Gramàtica ~54 min del nucli restant

Explicar què havia passat abans d'una altra cosa

Després d'aquesta lliçó podràs

Sé deixar clar que un fet del passat va passar abans que un altre.

Comença la lliçó Nucli 54 min · passos: 6 · opcional: +2

Temps declarat del nucli. Dos blocs del nucli no porten cap xifra, per tant la lliçó real és més llarga que aquesta suma.

Gramàtica

15 min

A l'A2 explicaves el passat amb dos temps: el Past Simple, què va passar (A2 #1), i el Past Continuous, què estava passant en aquell moment (A2 #2). N'hi ha prou mentre els fets van per ordre. Però un relat sovint fa un pas enrere: «vaig arribar a l'estació, i el tren ja havia marxat». Per a aquest pas l'anglès té un temps propi, el Past Perfect, que correspon al plusquamperfet català («havia marxat»).

Forma: had + tercera forma del verb, la mateixa del Present Perfect (A2 #3). had és igual per a totes les persones i no porta terminacions.

afirmació I had finished. → I'd finished.
negació She hadn't seen it. (hadn't = had not)
pregunta Had you met him before?
resposta curta Yes, I had. / No, I hadn't.

La contracció 'd també pot venir de would: la coneixes per I'd like (A2 #17). Es distingeixen fàcilment per la paraula següent: després de had va la tercera forma (I'd finished); després de would, la forma bàsica (I'd like). El mateix verb have en Past Perfect fa had had: We had had dinner, so we weren't hungry. No és cap errada: el primer had és l'auxiliar; el segon, la tercera forma de have.

Negació i pregunta. La negació és hadn't + tercera forma, sense cap did: I hadn't seen him for years. La pregunta es forma igual que en el Present Perfect, però en lloc de have hi va had: Had you eaten? Amb una paraula interrogativa, had va just darrere seu: Why had she left so early? Where had they gone? A la resposta curta la tercera forma no es repeteix: Yes, I had, No, she hadn't.

Quan s'usa. El Past Perfect sempre mira enrere des d'un moment del passat. Aquest moment —en direm el punt del relat— sol estar al costat, en Past Simple.

Primer cas: un fet va passar abans que un altre: When I got to the station, the train had left. Primer va marxar el tren, després vaig arribar jo.

Segon: la causa del que va passar després: She couldn't get in because she had lost her keys. Les claus es van perdre abans, i per això la porta no es va obrir.

Tercer: l'experiència fins a un moment del passat: I had never seen the sea before that summer. És el mateix que el Present Perfect de l'experiència (A2 #4), però el compte no es fa des d'«ara», sinó des d'«aquell estiu».

D'aquí ve una regla curta: el Present Perfect lliga el passat amb el present; el Past Perfect, un passat anterior amb un altre de posterior.

Compara. Una sola forma canvia l'ordre dels fets:

When I arrived, the train left. Vaig arribar i el tren va arrencar: el vaig veure marxar.
When I arrived, the train had left. El tren havia marxat abans: ja no el vaig atrapar.

Si els fets s'expliquen en el mateix ordre en què van passar, el Past Perfect no cal: I got up, had a shower and left the house. L'ordre ja és clar. El plusquamperfet cal allà on el relat torna enrere.

already, just, never, ever, yet. Van al mateix lloc que en el Present Perfect (A2 #3, A2 #4): entre had i la tercera forma; yet, al final de la frase.

The film had already started. La pel·lícula ja havia començat.
She had just left. Acabava de marxar.
I had never seen snow before. No havia vist mai la neu abans.
Had you ever been there before? Hi havies estat mai abans?
They hadn't finished yet. Encara no havien acabat.

A never i ever sovint s'hi afegeix before al final: recorda que el compte no es fa des d'avui, sinó des d'un moment del passat.

«Per primera vegada»: It was the first time… Després d'aquesta expressió va el Past Perfect: It was the first time I had flown. — «Era la primera vegada que volava». El mateix després d'un superlatiu amb ever: It was the best meal I had ever eaten. En català aquí hi va l'imperfet («era la primera vegada que volava»), però l'anglès compta l'experiència fins a aquell moment: d'aquí el plusquamperfet. En present l'esquema és el mateix, però amb Present Perfect: It's the first time I've been here. En la conversa també se sent It was the first time I flew, però la norma és el Past Perfect.

Més exemples:

By nine o'clock everyone had gone home. A les nou ja havien marxat tots a casa.
I didn't recognise him — he had grown a beard. No el vaig reconèixer: s'havia deixat barba.
We hadn't eaten all day, so we were very hungry. No havíem menjat res en tot el dia.

Així no es diu. ✗ Did you had seen it before? → ✓ Had you seen it before? La pregunta la forma el mateix had, i did hi sobra.

Posa't a prova. Què va passar abans: When we got home, the guests had left? On és had i on és would: I'd finished, I'd like? Com es diu «Era la primera vegada que veia el mar»?

mostra les respostes
els convidats van marxar abans que arribéssim; I'd finished és had (darrere hi va la tercera forma), I'd like és would; It was the first time I had seen the sea.
Anunci

Errors dels parlants de català

adaptada al teu idioma
1

El subjecte que falta

«Quan vaig arribar, ja havia marxat» → ✗ When I arrived, had already left → ✓ When I arrived, she had already left. En català no cal dir qui, i «havia» tant pot ser «jo» com «ell» o «ella»: ho aclareix el context. En anglès el subjecte és obligatori, i had, igual per a totes les persones, no diu qui és.

2

La doble negació

«No havia vist mai el mar» → ✗ I hadn't never seen the sea before → ✓ I had never seen the sea before. En català «no» i «mai» van junts; en anglès n'hi ha prou amb una sola negació: o never, o hadn't + ever.

3

«És la primera vegada que…» amb el present

✗ It's the first time I am here → ✓ It's the first time I've been here. El català hi posa el present, i en passat l'imperfet («era la primera vegada que veia el mar»). L'anglès compta l'experiència fins al moment de què es parla: Present Perfect per a ara, ✓ It was the first time I had seen the sea per al passat.

4

La /h/ de had

En català la «h» és muda, i had sovint surt com /æd/ o amb la «j» castellana. Quan had és ple —I hadn't seen it /ˈhædnt/, Yes, I had /hæd/—, fes una /h/ suau, només d'aire, com quan bufes sobre un vidre per entelar-lo.

Pronunciació

4 min

had a l'afirmació és àton: /həd/, i darrere d'un pronom, només /d/. I'd finished sona /aɪd ˈfɪnɪʃt/, gairebé com I finished /aɪ ˈfɪnɪʃt/: el so /d/ davant de consonant gairebé no se sent.

Per això, quan escoltes, recolza't en el verb principal quan és irregular: I'd gone contra I went, she'd seen contra she saw. El mateix truc funciona amb el perfet (A2 #20).

A la negació i a la resposta curta, had és tònic i ple: I hadn't seen it /ˈhædnt/, Yes, I had /hæd/.

had had es pronuncia sense entrebancar-se: We'd had dinner /wiːd hæd ˈdɪnə/. El primer had és feble i es fon amb el pronom; el segon és el verb principal i sona sencer.

Anunci

Text

5 min

Last spring I nearly missed my best friend's wedding. It was in a small village in Wales, and I had booked a train for Saturday morning. I had checked the timetable twice the night before, so I felt calm.

When I got to the station at ten past eight, the platform was empty. The train had already left. The company had changed the timetable a week earlier, but nobody had told me — the email had gone into my spam folder.

I phoned my friend. She didn't answer because she had switched off her phone for the day. In the end her brother picked me up and drove me to the village. We arrived at the church just as the music started. Most of the guests had already sat down, and my friend's mother was looking at the door nervously.

Later, at dinner, I told the story to the whole table. Everyone laughed, and this time I laughed too. It was the first time I had ever been late for a wedding — and I had never felt so stressed in my life.

Lectura en veu alta

Exercicis

30 min

1. Omplir els buits.

  1. When I (get) to the station, the train (already / leave)
  2. She (can't) get in because she (lose) her keys
  3. I (never / see) the sea before that summer
  4. The police (arrive) at nine, but the thieves (escape) an hour earlier
  5. We (not / eat) all day, so we (be) very hungry
  6. I (not / recognise) him because he (grow) a beard
  7. When we (open) the door, we saw that somebody (break) the window
  8. you (meet) her before the party?
Mostra les respostes
got / had already left; couldn't / had lost; had never seen; arrived / had escaped; hadn't eaten / were; didn't recognise / had grown; opened / had broken; Had / met

2. Trobar l'error i corregir-lo.

  1. I had lived in France many years ago.
  2. She had went home before I arrived.
  3. I had finished already the report when she called.
  4. When we arrived, the film has already started.
  5. Did she had left when you arrived?
  6. Had you saw that film before?
Mostra les respostes
I lived in France many years ago; She had gone home before I arrived / She went home before I arrived; I had already finished the report when she called / I had finished the report already when she called; When we arrived, the film had already started; Had she left when you arrived?; Had you seen that film before?

3. Unir les dues frases en una

  1. I lost my keys. + I couldn't get in. (because)
  2. She finished the report. + She went home. (after)
  3. The film started. + We arrived at the cinema. (when)
  4. I didn't sleep well. + I felt terrible all day. (because)
  5. He forgot his passport. + He missed the flight. (because)
Mostra les respostes
I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys; She went home after she had finished the report / After she had finished the report, she went home; When we arrived at the cinema, the film had started / When we arrived at the cinema, the film had already started / The film had started when we arrived at the cinema; I felt terrible all day because I hadn't slept well; He missed the flight because he had forgotten his passport

4. Completar amb already, just, never, ever o yet.

  1. When I called, she had left — literalment feia un minut
  2. By ten o'clock I had finished all my work — abans del que em pensava
  3. I had eaten sushi before that evening — ni una sola vegada
  4. Had you been to Wales before that trip?
  5. He hadn't finished his dinner when the taxi arrived
Mostra les respostes
just; already; never; ever; yet

5. Transformar en pregunta

  1. She had lost her keys. (what)
  2. They had left before midnight. (why)
  3. You had seen the sea before. (pregunta de sí o no)
  4. He had worked in a hotel for a year. (where)
  5. You had been to London before. (ever)
Mostra les respostes
What had she lost?; Why had they left before midnight?; Had you seen the sea before?; Where had he worked for a year?; Had you ever been to London before?

6. Reescriure amb It was the first time…

  1. I had never flown before.
  2. She had never seen snow before.
  3. They had never been to Scotland before.
Mostra les respostes
It was the first time I had flown / It was the first time I had ever flown; It was the first time she had seen snow / It was the first time she had ever seen snow; It was the first time they had been to Scotland / It was the first time they had ever been to Scotland

7. Respondre amb frases completes

, sobre tu. Les respostes de sota són un model. 1) Had you ever been abroad before you were eighteen? 2) What had you done today before you sat down for this lesson? 3) Had you heard of this course before you started it?

Mostra les respostes
Yes, I had. I had been to France with my parents / No, I hadn't. I first went abroad when I was twenty; I had made a cup of tea and answered my emails; No, I hadn't. A friend told me about it

8. Traduir a l'anglès.

1) Quan vam arribar, la botiga ja havia tancat. 2) No la vaig reconèixer: s'havia tallat els cabells. 3) Abans d'aquell viatge no havia volat mai amb avió. 4) No va poder pagar perquè s'havia deixat la cartera a casa. 5) Era la primera vegada que veia la neu.

Mostra les respostes
When we arrived, the shop had already closed; I didn't recognise her — she had cut her hair; I had never flown before that trip / I had never been on a plane before that trip; He couldn't pay because he had left his wallet at home; It was the first time I had seen snow
Anunci

Resum

Après en aquesta lliçó: el Past Perfect en totes les formes, el punt del relat i el pas enrere des d'aquest punt, 'd com a had o com a would, already, just, never, ever, yet amb el Past Perfect, It was the first time I had…. A continuació, la lliçó 2: un relat amb antecedents.

Final del nucli

La lliçó es considera feta quan s’han completat els exercicis. Tot el que hi ha després és opcional.

Lliçó 74

opcional

Vocabulari per a la baralla

14 paraules
  • wedding /ˈwedɪŋ/ casament
  • village /ˈvɪlɪdʒ/ poble
  • book /bʊk/ reservar
  • timetable /ˈtaɪmteɪbl/ horari
  • platform /ˈplætfɔːm/ andana
  • switch off /ˌswɪtʃ ˈɒf/ apagar
  • pick up /ˌpɪk ˈʌp/ recollir (amb el cotxe)
  • guest /ɡest/ convidat, convidada
  • nervously /ˈnɜːvəsli/ nerviosament
  • in the end /ɪn ði ˈend/ al final
  • the night before /ðə naɪt bɪˈfɔː/ la nit abans
  • recognise /ˈrekəɡnaɪz/ reconèixer
  • beard /bɪəd/ barba
  • escape /ɪˈskeɪp/ escapar-se, fugir

Escriptura

Cinc o sis frases sobre una vegada que vas arribar tard a algun lloc o que alguna cosa va sortir malament. Com a mínim dues vegades, Past Perfect; una vegada, It was the first time… o never … before.

Model

Last winter I missed an important exam. I had set two alarms, but my phone had switched itself off in the night. When I woke up, the exam had already started. I ran all the way to the university, but the teacher didn't let me in. It was the first time I had missed an exam, and I had never felt so stupid.

Llista de comprovació

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