Gramatika ~54 min od osnove preostalo

Ispričati šta se desilo pre nečeg drugog

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Mogu da pokažem da se jedan događaj u prošlosti desio pre drugog.

Započni lekciju Jezgro 54 min · koraci: 6 · opciono: +2

Deklarisano vreme jezgra. Dva bloka jezgra nemaju broj, pa je stvarna lekcija duža od ovog zbira.

Gramatika

15 min

Na A2 si o prošlosti pričao pomoću dva vremena: Past Simple — šta se desilo (A2 #1), Past Continuous — šta se u tom trenutku dešavalo (A2 #2). To je dovoljno dok događaji idu redom. Ali priča često napravi korak unazad: „stigao sam na stanicu — a voz je već otišao“. Za takav korak engleski ima posebno vreme — Past Perfect, pandan srpskom pluskvamperfektu.

Oblik: had + treći oblik glagola — isti onaj kao u Present Perfectu (A2 #3). had je isti za sva lica, nastavaka nema.

potvrdna rečenica I had finished. → I'd finished.
odrična rečenica She hadn't seen it. (hadn't = had not)
pitanje Had you met him before?
kratak odgovor Yes, I had. / No, I hadn't.

Skraćenica 'd postoji i od would — znaš je iz I'd like (A2 #17). Lako ih je razlikovati po sledećoj reči: posle had dolazi treći oblik (I'd finished), posle would — osnovni (I'd like). Kod samog glagola have Past Perfect glasi had had: We had had dinner, so we weren't hungry. To nije štamparska greška: prvi had je pomoćni, drugi je treći oblik od have.

Odrična rečenica i pitanje. Odrična rečenica — hadn't + treći oblik, bez ikakvog did: I hadn't seen him for years. Pitanje se gradi kao u Present Perfectu, samo umesto have stoji had: Had you eaten? Sa upitnom rečju had dolazi odmah posle nje: Why had she left so early? Where had they gone? U kratkom odgovoru treći oblik se ne ponavlja: Yes, I had, No, she hadn't.

Kada se koristi. Past Perfect uvek gleda unazad iz nekog trenutka u prošlosti. Taj trenutak — nazovimo ga tačkom priče — obično stoji u blizini, u Past Simpleu.

Prvi slučaj — jedan događaj se desio pre drugog: When I got to the station, the train had left. Prvo je otišao voz, pa sam onda stigao ja.

Drugi — uzrok onoga što se desilo posle: She couldn't get in because she had lost her keys. Ključeve je izgubila ranije, zato vrata nije mogla da otvori.

Treći — iskustvo do nekog trenutka u prošlosti: I had never seen the sea before that summer. To je isto što i Present Perfect o iskustvu (A2 #4), samo se ne računa od „sada“, nego od „tog leta“.

Odatle kratko pravilo: Present Perfect povezuje prošlost sa sadašnjošću, Past Perfect — dalju prošlost sa bližom.

Uporedi. Jedan oblik menja redosled događaja:

When I arrived, the train left. Stigao sam i voz je krenuo: video sam kako odlazi.
When I arrived, the train had left. Voz je otišao pre toga: više ga nisam zatekao.

Ako su događaji nabrojani redom kojim su se desili, Past Perfect nije potreban: I got up, had a shower and left the house. Redosled je i ovako jasan. Past Perfect treba tamo gde se priča vraća unazad.

already, just, never, ever, yet. Stoje na istom mestu kao u Present Perfectu (A2 #3, A2 #4): između had i trećeg oblika, a yet — na kraju rečenice.

The film had already started. Film je već počeo.
She had just left. Upravo je otišla.
I had never seen snow before. Nikad ranije nisam video sneg.
Had you ever been there before? Da li si ikad ranije bio tamo?
They hadn't finished yet. Još nisu završili.

Uz never i ever često se na kraj doda before: ono podseća da se ne računa od današnjeg dana, nego od trenutka u prošlosti.

„Prvi put“: It was the first time… Posle ovog izraza stoji Past Perfect: It was the first time I had flown. — „Tada sam prvi put leteo“. Isto tako posle superlativa sa ever: It was the best meal I had ever eaten. Na srpskom tu stoji običan perfekat („najbolje jelo koje sam ikad jeo“), a engleski računa iskustvo do tog trenutka — otuda Past Perfect. U sadašnjosti je šema ista, ali sa Present Perfectom: It's the first time I've been here. U razgovoru se može čuti i It was the first time I flew, ali normom se smatra Past Perfect.

Još primera:

By nine o'clock everyone had gone home. Do devet su svi već otišli kući.
I didn't recognise him — he had grown a beard. Nisam ga prepoznao: pustio je bradu.
We hadn't eaten all day, so we were very hungry. Ceo dan ništa nismo jeli.

Tako se ne kaže. ✗ Did you had seen it before? → ✓ Had you seen it before? Pitanje gradi sam had, i did je ovde suvišan.

Proveri se. Koji događaj je bio ranije: When we got home, the guests had left? Gde je had, a gde would: I'd finished, I'd like? Kako se kaže „Tada sam prvi put video more“?

prikaži odgovore
gosti su otišli pre nego što smo mi stigli; I'd finished je had (posle njega treći oblik), I'd like je would; It was the first time I had seen the sea.
Oglas

Greške govornika srpskog jezika

prilagođeno vašem jeziku
1

Jedno prošlo vreme umesto dva

When I arrived, the train left na engleskom znači da je voz otišao posle tvog dolaska. Za „voz je već otišao“ treba ✓ When I arrived, the train had already left. Srpski pluskvamperfekat („voz je bio otišao“) u govoru se retko koristi: kažemo „voz je već otišao“, i čini se da će already uraditi isto. Neće: redosled događaja u engleskom nosi oblik glagola.

2

„Davnoprošlo“ kao „davno“

✗ I had lived in Spain many years ago

✓ I lived in Spain many years ago

U srpskoj gramatici pluskvamperfekat se zove i davnoprošlo vreme, pa se Past Perfect lako shvati kao oblik za ono što je bilo davno. Ali starost događaja tu ne igra ulogu: Past Perfect treba samo kad postoji kasniji trenutak u prošlosti od kojeg se gleda unazad.

3

has umesto had

✗ When we arrived, the film has already started

✓ When we arrived, the film had already started

„Film je već počeo“ je srpski perfekat, a on se gradi kao has started — pomoćni glagol i particip (A2 #20). Ali has started gleda iz sadašnjosti; za korak unazad od trenutka u prošlosti treba had.

4

Drugi oblik posle had

✗ She had went home

✗ I had saw it

✓ She had gone home

I had seen it. Srpski za prošlost ima jedan oblik glagola („otišla“, „video“), pa se posle had stavi prvi naučeni oblik prošlosti — went, saw. Posle had i have stoji samo treći oblik.

5

already između glagola i objekta

✗ I had finished already the report

✓ I had already finished the report

Srpski red reči je slobodan, pa „već“ lako stane i iza glagola: „završio sam već izveštaj“. U engleskom already, just, never stoje između had i trećeg oblika; already može i na sam kraj rečenice, ali između glagola i objekta prilogu nema mesta.

Izgovor

4 min

had je u potvrdnoj rečenici nenaglašen: /həd/, a posle zamenice — samo /d/. I'd finished zvuči /aɪd ˈfɪnɪʃt/ — skoro kao I finished /aɪ ˈfɪnɪʃt/: glas /d/ ispred suglasnika jedva se čuje.

Zato se pri slušanju oslanjaj na glavni glagol kad je nepravilan: I'd gone naspram I went, she'd seen naspram she saw. Isti trik radi i sa Present Perfectom (A2 #20).

U odričnoj rečenici i u kratkom odgovoru had je naglašen i pun: I hadn't seen it /ˈhædnt/, Yes, I had /hæd/.

had had se izgovara bez zastoja: We'd had dinner /wiːd hæd ˈdɪnə/. Prvi had je slab i stapa se sa zamenicom, drugi je glavni glagol i zvuči puno.

Oglas

Tekst

5 min

Last spring I nearly missed my best friend's wedding. It was in a small village in Wales, and I had booked a train for Saturday morning. I had checked the timetable twice the night before, so I felt calm.

When I got to the station at ten past eight, the platform was empty. The train had already left. The company had changed the timetable a week earlier, but nobody had told me — the email had gone into my spam folder.

I phoned my friend. She didn't answer because she had switched off her phone for the day. In the end her brother picked me up and drove me to the village. We arrived at the church just as the music started. Most of the guests had already sat down, and my friend's mother was looking at the door nervously.

Later, at dinner, I told the story to the whole table. Everyone laughed, and this time I laughed too. It was the first time I had ever been late for a wedding — and I had never felt so stressed in my life.

Čitanje naglas

Vežbe

30 min

1. Popunjavanje.

  1. When I (get) to the station, the train (already / leave)
  2. She (can't) get in because she (lose) her keys
  3. I (never / see) the sea before that summer
  4. The police (arrive) at nine, but the thieves (escape) an hour earlier
  5. We (not / eat) all day, so we (be) very hungry
  6. I (not / recognise) him because he (grow) a beard
  7. When we (open) the door, we saw that somebody (break) the window
  8. you (meet) her before the party?
Prikaži odgovore
got / had already left; couldn't / had lost; had never seen; arrived / had escaped; hadn't eaten / were; didn't recognise / had grown; opened / had broken; Had / met

2. Pronalaženje greške.

  1. I had lived in Spain many years ago.
  2. She had went home before I arrived.
  3. I had finished already the report when she called.
  4. When we arrived, the film has already started.
  5. Did she had left when you arrived?
  6. Had you saw that film before?
Prikaži odgovore
I lived in Spain many years ago; She had gone home before I arrived / She went home before I arrived; I had already finished the report when she called / I had finished the report already when she called; When we arrived, the film had already started; Had she left when you arrived?; Had you seen that film before?

3. Spoji dve rečenice u jednu

  1. I lost my keys. + I couldn't get in. (because)
  2. She finished the report. + She went home. (after)
  3. The film started. + We arrived at the cinema. (when)
  4. I didn't sleep well. + I felt terrible all day. (because)
  5. He forgot his passport. + He missed the flight. (because)
Prikaži odgovore
I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys; She went home after she had finished the report / After she had finished the report, she went home; When we arrived at the cinema, the film had started / When we arrived at the cinema, the film had already started / The film had started when we arrived at the cinema; I felt terrible all day because I hadn't slept well; He missed the flight because he had forgotten his passport

4. Ubaci already, just, never, ever ili yet.

  1. When I called, she had left — bukvalno pre minut
  2. By ten o'clock I had finished all my work — ranije nego što sam mislio
  3. I had eaten sushi before that evening — nijednom
  4. Had you been to Wales before that trip?
  5. He hadn't finished his dinner when the taxi arrived
Prikaži odgovore
just; already; never; ever; yet

5. Pretvori u pitanje

  1. She had lost her keys. (what)
  2. They had left before midnight. (why)
  3. You had seen the sea before. (pitanje bez upitne reči)
  4. He had worked in a hotel for a year. (where)
  5. You had been to London before. (ever)
Prikaži odgovore
What had she lost?; Why had they left before midnight?; Had you seen the sea before?; Where had he worked for a year?; Had you ever been to London before?

6. Prepiši sa It was the first time…

  1. I had never flown before.
  2. She had never seen snow before.
  3. They had never been to Scotland before.
Prikaži odgovore
It was the first time I had flown / It was the first time I had ever flown; It was the first time she had seen snow / It was the first time she had ever seen snow; It was the first time they had been to Scotland / It was the first time they had ever been to Scotland

7. Odgovori punim rečenicama

— o sebi. Odgovori ispod su primer. 1) Had you ever been abroad before you were eighteen? 2) What had you done today before you sat down for this lesson? 3) Had you heard of this course before you started it?

Prikaži odgovore
Yes, I had. I had been to France with my parents / No, I hadn't. I first went abroad when I was twenty; I had made a cup of tea and answered my emails; No, I hadn't. A friend told me about it

8. Prevedi na engleski.

1) Kad smo stigli, prodavnica se već zatvorila. 2) Nisam je prepoznao: ošišala se. 3) Pre tog putovanja nikad nisam leteo avionom. 4) Nije mogao da plati jer je novčanik ostavio kod kuće. 5) Tada sam prvi put video sneg.

Prikaži odgovore
When we arrived, the shop had already closed; I didn't recognise her — she had cut her hair; I had never flown before that trip / I had never been on a plane before that trip; He couldn't pay because he had left his wallet at home; It was the first time I had seen snow
Oglas

Rezime

Obrađeno: Past Perfect u svim oblicima, tačka priče i korak unazad od nje, 'd kao had ili would, already, just, never, ever, yet uz Past Perfect, It was the first time I had…. Sledi lekcija 2: priča sa predistorijom.

Kraj osnove

Lekcija se računa kao završena kada se urade vežbe. Sve nakon ovoga je opciono.

Lekcija 74

opciono

Reči za špil

14 reči
  • wedding /ˈwedɪŋ/ venčanje
  • village /ˈvɪlɪdʒ/ selo
  • book /bʊk/ rezervisati
  • timetable /ˈtaɪmteɪbl/ red vožnje
  • platform /ˈplætfɔːm/ peron
  • switch off /ˌswɪtʃ ˈɒf/ isključiti
  • pick up /ˌpɪk ˈʌp/ pokupiti (kolima)
  • guest /ɡest/ gost
  • nervously /ˈnɜːvəsli/ nervozno
  • in the end /ɪn ði ˈend/ na kraju
  • the night before /ðə naɪt bɪˈfɔː/ prethodne večeri
  • recognise /ˈrekəɡnaɪz/ prepoznati
  • beard /bɪəd/ brada
  • escape /ɪˈskeɪp/ pobeći

Pisanje

Pet-šest rečenica o tome kako si negde zakasnio ili je nešto pošlo naopako. Bar dvaput Past Perfect, jednom It was the first time… ili never … before.

Primer

Last winter I missed an important exam. I had set two alarms, but my phone had switched itself off in the night. When I woke up, the exam had already started. I ran all the way to the university, but the teacher didn't let me in. It was the first time I had missed an exam, and I had never felt so stupid.

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