Gramatika ~54 min jezgre preostalo

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Započni lekciju Jezgra 54 min · koraci: 6 · neobavezno: +2

Navedeno vrijeme jezgre. Dva bloka jezgre nemaju brojku, pa je stvarna lekcija duža od ovog zbroja.

Gramatika

15 min

Na A2 si o prošlosti pričao dvama vremenima: Past Simple — što se dogodilo (A2 #1), Past Continuous — što se u tom trenutku događalo (A2 #2). To je dovoljno dok događaji idu redom. No priča često napravi korak unatrag: „stigao sam na kolodvor — a vlak je već otišao“. Za takav korak engleski ima posebno vrijeme — Past Perfect, pretprošlo vrijeme.

Oblik: had + treći oblik glagola — isti onaj kao u Present Perfectu (A2 #3). had je isti za sva lica, nastavaka nema.

izjavna rečenica I had finished. → I'd finished.
niječnica She hadn't seen it. (hadn't = had not)
pitanje Had you met him before?
kratki odgovor Yes, I had. / No, I hadn't.

Skraćeni oblik 'd postoji i od would — poznaješ ga iz I'd like (A2 #17). Razlikovati ih je lako po sljedećoj riječi: iza had dolazi treći oblik (I'd finished), iza would — osnovni (I'd like). Kod samog glagola have pretprošlo vrijeme izgleda kao had had: We had had dinner, so we weren't hungry. To nije tipfeler: prvi had je pomoćni, drugi — treći oblik od have.

Niječnica i pitanje. Niječnica — hadn't + treći oblik, bez ikakvog did: I hadn't seen him for years. Pitanje se gradi kao u Present Perfectu, samo umjesto have stoji had: Had you eaten? S upitnom riječju had dolazi odmah iza nje: Why had she left so early? Where had they gone? U kratkom odgovoru treći oblik se ne ponavlja: Yes, I had, No, she hadn't.

Kada se upotrebljava. Past Perfect uvijek gleda unatrag iz nekog trenutka u prošlosti. Taj trenutak — nazovimo ga točkom priče — obično stoji u blizini, u Past Simpleu.

Prvi slučaj — jedan se događaj dogodio prije drugoga: When I got to the station, the train had left. Najprije je otišao vlak, a onda sam stigao ja.

Drugi — uzrok onoga što je bilo poslije: She couldn't get in because she had lost her keys. Ključeve je izgubila ranije, zato se vrata nisu otvorila.

Treći — iskustvo do nekog trenutka u prošlosti: I had never seen the sea before that summer. To je isto što i Present Perfect o iskustvu (A2 #4), samo što se ne broji od „sada“, nego od „onog ljeta“.

Odatle kratko pravilo: Present Perfect povezuje prošlost sa sadašnjošću, Past Perfect — raniju prošlost s kasnijom.

Usporedi. Jedan oblik mijenja redoslijed događaja:

When I arrived, the train left. Stigao sam i vlak je krenuo: vidio sam kako odlazi.
When I arrived, the train had left. Vlak je otišao prije: više ga nisam zatekao.

Ako su događaji nabrojeni redom kojim su se dogodili, Past Perfect nije potreban: I got up, had a shower and left the house. Redoslijed je i tako jasan. Pretprošlo vrijeme treba ondje gdje se priča vraća unatrag.

already, just, never, ever, yet. Stoje na istom mjestu kao u Present Perfectu (A2 #3, A2 #4): između had i trećeg oblika, a yet — na kraju rečenice.

The film had already started. Film je već počeo.
She had just left. Upravo je otišla.
I had never seen snow before. Nikad prije nisam vidio snijeg.
Had you ever been there before? Jesi li ikad prije bio ondje?
They hadn't finished yet. Još nisu završili.

Uz never i ever na kraj se često dodaje before: ono podsjeća da se ne broji od današnjeg dana, nego od trenutka u prošlosti.

„Prvi put“: It was the first time… Iza ovog izraza stoji Past Perfect: It was the first time I had flown. — „Tada sam prvi put letio“. Isto tako iza superlativa s ever: It was the best meal I had ever eaten. Na hrvatskom tu stoji obični perfekt („najbolji obrok koji sam ikad jeo“), a engleski broji iskustvo do tog trenutka — otuda pretprošlo vrijeme. U sadašnjosti je shema ista, ali s Present Perfectom: It's the first time I've been here. U razgovoru se može čuti i It was the first time I flew, ali normom se smatra Past Perfect.

Još primjera:

By nine o'clock everyone had gone home. Do devet su svi već otišli kući.
I didn't recognise him — he had grown a beard. Nisam ga prepoznao: pustio je bradu.
We hadn't eaten all day, so we were very hungry. Cijeli dan ništa nismo jeli.

Tako se ne kaže. ✗ Did you had seen it before? → ✓ Had you seen it before? Pitanje gradi sam had, i did je ovdje suvišan.

Provjeri se. Koji je događaj bio prije: When we got home, the guests had left? Gdje je had, a gdje would: I'd finished, I'd like? Kako reći „Tada sam prvi put vidio more“?

prikaži odgovore
gosti su otišli prije nego što smo mi stigli; I'd finished je had (iza njega treći oblik), I'd like je would; It was the first time I had seen the sea.
Oglas

Pogreške izvornih govornika hrvatskoga

prilagođeno vašem jeziku
1

Jedno prošlo vrijeme umjesto dva

When I arrived, the train left na engleskom znači da je vlak otišao nakon što si ti stigao. Za „već je otišao“ treba ✓ When I arrived, the train had already left. Hrvatski pluskvamperfekt („vlak je bio otišao“) u govoru se rijetko čuje: kažemo „vlak je već otišao“, i čini se da će already učiniti isto. Neće: redoslijed događaja u engleskom nosi oblik glagola.

2

Present Perfect umjesto Past Perfecta

✗ When we arrived, the film has already started

✓ When we arrived, the film had already started

„Film je već počeo“ — hrvatski perfekt s „je“ izgledom podsjeća na has started (A2 #20). No has started gleda iz sadašnjosti; za korak unatrag od trenutka u prošlosti treba had.

3

Drugi oblik iza had

✗ She had went home

✗ I had saw it

✓ She had gone home

I had seen it. Hrvatski za prošlost ima jedan oblik glagola („otišla“, „vidio“), pa ruka sama uzme „prošli“ went. Ali iza had i have dolazi samo treći oblik.

4

already između glagola i objekta

✗ I had finished already the report

✓ I had already finished the report

Hrvatski red riječi je slobodan, pa „već“ lako stane iza glagola: „završio sam već izvještaj“. U engleskom already, just, never stoje između had i trećeg oblika; already može i na sam kraj rečenice, ali između glagola i objekta prilogu nema mjesta.

Izgovor

4 min

had je u izjavnoj rečenici nenaglašen: /həd/, a iza zamjenice — samo /d/. I'd finished zvuči /aɪd ˈfɪnɪʃt/ — gotovo kao I finished /aɪ ˈfɪnɪʃt/: glas /d/ ispred suglasnika jedva se čuje.

Zato se pri slušanju oslanjaj na glavni glagol kad je nepravilan: I'd gone prema I went, she'd seen prema she saw. Isti trik vrijedi i za Present Perfect (A2 #20).

U niječnici i u kratkom odgovoru had je naglašen i pun: I hadn't seen it /ˈhædnt/, Yes, I had /hæd/.

had had izgovara se bez zastajkivanja: We'd had dinner /wiːd hæd ˈdɪnə/. Prvi had je slab i stapa se sa zamjenicom, drugi je glavni glagol i zvuči punim glasom.

Oglas

Tekst

5 min

Last spring I nearly missed my best friend's wedding. It was in a small village in Wales, and I had booked a train for Saturday morning. I had checked the timetable twice the night before, so I felt calm.

When I got to the station at ten past eight, the platform was empty. The train had already left. The company had changed the timetable a week earlier, but nobody had told me — the email had gone into my spam folder.

I phoned my friend. She didn't answer because she had switched off her phone for the day. In the end her brother picked me up and drove me to the village. We arrived at the church just as the music started. Most of the guests had already sat down, and my friend's mother was looking at the door nervously.

Later, at dinner, I told the story to the whole table. Everyone laughed, and this time I laughed too. It was the first time I had ever been late for a wedding — and I had never felt so stressed in my life.

Čitanje naglas

Vježbe

30 min

1. Dopunjavanje.

  1. When I (get) to the station, the train (already / leave)
  2. She (can't) get in because she (lose) her keys
  3. I (never / see) the sea before that summer
  4. The police (arrive) at nine, but the thieves (escape) an hour earlier
  5. We (not / eat) all day, so we (be) very hungry
  6. I (not / recognise) him because he (grow) a beard
  7. When we (open) the door, we saw that somebody (break) the window
  8. you (meet) her before the party?
Prikaži odgovore
got / had already left; couldn't / had lost; had never seen; arrived / had escaped; hadn't eaten / were; didn't recognise / had grown; opened / had broken; Had / met

2. Pronalaženje pogreške.

  1. I had lived in Spain many years ago.
  2. She had went home before I arrived.
  3. I had finished already the report when she called.
  4. When we arrived, the film has already started.
  5. Did she had left when you arrived?
  6. Had you saw that film before?
Prikaži odgovore
I lived in Spain many years ago; She had gone home before I arrived / She went home before I arrived; I had already finished the report when she called / I had finished the report already when she called; When we arrived, the film had already started; Had she left when you arrived?; Had you seen that film before?

3. Spoji dvije rečenice u jednu

  1. I lost my keys. + I couldn't get in. (because)
  2. She finished the report. + She went home. (after)
  3. The film started. + We arrived at the cinema. (when)
  4. I didn't sleep well. + I felt terrible all day. (because)
  5. He forgot his passport. + He missed the flight. (because)
Prikaži odgovore
I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys; She went home after she had finished the report / After she had finished the report, she went home; When we arrived at the cinema, the film had started / When we arrived at the cinema, the film had already started / The film had started when we arrived at the cinema; I felt terrible all day because I hadn't slept well; He missed the flight because he had forgotten his passport

4. Umetni already, just, never, ever ili yet.

  1. When I called, she had left — doslovno prije minute
  2. By ten o'clock I had finished all my work — ranije nego što sam mislio
  3. I had eaten sushi before that evening — ni jednom
  4. Had you been to Wales before that trip?
  5. He hadn't finished his dinner when the taxi arrived
Prikaži odgovore
just; already; never; ever; yet

5. Preoblikuj u pitanje

  1. She had lost her keys. (what)
  2. They had left before midnight. (why)
  3. You had seen the sea before. (pitanje da/ne)
  4. He had worked in a hotel for a year. (where)
  5. You had been to London before. (ever)
Prikaži odgovore
What had she lost?; Why had they left before midnight?; Had you seen the sea before?; Where had he worked for a year?; Had you ever been to London before?

6. Prepiši s It was the first time…

  1. I had never flown before.
  2. She had never seen snow before.
  3. They had never been to Scotland before.
Prikaži odgovore
It was the first time I had flown / It was the first time I had ever flown; It was the first time she had seen snow / It was the first time she had ever seen snow; It was the first time they had been to Scotland / It was the first time they had ever been to Scotland

7. Odgovori punim rečenicama

— o sebi. Rješenja ispod su uzorak. 1) Had you ever been abroad before you were eighteen? 2) What had you done today before you sat down for this lesson? 3) Had you heard of this course before you started it?

Prikaži odgovore
Yes, I had. I had been to France with my parents / No, I hadn't. I first went abroad when I was twenty; I had made a cup of tea and answered my emails; No, I hadn't. A friend told me about it

8. Prevedi na engleski.

1) Kad smo stigli, trgovina se već zatvorila. 2) Nisam je prepoznao: ošišala se. 3) Prije tog putovanja nikad nisam letio avionom. 4) Nije mogao platiti jer je novčanik ostavio kod kuće. 5) Tada sam prvi put vidio snijeg.

Prikaži odgovore
When we arrived, the shop had already closed; I didn't recognise her — she had cut her hair; I had never flown before that trip / I had never been on a plane before that trip; He couldn't pay because he had left his wallet at home; It was the first time I had seen snow
Oglas

Sažetak

Obrađeno: Past Perfect u svim oblicima, točka priče i korak unatrag od nje, 'd kao had ili would, already, just, never, ever, yet s Past Perfectom, It was the first time I had…. Slijedi lekcija 2: priča s prethodnim događajima.

Kraj jezgre

Lekcija se računa kao završena nakon vježbi. Sve nakon toga je neobavezno.

Lekcija 74

neobavezno

Riječi za kartice

14 riječi
  • wedding /ˈwedɪŋ/ vjenčanje
  • village /ˈvɪlɪdʒ/ selo
  • book /bʊk/ rezervirati
  • timetable /ˈtaɪmteɪbl/ vozni red
  • platform /ˈplætfɔːm/ peron
  • switch off /ˌswɪtʃ ˈɒf/ isključiti
  • pick up /ˌpɪk ˈʌp/ pokupiti (autom)
  • guest /ɡest/ gost
  • nervously /ˈnɜːvəsli/ nervozno
  • in the end /ɪn ði ˈend/ na kraju
  • the night before /ðə naɪt bɪˈfɔː/ večer prije
  • recognise /ˈrekəɡnaɪz/ prepoznati
  • beard /bɪəd/ brada
  • escape /ɪˈskeɪp/ pobjeći

Pisanje

Pet-šest rečenica o slučaju kad si negdje zakasnio ili je nešto pošlo po zlu. Barem dvaput Past Perfect, jednom It was the first time… ili never … before.

Uzorak

Last winter I missed an important exam. I had set two alarms, but my phone had switched itself off in the night. When I woke up, the exam had already started. I ran all the way to the university, but the teacher didn't let me in. It was the first time I had missed an exam, and I had never felt so stupid.

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