Gramatika ~54 min no pamata palicis

Pastāstīt, kas notika pirms kaut kā cita

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Sākt mācību Kodols 54 min · soļi: 6 · pēc izvēles: +2

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Gramatika

15 min

A2 līmenī jūs stāstījāt par pagātni ar diviem laikiem: Past Simple — kas notika (A2 #1), Past Continuous — kas tajā brīdī norisēja (A2 #2). Ar to pietiek, kamēr notikumi iet pēc kārtas. Bet stāsts bieži sper soli atpakaļ: „atnācu uz staciju — bet vilciens jau bija aizgājis”. Šādam solim angļu valodā ir atsevišķs laiks — Past Perfect, pagātnes perfekts.

Forma: had + darbības vārda trešā forma — tā pati, kas Present Perfect (A2 #3). had visām personām ir vienāds, galotņu nav.

apgalvojums I had finished. → I'd finished.
noliegums She hadn't seen it. (hadn't = had not)
jautājums Had you met him before?
īsā atbilde Yes, I had. / No, I hadn't.

Saīsinājums 'd var būt arī no would — to jūs zināt no I'd like (A2 #17). Atšķirt tos ir viegli pēc nākamā vārda: pēc had nāk trešā forma (I'd finished), pēc would — pamatforma (I'd like). Pašam darbības vārdam have pagātnes perfekts izskatās kā had had: We had had dinner, so we weren't hungry. Tā nav drukas kļūda: pirmais had ir palīgdarbības vārds, otrais — have trešā forma.

Noliegums un jautājums. Noliegums — hadn't + trešā forma, bez jebkāda did: I hadn't seen him for years. Jautājumu veido tāpat kā Present Perfect, tikai have vietā stāv had: Had you eaten? Ar jautājuma vārdu had nāk uzreiz aiz tā: Why had she left so early? Where had they gone? Īsajā atbildē trešo formu neatkārto: Yes, I had, No, she hadn't.

Kad to lieto. Past Perfect vienmēr skatās atpakaļ no kāda pagātnes brīža. Šis brīdis — sauksim to par stāsta punktu — parasti ir turpat blakus, Past Simple formā.

Pirmais gadījums — viens notikums notika agrāk par citu: When I got to the station, the train had left. Vispirms aizgāja vilciens, tad atnācu es.

Otrais — iemesls tam, kas notika pēc tam: She couldn't get in because she had lost her keys. Atslēgas tika pazaudētas agrāk, tāpēc durvis neatvērās.

Trešais — pieredze līdz kādam pagātnes brīdim: I had never seen the sea before that summer. Tas pats, kas Present Perfect par pieredzi (A2 #4), tikai atskaite iet nevis no „tagad”, bet no „tās vasaras”.

No šejienes īss likums: Present Perfect saista pagātni ar tagadni, Past Perfect — agrāku pagātni ar vēlāku.

Salīdziniet. Viena forma maina notikumu secību:

When I arrived, the train left. Es atnācu, un vilciens sāka braukt: redzēju, kā tas aiziet.
When I arrived, the train had left. Vilciens aizgāja agrāk: uz to es vairs nepaspēju.

Ja notikumi uzskaitīti tādā secībā, kādā tie notika, Past Perfect nav vajadzīgs: I got up, had a shower and left the house. Secība tāpat ir skaidra. Pagātnes perfekts vajadzīgs tur, kur stāsts atgriežas atpakaļ.

already, just, never, ever, yet. Tie stāv tajā pašā vietā, kur Present Perfect (A2 #3, A2 #4): starp had un trešo formu, bet yet — teikuma beigās.

The film had already started. Filma jau bija sākusies.
She had just left. Viņa tikko bija aizgājusi.
I had never seen snow before. Es nekad agrāk nebiju redzējis sniegu.
Had you ever been there before? Vai jūs tur kādreiz agrāk bijāt bijis?
They hadn't finished yet. Viņi vēl nebija pabeiguši.

Pie never un ever beigās bieži pievieno before: tas atgādina, ka atskaite iet nevis no šodienas, bet no brīža pagātnē.

„Pirmo reizi”: It was the first time… Pēc šī izteiciena liek Past Perfect: It was the first time I had flown. — „Toreiz es lidoju pirmo reizi”. Tāpat pēc vispārākās pakāpes ar ever: It was the best meal I had ever eaten. Latviski te parasti pietiek ar vienkāršo pagātni („lidoju”, „ēdu”), bet angliski skaita pieredzi līdz tam brīdim — tāpēc pagātnes perfekts. Tagadnē shēma ir tā pati, tikai ar Present Perfect: It's the first time I've been here. Sarunā var dzirdēt arī It was the first time I flew, bet par normu uzskata Past Perfect.

Vēl piemēri:

By nine o'clock everyone had gone home. Līdz deviņiem visi jau bija aizgājuši mājās.
I didn't recognise him — he had grown a beard. Es viņu nepazinu: viņš bija izaudzējis bārdu.
We hadn't eaten all day, so we were very hungry. Mēs visu dienu nebijām neko ēduši.

Tā nesaka. ✗ Did you had seen it before? → ✓ Had you seen it before? Jautājumu veido pats had, un did te ir lieks.

Pārbaudiet sevi. Kurš notikums bija agrāk: When we got home, the guests had left? Kur ir had, bet kur would: I'd finished, I'd like? Kā pateikt „Toreiz es pirmo reizi ieraudzīju jūru”?

rādīt atbildes
viesi aizgāja agrāk, nekā mēs atnācām mājās; I'd finished — tas ir had (aiz tā trešā forma), I'd like — would; It was the first time I had seen the sea.
Reklāma

Latviešu valodas runātāju kļūdas

pielāgots tavai valodai
1

Viena pagātne divu vietā

When I arrived, the train left angliski nozīmē, ka vilciens aizgāja pēc tam, kad jūs atnācāt. Lai pateiktu „jau bija aizgājis”, vajag ✓ When I arrived, the train had already left. Latviešu valodā saliktā pagātne ir, bet runā secību bieži parāda vārdi „jau”, „pirms tam”, un šķiet, ka to pašu izdarīs already. Neizdarīs: notikumu secību angliski nes darbības vārda forma.

2

was vietā had

✗ She was lost her keys

✓ She had lost her keys

Latviešu saliktā pagātne veidojas ar „būt”: „viņa bija pazaudējusi atslēgas”, „es biju redzējis”, un „bija” gribas pārcelt kā was — tāpat kā is vietā has A2 #3. Angliski pagātnes perfektu veido tikai ar had.

3

Otrā forma pēc had

✗ She had went home

✗ I had saw it

✓ She had gone home

I had seen it. Tā pati kļūda kā ar Present Perfect (A2 #3): pagātnes forma went ir pazīstamāka un šķiet derīga pagātnei. Bet pēc had un have stāv tikai trešā forma.

4

„Pirmo reizi” ar Past Simple

It was the first time I flew sarunā gadās, bet norma ir ✓ It was the first time I had flown. Latviski „toreiz pirmo reizi lidoju” ir vienkāršajā pagātnē, tāpēc gribas to pašu. Angliski pēc It was the first time… skaita pieredzi līdz tam brīdim.

Izruna

4 min

had apgalvojumā ir neuzsvērts: /həd/, bet pēc vietniekvārda — vienkārši /d/. I'd finished skan /aɪd ˈfɪnɪʃt/ — gandrīz kā I finished /aɪ ˈfɪnɪʃt/: skaņa /d/ pirms līdzskaņa gandrīz nav dzirdama.

Tāpēc klausoties orientējieties pēc galvenā darbības vārda, ja tas ir nekārtns: I'd gone pret I went, she'd seen pret she saw. Tas pats paņēmiens der perfektam (A2 #20).

Noliegumā un īsajā atbildē had ir uzsvērts un pilns: I hadn't seen it /ˈhædnt/, Yes, I had /hæd/.

had had izrunā bez aizķeršanās: We'd had dinner /wiːd hæd ˈdɪnə/. Pirmais had ir vājš un saplūst ar vietniekvārdu, otrais — galvenais darbības vārds un skan pilnībā.

Reklāma

Teksts

5 min

Last spring I nearly missed my best friend's wedding. It was in a small village in Wales, and I had booked a train for Saturday morning. I had checked the timetable twice the night before, so I felt calm.

When I got to the station at ten past eight, the platform was empty. The train had already left. The company had changed the timetable a week earlier, but nobody had told me — the email had gone into my spam folder.

I phoned my friend. She didn't answer because she had switched off her phone for the day. In the end her brother picked me up and drove me to the village. We arrived at the church just as the music started. Most of the guests had already sat down, and my friend's mother was looking at the door nervously.

Later, at dinner, I told the story to the whole table. Everyone laughed, and this time I laughed too. It was the first time I had ever been late for a wedding — and I had never felt so stressed in my life.

Lasīšana skaļi

Vingrinājumi

30 min

1. Ievietošana.

  1. When I (get) to the station, the train (already / leave)
  2. She (can't) get in because she (lose) her keys
  3. I (never / see) the sea before that summer
  4. The police (arrive) at nine, but the thieves (escape) an hour earlier
  5. We (not / eat) all day, so we (be) very hungry
  6. I (not / recognise) him because he (grow) a beard
  7. When we (open) the door, we saw that somebody (break) the window
  8. you (meet) her before the party?
Rādīt atbildes
got / had already left; couldn't / had lost; had never seen; arrived / had escaped; hadn't eaten / were; didn't recognise / had grown; opened / had broken; Had / met

2. Kļūdas atrašana.

  1. I had lived in Spain many years ago.
  2. She had went home before I arrived.
  3. I had finished already the report when she called.
  4. When we arrived, the film has already started.
  5. Did she had left when you arrived?
  6. Had you saw that film before?
Rādīt atbildes
I lived in Spain many years ago; She had gone home before I arrived / She went home before I arrived; I had already finished the report when she called / I had finished the report already when she called; When we arrived, the film had already started; Had she left when you arrived?; Had you seen that film before?

3. Apvienojiet divus teikumus vienā

  1. I lost my keys. + I couldn't get in. (because)
  2. She finished the report. + She went home. (after)
  3. The film started. + We arrived at the cinema. (when)
  4. I didn't sleep well. + I felt terrible all day. (because)
  5. He forgot his passport. + He missed the flight. (because)
Rādīt atbildes
I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys; She went home after she had finished the report / After she had finished the report, she went home; When we arrived at the cinema, the film had started / When we arrived at the cinema, the film had already started / The film had started when we arrived at the cinema; I felt terrible all day because I hadn't slept well; He missed the flight because he had forgotten his passport

4. Ievietojiet already, just, never, ever vai yet.

  1. When I called, she had left — burtiski pirms minūtes
  2. By ten o'clock I had finished all my work — agrāk, nekā domāju
  3. I had eaten sushi before that evening — ne reizi
  4. Had you been to Wales before that trip?
  5. He hadn't finished his dinner when the taxi arrived
Rādīt atbildes
just; already; never; ever; yet

5. Pārveidojiet par jautājumu

  1. She had lost her keys. (what)
  2. They had left before midnight. (why)
  3. You had seen the sea before. (jautājums bez jautājuma vārda)
  4. He had worked in a hotel for a year. (where)
  5. You had been to London before. (ever)
Rādīt atbildes
What had she lost?; Why had they left before midnight?; Had you seen the sea before?; Where had he worked for a year?; Had you ever been to London before?

6. Pārrakstiet ar It was the first time…

  1. I had never flown before.
  2. She had never seen snow before.
  3. They had never been to Scotland before.
Rādīt atbildes
It was the first time I had flown / It was the first time I had ever flown; It was the first time she had seen snow / It was the first time she had ever seen snow; It was the first time they had been to Scotland / It was the first time they had ever been to Scotland

7. Atbildiet pilnos teikumos

— par sevi. Atbildes zemāk ir paraugs. 1) Had you ever been abroad before you were eighteen? 2) What had you done today before you sat down for this lesson? 3) Had you heard of this course before you started it?

Rādīt atbildes
Yes, I had. I had been to France with my parents / No, I hadn't. I first went abroad when I was twenty; I had made a cup of tea and answered my emails; No, I hadn't. A friend told me about it

8. Pārtulkojiet angliski.

1) Kad mēs atbraucām, veikals jau bija aizvēries. 2) Es viņu nepazinu: viņa bija apgriezusi matus. 3) Līdz tam braucienam es nekad nebiju lidojis ar lidmašīnu. 4) Viņš nevarēja samaksāt, jo bija atstājis maku mājās. 5) Toreiz es pirmo reizi redzēju sniegu.

Rādīt atbildes
When we arrived, the shop had already closed; I didn't recognise her — she had cut her hair; I had never flown before that trip / I had never been on a plane before that trip; He couldn't pay because he had left his wallet at home; It was the first time I had seen snow
Reklāma

Kopsavilkums

Apgūts: Past Perfect visās formās, stāsta punkts un solis atpakaļ no tā, 'd kā had vai would, already, just, never, ever, yet ar Past Perfect, It was the first time I had…. Tālāk — 2. nodarbība: stāsts ar priekšvēsturi.

Pamata beigas

Mācība tiek uzskatīta par pabeigtu, kad vingrinājumi ir izpildīti. Viss pēc tam ir pēc izvēles.

Mācība 74

pēc izvēles

Vārdi kartīšu kavai

14 vārdi
  • wedding /ˈwedɪŋ/ kāzas
  • village /ˈvɪlɪdʒ/ ciems
  • book /bʊk/ rezervēt
  • timetable /ˈtaɪmteɪbl/ saraksts (vilcienu, autobusu)
  • platform /ˈplætfɔːm/ perons
  • switch off /ˌswɪtʃ ˈɒf/ izslēgt
  • pick up /ˌpɪk ˈʌp/ paņemt (ar mašīnu)
  • guest /ɡest/ viesis
  • nervously /ˈnɜːvəsli/ nervozi
  • in the end /ɪn ði ˈend/ galu galā
  • the night before /ðə naɪt bɪˈfɔː/ iepriekšējā vakarā
  • recognise /ˈrekəɡnaɪz/ atpazīt
  • beard /bɪəd/ bārda
  • escape /ɪˈskeɪp/ aizbēgt

Rakstīšana

Pieci–seši teikumi par gadījumu, kad jūs kaut kur nokavējāt vai kaut kas nogāja greizi. Vismaz divas reizes — Past Perfect, vienu reizi — It was the first time… vai never … before.

Paraugs

Last winter I missed an important exam. I had set two alarms, but my phone had switched itself off in the night. When I woke up, the exam had already started. I ran all the way to the university, but the teacher didn't let me in. It was the first time I had missed an exam, and I had never felt so stupid.

Pašpārbaudes saraksts

Melnraksts saglabāts šajā ierīcē
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Diktātsbalstīts uz šo mācību Pierakstiet, ko dzirdat. Pārbaude parāda katru atšķirīgo vārdu un kā. Rakstīt diktātu Lasīšana skaļibalstīts uz šo mācību Lasiet mācības tekstu skaļi — runas atpazīšana izceļ vārdus, kurus tā nesadzirdēja. Lasīt tekstu skaļi Lasīšana un klausīšanāsA1–C1 Teksti visos līmeņos ar izpratnes jautājumiem; transkripts atveras pēc atbildes. Izmēģināt

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