Gramatika ~54 min z jadra zostáva

Porozprávať, čo sa stalo skôr než niečo iné

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Viem ukázať, že jedna udalosť v minulosti sa stala skôr než iná.

Začať lekciu Jadro 54 min · kroky: 6 · voliteľné: +2

Deklarovaný čas jadra. Dva bloky jadra nemajú žiadny údaj, takže skutočná lekcia je dlhšia ako tento súčet.

Gramatika

15 min

Na A2 stačili na rozprávanie o minulosti dva časy: Past Simple — čo sa stalo (A2 #1), Past Continuous — čo v tej chvíli prebiehalo (A2 #2). To stačí, kým udalosti idú po poriadku. Rozprávanie však často urobí krok späť: „prišiel som na stanicu — a vlak už odišiel“. Na taký krok má angličtina osobitný čas — Past Perfect, predminulý čas.

Tvar: had + tretí tvar slovesa — ten istý ako v Present Perfect (A2 #3). had je rovnaké pre všetky osoby, žiadne koncovky nemá.

oznamovacia veta I had finished. → I'd finished.
zápor She hadn't seen it. (hadn't = had not)
otázka Had you met him before?
krátka odpoveď Yes, I had. / No, I hadn't.

Skrátené 'd môže byť aj z would — poznáš ho z I'd like (A2 #17). Rozlíšiš ich ľahko podľa nasledujúceho slova: po had ide tretí tvar (I'd finished), po would — základný tvar (I'd like). Pri samotnom slovese have vyzerá predminulý čas ako had had: We had had dinner, so we weren't hungry. Nie je to preklep: prvé had je pomocné, druhé — tretí tvar slovesa have.

Zápor a otázka. Zápor — hadn't + tretí tvar, bez akéhokoľvek did: I hadn't seen him for years. Otázka sa tvorí rovnako ako v Present Perfect, len namiesto have stojí had: Had you eaten? S opytovacím slovom ide had hneď zaň: Why had she left so early? Where had they gone? V krátkej odpovedi sa tretí tvar neopakuje: Yes, I had, No, she hadn't.

Kedy sa používa. Past Perfect sa vždy pozerá späť z nejakého okamihu v minulosti. Tento okamih — nazvime ho bod rozprávania — zvyčajne stojí vedľa v Past Simple.

Prvý prípad — jedna udalosť sa stala skôr ako druhá: When I got to the station, the train had left. Najprv odišiel vlak, potom som prišiel ja.

Druhý — príčina toho, čo bolo potom: She couldn't get in because she had lost her keys. Kľúče stratila skôr, a preto sa nedostala dnu.

Tretí — skúsenosť do nejakého okamihu v minulosti: I had never seen the sea before that summer. Je to to isté ako Present Perfect o skúsenosti (A2 #4), len sa nepočíta od „teraz“, ale od „toho leta“.

Odtiaľ krátke pravidlo: Present Perfect spája minulosť s prítomnosťou, Past Perfect — skoršiu minulosť s neskoršou.

Porovnaj. Jeden tvar mení poradie udalostí:

When I arrived, the train left. Prišiel som a vlak sa pohol: videl som, ako odchádza.
When I arrived, the train had left. Vlak odišiel skôr: už som ho nezastihol.

Ak sú udalosti vymenované v tom poradí, v akom sa stali, Past Perfect netreba: I got up, had a shower and left the house. Poradie je jasné aj tak. Predminulý čas treba tam, kde sa rozprávanie vracia späť.

already, just, never, ever, yet. Stoja tam, kde v Present Perfect (A2 #3, A2 #4): medzi had a tretím tvarom, a yet — na konci vety.

The film had already started. Film sa už začal.
She had just left. Práve odišla.
I had never seen snow before. Nikdy predtým som nevidel sneh.
Had you ever been there before? Bol si tam už niekedy predtým?
They hadn't finished yet. Ešte neskončili.

K never a ever sa často pridáva na koniec before: pripomína, že sa nepočíta od dnešného dňa, ale od okamihu v minulosti.

„Prvýkrát“: It was the first time… Po tomto obrate stojí Past Perfect: It was the first time I had flown. — „Vtedy som letel prvýkrát.“ Rovnako po treťom stupni s ever: It was the best meal I had ever eaten. Po slovensky je tu obyčajný minulý čas („bolo to prvýkrát, čo som letel“), ale angličtina počíta skúsenosť do toho okamihu — odtiaľ predminulý čas. V prítomnosti je schéma rovnaká, ale s Present Perfect: It's the first time I've been here. V hovorovej reči môžeš počuť aj It was the first time I flew, ale normou je Past Perfect.

Ďalšie príklady:

By nine o'clock everyone had gone home. Do deviatej už všetci odišli domov.
I didn't recognise him — he had grown a beard. Nespoznal som ho: nechal si narásť bradu.
We hadn't eaten all day, so we were very hungry. Celý deň sme nič nejedli.

Takto sa nehovorí. ✗ Did you had seen it before? → ✓ Had you seen it before? Otázku tvorí samo had a did je tu navyše.

Otestuj sa. Ktorá udalosť bola skôr: When we got home, the guests had left? Kde je had a kde would: I'd finished, I'd like? Ako povedať „Vtedy som prvýkrát uvidel more“?

zobraziť odpovede
hostia odišli skôr, než sme prišli; I'd finished je had (za ním tretí tvar), I'd like — would; It was the first time I had seen the sea.
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Chyby slovensky hovoriacich

napísané pre váš jazyk
1

Jeden minulý čas namiesto dvoch

When I arrived, the train left — po anglicky to znamená, že vlak odišiel až po tvojom príchode. Ak chceš povedať „už odišiel“, treba ✓ When I arrived, the train had already left. Slovenský predminulý čas („bol odišiel“) sa v bežnej reči nepoužíva: „vlak už odišiel“ si vystačí so slovom „už“, a zdá sa, že already urobí to isté. Neurobí: poradie udalostí v angličtine nesie tvar slovesa.

2

Past Perfect ako „dávno“

✗ I had lived in Spain many years ago

✓ I lived in Spain many years ago

Názov „predminulý čas“ zvádza k predstave veľmi dávnej minulosti, ale na tom, ako dávno to bolo, nezáleží: Past Perfect treba len vtedy, keď je tu neskorší okamih, od ktorého sa pozeráme späť.

3

Druhý tvar po had

✗ She had went home

✗ I had saw it

✓ She had gone home

I had seen it. Slovenské sloveso má pre minulosť jediný tvar („išla“, „videl“), a tak sa ponúkne „minulé“ went. Po had aj have však stojí iba tretí tvar.

4

already medzi slovesom a predmetom

✗ I had finished already the report

✓ I had already finished the report

Po slovensky „už“ pokojne stojí za slovesom: „Dopísal som už tú správu.“ V angličtine patria already, just, never medzi had a tretí tvar; already môže stáť aj na úplnom konci vety, ale medzi slovesom a jeho predmetom pre príslovku miesto nie je.

Výslovnosť

4 min

had je v oznamovacej vete neprízvučné: /həd/, a po zámene — len /d/. I'd finished znie /aɪd ˈfɪnɪʃt/ — takmer ako I finished /aɪ ˈfɪnɪʃt/: hlásku /d/ pred spoluhláskou takmer nepočuť.

Preto sa pri počúvaní opieraj o významové sloveso, keď je nepravidelné: I'd gone oproti I went, she'd seen oproti she saw. Ten istý postup funguje pri Present Perfect (A2 #20).

V zápore a v krátkej odpovedi je had prízvučné a plné: I hadn't seen it /ˈhædnt/, Yes, I had /hæd/.

had had sa vyslovuje plynulo, bez zakoktania: We'd had dinner /wiːd hæd ˈdɪnə/. Prvé had je slabé a splýva so zámenom, druhé je významové a znie celé.

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Text

5 min

Last spring I nearly missed my best friend's wedding. It was in a small village in Wales, and I had booked a train for Saturday morning. I had checked the timetable twice the night before, so I felt calm.

When I got to the station at ten past eight, the platform was empty. The train had already left. The company had changed the timetable a week earlier, but nobody had told me — the email had gone into my spam folder.

I phoned my friend. She didn't answer because she had switched off her phone for the day. In the end her brother picked me up and drove me to the village. We arrived at the church just as the music started. Most of the guests had already sat down, and my friend's mother was looking at the door nervously.

Later, at dinner, I told the story to the whole table. Everyone laughed, and this time I laughed too. It was the first time I had ever been late for a wedding — and I had never felt so stressed in my life.

Čítanie nahlas

Cvičenia

30 min

1. Doplňovanie.

  1. When I (get) to the station, the train (already / leave)
  2. She (can't) get in because she (lose) her keys
  3. I (never / see) the sea before that summer
  4. The police (arrive) at nine, but the thieves (escape) an hour earlier
  5. We (not / eat) all day, so we (be) very hungry
  6. I (not / recognise) him because he (grow) a beard
  7. When we (open) the door, we saw that somebody (break) the window
  8. you (meet) her before the party?
Zobraziť odpovede
got / had already left; couldn't / had lost; had never seen; arrived / had escaped; hadn't eaten / were; didn't recognise / had grown; opened / had broken; Had / met

2. Hľadanie chyby.

  1. I had lived in Spain many years ago.
  2. She had went home before I arrived.
  3. I had finished already the report when she called.
  4. When we arrived, the film has already started.
  5. Did she had left when you arrived?
  6. Had you saw that film before?
Zobraziť odpovede
I lived in Spain many years ago; She had gone home before I arrived / She went home before I arrived; I had already finished the report when she called / I had finished the report already when she called; When we arrived, the film had already started; Had she left when you arrived?; Had you seen that film before?

3. Spoj dve vety do jednej

  1. I lost my keys. + I couldn't get in. (because)
  2. She finished the report. + She went home. (after)
  3. The film started. + We arrived at the cinema. (when)
  4. I didn't sleep well. + I felt terrible all day. (because)
  5. He forgot his passport. + He missed the flight. (because)
Zobraziť odpovede
I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys; She went home after she had finished the report / After she had finished the report, she went home; When we arrived at the cinema, the film had started / When we arrived at the cinema, the film had already started / The film had started when we arrived at the cinema; I felt terrible all day because I hadn't slept well; He missed the flight because he had forgotten his passport

4. Doplň already, just, never, ever alebo yet.

  1. When I called, she had left — doslova pred minútou
  2. By ten o'clock I had finished all my work — skôr, ako som čakal
  3. I had eaten sushi before that evening — ani raz
  4. Had you been to Wales before that trip?
  5. He hadn't finished his dinner when the taxi arrived
Zobraziť odpovede
just; already; never; ever; yet

5. Utvor otázku

  1. She had lost her keys. (what)
  2. They had left before midnight. (why)
  3. You had seen the sea before. (zisťovacia otázka)
  4. He had worked in a hotel for a year. (where)
  5. You had been to London before. (ever)
Zobraziť odpovede
What had she lost?; Why had they left before midnight?; Had you seen the sea before?; Where had he worked for a year?; Had you ever been to London before?

6. Prepíš s It was the first time…

  1. I had never flown before.
  2. She had never seen snow before.
  3. They had never been to Scotland before.
Zobraziť odpovede
It was the first time I had flown / It was the first time I had ever flown; It was the first time she had seen snow / It was the first time she had ever seen snow; It was the first time they had been to Scotland / It was the first time they had ever been to Scotland

7. Odpovedz celými vetami

— o sebe. Odpovede nižšie sú vzor. 1) Had you ever been abroad before you were eighteen? 2) What had you done today before you sat down for this lesson? 3) Had you heard of this course before you started it?

Zobraziť odpovede
Yes, I had. I had been to France with my parents / No, I hadn't. I first went abroad when I was twenty; I had made a cup of tea and answered my emails; No, I hadn't. A friend told me about it

8. Prelož do angličtiny.

1) Keď sme prišli, obchod sa už zatvoril. 2) Nespoznal som ju: ostrihala sa. 3) Pred tou cestou som nikdy neletel lietadlom. 4) Nemohol zaplatiť, pretože nechal peňaženku doma. 5) Vtedy som prvýkrát videl sneh.

Zobraziť odpovede
When we arrived, the shop had already closed; I didn't recognise her — she had cut her hair; I had never flown before that trip / I had never been on a plane before that trip; He couldn't pay because he had left his wallet at home; It was the first time I had seen snow
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Zhrnutie

Prebrali sme: Past Perfect vo všetkých tvaroch, bod rozprávania a krok späť od neho, 'd ako had alebo would, already, just, never, ever, yet s Past Perfect, It was the first time I had…. Ďalej — lekcia 2: príbeh s predhistóriou.

Koniec jadra

Lekcia sa považuje za dokončenú, keď sú splnené cvičenia. Všetko za tým je voliteľné.

Lekcia 74

voliteľné

Slovíčka do balíčka

14 slov
  • wedding /ˈwedɪŋ/ svadba
  • village /ˈvɪlɪdʒ/ dedina
  • book /bʊk/ rezervovať
  • timetable /ˈtaɪmteɪbl/ cestovný poriadok
  • platform /ˈplætfɔːm/ nástupište
  • switch off /ˌswɪtʃ ˈɒf/ vypnúť
  • pick up /ˌpɪk ˈʌp/ vyzdvihnúť (autom)
  • guest /ɡest/ hosť
  • nervously /ˈnɜːvəsli/ nervózne
  • in the end /ɪn ði ˈend/ napokon, nakoniec
  • the night before /ðə naɪt bɪˈfɔː/ večer predtým
  • recognise /ˈrekəɡnaɪz/ spoznať (koho)
  • beard /bɪəd/ brada
  • escape /ɪˈskeɪp/ utiecť, ujsť

Písanie

Päť až šesť viet o tom, ako si niekam prišiel(a) neskoro alebo ako sa niečo pokazilo. Aspoň dvakrát Past Perfect, raz It was the first time… alebo never … before.

Vzor

Last winter I missed an important exam. I had set two alarms, but my phone had switched itself off in the night. When I woke up, the exam had already started. I ran all the way to the university, but the teacher didn't let me in. It was the first time I had missed an exam, and I had never felt so stupid.

Kontrolný zoznam

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