Dilbilgisi ~54 dk temel ders kaldı

Bir şeyden önce olanı anlatmak

Bu dersten sonra yapabilecekleriniz

Geçmişteki bir olayın başka bir olaydan önce olduğunu gösterebilirim.

Derse başla Çekirdek 54 dk · adım: 6 · isteğe bağlı: +2

Belirtilen çekirdek süre. İki çekirdek bloğunda süre belirtilmemiştir, bu yüzden gerçek ders toplamdan uzundur.

Dilbilgisi

15 dk

A2'de geçmişi iki zamanla anlattınız: Past Simple — ne oldu (A2 #1), Past Continuous — o anda ne olup bitiyordu (A2 #2). Olaylar sırayla gittiği sürece bu yeter. Ama anlatım çoğu zaman bir adım geri atar: “istasyona vardım — tren çoktan gitmişti”. Bu adım için İngilizcenin ayrı bir zamanı vardır: Past Perfect. Türkçedeki “-mişti”li geçmişe (“gitmişti”) yakındır.

Yapı: had + fiilin üçüncü biçimi — Present Perfect'tekinin aynısı (A2 #3). had bütün kişilerde aynıdır, ek almaz.

olumlu cümle I had finished. → I'd finished.
olumsuz cümle She hadn't seen it. (hadn't = had not)
soru Had you met him before?
kısa cevap Yes, I had. / No, I hadn't.

'd kısaltması would'dan da gelir — onu I'd like'tan biliyorsunuz (A2 #17). İkisini ayırmak kolaydır, sonraki kelimeye bakın: had'den sonra üçüncü biçim gelir (I'd finished), would'dan sonra yalın hâl (I'd like). have fiilinin kendisinde Past Perfect had had olur: We had had dinner, so we weren't hungry. Bu bir yazım hatası değildir: ilk had yardımcı fiil, ikincisi have'in üçüncü biçimidir.

Olumsuz ve soru. Olumsuz — hadn't + üçüncü biçim, hiçbir did olmadan: I hadn't seen him for years. Soru Present Perfect'teki gibi kurulur, yalnızca have yerine had gelir: Had you eaten? Soru kelimesi varsa had hemen onun ardından gelir: Why had she left so early? Where had they gone? Kısa cevapta üçüncü biçim tekrarlanmaz: Yes, I had, No, she hadn't.

Ne zaman kullanılır. Past Perfect her zaman geçmişteki bir andan geriye bakar. Bu an — ona anlatının noktası diyelim — genellikle yanında Past Simple ile durur.

Birinci durum — bir olay başka bir olaydan önce oldu: When I got to the station, the train had left. Önce tren gitti, sonra ben geldim.

İkincisi — sonra olanın sebebi: She couldn't get in because she had lost her keys. Anahtarlar daha önce kaybolmuştu, bu yüzden kapı açılmadı.

Üçüncüsü — geçmişteki bir ana kadarki deneyim: I had never seen the sea before that summer. Bu, deneyim anlatan Present Perfect'in aynısıdır (A2 #4), yalnızca sayım “şimdi”den değil, “o yaz”dan yapılır.

Buradan kısa bir kural çıkar: Present Perfect geçmişi şimdiye bağlar, Past Perfect ise daha önceki geçmişi daha sonraki geçmişe.

Karşılaştırın. Tek bir biçim olayların sırasını değiştirir:

When I arrived, the train left. Ben geldim ve tren kalktı: gidişini gördüm.
When I arrived, the train had left. Tren daha önce gitmişti: yetişemedim.

Olaylar olduğu sırayla sayılıyorsa Past Perfect gerekmez: I got up, had a shower and left the house. Sıra zaten bellidir. Past Perfect, anlatımın geriye döndüğü yerde gerekir.

already, just, never, ever, yet. Present Perfect'teki yerlerinde dururlar (A2 #3, A2 #4): had ile üçüncü biçimin arasında, yet ise cümlenin sonunda.

The film had already started. Film çoktan başlamıştı.
She had just left. Az önce çıkmıştı.
I had never seen snow before. Daha önce hiç kar görmemiştim.
Had you ever been there before? Daha önce hiç orada bulunmuş muydunuz?
They hadn't finished yet. Henüz bitirmemişlerdi.

never ve ever'a çoğu zaman sonda before eklenir: sayımın bugünden değil, geçmişteki bir andan yapıldığını hatırlatır.

“İlk kez”: It was the first time… Bu kalıptan sonra Past Perfect gelir: It was the first time I had flown. — “O zaman ilk kez uçuyordum”. Üstünlük derecesi ve ever ile de aynısı: It was the best meal I had ever eaten. Türkçede burada zaman çoğu kez belli olmaz (“o güne kadar yediğim en güzel yemekti”), ama İngilizce o ana kadarki deneyimi sayar — Past Perfect bundandır. Şimdiki zamanda kalıp aynıdır, ama Present Perfect ile: It's the first time I've been here. Konuşmada It was the first time I flew da duyulabilir, ama kural olarak Past Perfect kabul edilir.

Başka örnekler:

By nine o'clock everyone had gone home. Saat dokuzda herkes çoktan eve gitmişti.
I didn't recognise him — he had grown a beard. Onu tanımadım: sakal bırakmıştı.
We hadn't eaten all day, so we were very hungry. Bütün gün hiçbir şey yememiştik.

Böyle söylenmez. ✗ Did you had seen it before? → ✓ Had you seen it before? Soruyu had'in kendisi kurar, did burada fazladır.

Kendinizi sınayın. Hangi olay önce oldu: When we got home, the guests had left? Hangisi had, hangisi would: I'd finished, I'd like? “O zaman denizi ilk kez görüyordum” nasıl söylenir?

cevapları göster
misafirler biz gelmeden önce gitmişti; I'd finished — had (ardından üçüncü biçim geliyor), I'd like — would; It was the first time I had seen the sea.
Reklam

Türkçe konuşanların hataları

diliniz için yazıldı
1

Her “-mıştım” için Past Perfect

✗ I had lived in Spain many years ago → ✓ I lived in Spain many years ago. Türkçede “-mıştı” uzak geçmiş için de söylenir: “Yıllar önce İspanya'da yaşamıştım”, “Sana söylemiştim!” İngilizcede Past Perfect yalnızca daha sonraki bir geçmiş an varsa kullanılır. Şimdiden geriye bakılıyorsa Past Simple: ✓ I told you!

2

had'den sonra ikinci biçim

✗ She had went home

✗ I had saw it

✓ She had gone home

I had seen it. Türkçede fiil kökü değişmez, geçmişi ekler taşır (“gitti”, “gitmişti”), bu yüzden akla bilinen went gelir. had'den sonra da, have'den sonraki gibi, yalnızca üçüncü biçim gelir.

3

Sırası değişmeyen soru

✗ Why she had left? → ✓ Why had she left? Türkçede soru, sıra bozulmadan kurulur (“Neden gitmişti?”). İngilizcede had öznenin önüne geçer, soru kelimesi varsa hemen onun ardından. did de eklenmez: ✗ Did she had left? → ✓ Had she left?

Telaffuz

4 dk

Olumlu cümlede had vurgusuzdur: /həd/, zamirden sonra ise yalnızca /d/. I'd finished /aɪd ˈfɪnɪʃt/ diye okunur — neredeyse I finished /aɪ ˈfɪnɪʃt/ gibi: ünsüzden önce /d/ sesi zor duyulur.

Bu yüzden kulakla anlarken, düzensizse asıl fiile dayanın: I'd gone ile I went, she'd seen ile she saw. Aynı yöntem Present Perfect'te de işe yarar (A2 #20).

Olumsuzda ve kısa cevapta had vurgulu ve tamdır: I hadn't seen it /ˈhædnt/, Yes, I had /hæd/.

had had takılmadan söylenir: We'd had dinner /wiːd hæd ˈdɪnə/. İlk had zayıftır ve zamirle kaynaşır, ikincisi asıl fiildir ve tam okunur.

Reklam

Metin

5 dk

Last spring I nearly missed my best friend's wedding. It was in a small village in Wales, and I had booked a train for Saturday morning. I had checked the timetable twice the night before, so I felt calm.

When I got to the station at ten past eight, the platform was empty. The train had already left. The company had changed the timetable a week earlier, but nobody had told me — the email had gone into my spam folder.

I phoned my friend. She didn't answer because she had switched off her phone for the day. In the end her brother picked me up and drove me to the village. We arrived at the church just as the music started. Most of the guests had already sat down, and my friend's mother was looking at the door nervously.

Later, at dinner, I told the story to the whole table. Everyone laughed, and this time I laughed too. It was the first time I had ever been late for a wedding — and I had never felt so stressed in my life.

Alıştırmalar

30 dk

1. Boşluk doldurma.

  1. When I (get) to the station, the train (already / leave)
  2. She (can't) get in because she (lose) her keys
  3. I (never / see) the sea before that summer
  4. The police (arrive) at nine, but the thieves (escape) an hour earlier
  5. We (not / eat) all day, so we (be) very hungry
  6. I (not / recognise) him because he (grow) a beard
  7. When we (open) the door, we saw that somebody (break) the window
  8. you (meet) her before the party?
Cevapları göster
got / had already left; couldn't / had lost; had never seen; arrived / had escaped; hadn't eaten / were; didn't recognise / had grown; opened / had broken; Had / met

2. Hata bulma.

  1. I had lived in Spain many years ago.
  2. She had went home before I arrived.
  3. I had finished already the report when she called.
  4. When we arrived, the film has already started.
  5. Did she had left when you arrived?
  6. Had you saw that film before?
Cevapları göster
I lived in Spain many years ago; She had gone home before I arrived / She went home before I arrived; I had already finished the report when she called / I had finished the report already when she called; When we arrived, the film had already started; Had she left when you arrived?; Had you seen that film before?

3. İki cümleyi tek cümlede birleştirin

  1. I lost my keys. + I couldn't get in. (because)
  2. She finished the report. + She went home. (after)
  3. The film started. + We arrived at the cinema. (when)
  4. I didn't sleep well. + I felt terrible all day. (because)
  5. He forgot his passport. + He missed the flight. (because)
Cevapları göster
I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys; She went home after she had finished the report / After she had finished the report, she went home; When we arrived at the cinema, the film had started / When we arrived at the cinema, the film had already started / The film had started when we arrived at the cinema; I felt terrible all day because I hadn't slept well; He missed the flight because he had forgotten his passport

4. already, just, never, ever ya da yet koyun.

  1. When I called, she had left — tam bir dakika önce
  2. By ten o'clock I had finished all my work — sandığımdan erken
  3. I had eaten sushi before that evening — bir kez bile
  4. Had you been to Wales before that trip?
  5. He hadn't finished his dinner when the taxi arrived
Cevapları göster
just; already; never; ever; yet

5. Soruya dönüştürün

  1. She had lost her keys. (what)
  2. They had left before midnight. (why)
  3. You had seen the sea before. (evet/hayır sorusu)
  4. He had worked in a hotel for a year. (where)
  5. You had been to London before. (ever)
Cevapları göster
What had she lost?; Why had they left before midnight?; Had you seen the sea before?; Where had he worked for a year?; Had you ever been to London before?

6. It was the first time… ile yeniden yazın.

  1. I had never flown before.
  2. She had never seen snow before.
  3. They had never been to Scotland before.
Cevapları göster
It was the first time I had flown / It was the first time I had ever flown; It was the first time she had seen snow / It was the first time she had ever seen snow; It was the first time they had been to Scotland / It was the first time they had ever been to Scotland

7. Tam cümlelerle cevap verin

— kendinizden söz ederek. Aşağıdaki cevaplar örnektir. 1) Had you ever been abroad before you were eighteen? 2) What had you done today before you sat down for this lesson? 3) Had you heard of this course before you started it?

Cevapları göster
Yes, I had. I had been to France with my parents / No, I hadn't. I first went abroad when I was twenty; I had made a cup of tea and answered my emails; No, I hadn't. A friend told me about it

8. İngilizceye çevirin.

1) Biz vardığımızda dükkân çoktan kapanmıştı. 2) Onu tanımadım: saçlarını kestirmişti. 3) O yolculuktan önce hiç uçağa binmemiştim. 4) Ödeme yapamadı, çünkü cüzdanını evde bırakmıştı. 5) O zaman karı ilk kez görüyordum.

Cevapları göster
When we arrived, the shop had already closed; I didn't recognise her — she had cut her hair; I had never flown before that trip / I had never been on a plane before that trip; He couldn't pay because he had left his wallet at home; It was the first time I had seen snow
Reklam

Özet

Bu derste işlenenler: Past Perfect'in bütün biçimleri, anlatının noktası ve ondan geriye atılan adım, had ya da would olarak 'd, Past Perfect ile already, just, never, ever, yet, It was the first time I had…. Sırada 2. ders: öncesiyle birlikte bir hikâye.

Temel dersin sonu

Alıştırmalar tamamlandığında ders bitmiş sayılır. Bundan sonrası isteğe bağlıdır.

Ders 74

isteğe bağlı

Kart destesine kelimeler

14 kelime
  • wedding /ˈwedɪŋ/ düğün
  • village /ˈvɪlɪdʒ/ köy
  • book /bʊk/ rezervasyon yapmak
  • timetable /ˈtaɪmteɪbl/ tarife, sefer saatleri
  • platform /ˈplætfɔːm/ peron
  • switch off /ˌswɪtʃ ˈɒf/ kapatmak (cihazı)
  • pick up /ˌpɪk ˈʌp/ (arabayla) almak
  • guest /ɡest/ misafir, davetli
  • nervously /ˈnɜːvəsli/ gergin gergin, tedirgin bir şekilde
  • in the end /ɪn ði ˈend/ en sonunda
  • the night before /ðə naɪt bɪˈfɔː/ bir önceki akşam
  • recognise /ˈrekəɡnaɪz/ tanımak
  • beard /bɪəd/ sakal
  • escape /ɪˈskeɪp/ kaçmak

Yazma

Bir yere geç kaldığınız ya da bir şeylerin ters gittiği bir olay üzerine beş-altı cümle. En az iki kez Past Perfect, bir kez It was the first time… ya da never … before.

Örnek

Last winter I missed an important exam. I had set two alarms, but my phone had switched itself off in the night. When I woke up, the exam had already started. I ran all the way to the university, but the teacher didn't let me in. It was the first time I had missed an exam, and I had never felt so stupid.

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