / met

2. Iskanje napak.

  1. I had lived in Spain many years ago.
  2. She had went home before I arrived.
  3. I had finished already the report when she called.
  4. When we arrived, the film has already started.
  5. Did she had left when you arrived?
  6. Had you saw that film before?
Prikaži odgovore
I lived in Spain many years ago; She had gone home before I arrived / She went home before I arrived; I had already finished the report when she called / I had finished the report already when she called; When we arrived, the film had already started; Had she left when you arrived?; Had you seen that film before?

3. Združi dve povedi v eno

  1. I lost my keys. + I couldn't get in. (because)
  2. She finished the report. + She went home. (after)
  3. The film started. + We arrived at the cinema. (when)
  4. I didn't sleep well. + I felt terrible all day. (because)
  5. He forgot his passport. + He missed the flight. (because)
Prikaži odgovore
I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys; She went home after she had finished the report / After she had finished the report, she went home; When we arrived at the cinema, the film had started / When we arrived at the cinema, the film had already started / The film had started when we arrived at the cinema; I felt terrible all day because I hadn't slept well; He missed the flight because he had forgotten his passport

4. Vstavi already, just, never, ever ali yet.

  1. When I called, she had left — dobesedno pred minuto
  2. By ten o'clock I had finished all my work — prej, kot sem mislil
  3. I had eaten sushi before that evening — niti enkrat
  4. Had you been to Wales before that trip?
  5. He hadn't finished his dinner when the taxi arrived
Prikaži odgovore
just; already; never; ever; yet

5. Preoblikuj v vprašanje

  1. She had lost her keys. (what)
  2. They had left before midnight. (why)
  3. You had seen the sea before. (odločevalno vprašanje: da/ne)
  4. He had worked in a hotel for a year. (where)
  5. You had been to London before. (ever)
Prikaži odgovore
What had she lost?; Why had they left before midnight?; Had you seen the sea before?; Where had he worked for a year?; Had you ever been to London before?

6. Prepiši z It was the first time…

  1. I had never flown before.
  2. She had never seen snow before.
  3. They had never been to Scotland before.
Prikaži odgovore
It was the first time I had flown / It was the first time I had ever flown; It was the first time she had seen snow / It was the first time she had ever seen snow; It was the first time they had been to Scotland / It was the first time they had ever been to Scotland

7. Odgovori s celimi povedmi

— o sebi. Rešitve spodaj so zgled. 1) Had you ever been abroad before you were eighteen? 2) What had you done today before you sat down for this lesson? 3) Had you heard of this course before you started it?

Prikaži odgovore
Yes, I had. I had been to France with my parents / No, I hadn't. I first went abroad when I was twenty; I had made a cup of tea and answered my emails; No, I hadn't. A friend told me about it

8. Prevedi v angleščino.

1) Ko smo prispeli, se je trgovina že zaprla. 2) Nisem je prepoznal: postrigla se je. 3) Pred tistim potovanjem nisem še nikoli letel z letalom. 4) Ni mogel plačati, ker je denarnico pustil doma. 5) Takrat sem prvič videl sneg.

Prikaži odgovore
When we arrived, the shop had already closed; I didn't recognise her — she had cut her hair; I had never flown before that trip / I had never been on a plane before that trip; He couldn't pay because he had left his wallet at home; It was the first time I had seen snow
Oglas

Povzetek

Obravnavano: Past Perfect v vseh oblikah, točka pripovedi in korak nazaj od nje, 'd kot had ali would, already, just, never, ever, yet s Past Perfectom, It was the first time I had…. Sledi lekcija 2: pripoved s predzgodbo.

Konec jedra

Lekcija se šteje za opravljeno, ko so vaje končane. Vse po tem je izbirno.

Lekcija 74

izbirno

Besedišče za kartice

14 besed
  • wedding /ˈwedɪŋ/ poroka
  • village /ˈvɪlɪdʒ/ vas
  • book /bʊk/ rezervirati
  • timetable /ˈtaɪmteɪbl/ vozni red
  • platform /ˈplætfɔːm/ peron
  • switch off /ˌswɪtʃ ˈɒf/ izklopiti
  • pick up /ˌpɪk ˈʌp/ pobrati (z avtom)
  • guest /ɡest/ gost
  • nervously /ˈnɜːvəsli/ živčno
  • in the end /ɪn ði ˈend/ na koncu, konec koncev
  • the night before /ðə naɪt bɪˈfɔː/ prejšnji večer
  • recognise /ˈrekəɡnaɪz/ prepoznati
  • beard /bɪəd/ brada
  • escape /ɪˈskeɪp/ pobegniti

Pisanje

Pet ali šest povedi o primeru, ko si nekam zamudil ali je kaj šlo narobe. Vsaj dvakrat Past Perfect, enkrat It was the first time… ali never … before.

Zgled

Last winter I missed an important exam. I had set two alarms, but my phone had switched itself off in the night. When I woke up, the exam had already started. I ran all the way to the university, but the teacher didn't let me in. It was the first time I had missed an exam, and I had never felt so stupid.

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