Gramática ~54 min do núcleo restante

Contar o que aconteceu antes de outra coisa

Após esta lição você poderá

Consigo mostrar que um fato do passado aconteceu antes de outro.

Iniciar a lição Núcleo 54 min · etapas: 6 · opcional: +2

Tempo declarado do núcleo. Dois blocos do núcleo não trazem número, então a lição real é mais longa que esta soma.

Gramática

15 min

No A2 você contava o passado com dois tempos: o Past Simple, o que aconteceu (A2 #1), e o Past Continuous, o que estava acontecendo naquele momento (A2 #2). Isso basta enquanto os fatos vêm em ordem. Mas uma história muitas vezes dá um passo atrás: “cheguei à estação — e o trem já tinha saído”. Para esse passo o inglês tem um tempo próprio, o Past Perfect, que corresponde ao nosso mais-que-perfeito composto (“tinha saído”).

Forma: had + terceira forma do verbo — a mesma do Present Perfect (A2 #3). had é igual para todas as pessoas e não tem terminações.

afirmação I had finished. → I'd finished.
negação She hadn't seen it. (hadn't = had not)
pergunta Had you met him before?
resposta curta Yes, I had. / No, I hadn't.

A contração 'd também pode vir de would — você a conhece de I'd like (A2 #17). É fácil distinguir pela palavra seguinte: depois de had vem a terceira forma (I'd finished), depois de would, a forma básica (I'd like). O próprio verbo have no Past Perfect fica had had: We had had dinner, so we weren't hungry. Não é erro de digitação: o primeiro had é o auxiliar, o segundo é a terceira forma de have.

Negação e pergunta. A negação é hadn't + terceira forma, sem nenhum did: I hadn't seen him for years. A pergunta se forma como no Present Perfect, só que no lugar de have vem had: Had you eaten? Com uma palavra interrogativa, had vem logo depois dela: Why had she left so early? Where had they gone? Na resposta curta a terceira forma não se repete: Yes, I had, No, she hadn't.

Quando se usa. O Past Perfect sempre olha para trás a partir de um momento do passado. Esse momento — vamos chamá-lo de ponto da história — costuma estar ao lado, no Past Simple.

Primeiro caso — um fato aconteceu antes de outro: When I got to the station, the train had left. Primeiro o trem saiu, depois eu cheguei.

Segundo — a causa do que veio depois: She couldn't get in because she had lost her keys. As chaves se perderam antes, por isso a porta não abriu.

Terceiro — a experiência até um momento do passado: I had never seen the sea before that summer. É o mesmo que o Present Perfect da experiência (A2 #4), só que a contagem não parte do “agora”, e sim “daquele verão”.

Daí uma regra curta: o Present Perfect liga o passado ao presente; o Past Perfect liga um passado anterior a um passado posterior.

Compare. Uma só forma muda a ordem dos fatos:

When I arrived, the train left. Cheguei, e o trem partiu: eu o vi sair.
When I arrived, the train had left. O trem tinha saído antes: já não o peguei.

Se os fatos são contados na mesma ordem em que aconteceram, o Past Perfect não é necessário: I got up, had a shower and left the house. A ordem já está clara. O mais-que-perfeito é necessário onde a história volta atrás.

already, just, never, ever, yet. Ficam no mesmo lugar que no Present Perfect (A2 #3, A2 #4): entre had e a terceira forma; yet, no final da frase.

The film had already started. O filme já tinha começado.
She had just left. Ela tinha acabado de sair.
I had never seen snow before. Eu nunca tinha visto neve antes.
Had you ever been there before? Você já tinha estado lá antes?
They hadn't finished yet. Eles ainda não tinham terminado.

A never e ever muitas vezes se acrescenta before no final: ele lembra que a contagem não parte de hoje, e sim de um momento do passado.

“Pela primeira vez”: It was the first time… Depois dessa expressão vem o Past Perfect: It was the first time I had flown. — “Foi a primeira vez que eu voei”. O mesmo depois de um superlativo com ever: It was the best meal I had ever eaten. Em português aqui vem o pretérito (“foi a primeira vez que voei”) ou o imperfeito (“era a primeira vez que eu voava”), mas o inglês conta a experiência até aquele momento — daí o mais-que-perfeito. No presente o esquema é o mesmo, mas com o Present Perfect: It's the first time I've been here. Na conversa também se ouve It was the first time I flew, mas a norma é o Past Perfect.

Mais exemplos:

By nine o'clock everyone had gone home. Às nove todo mundo já tinha ido para casa.
I didn't recognise him — he had grown a beard. Não o reconheci: ele tinha deixado a barba crescer.
We hadn't eaten all day, so we were very hungry. Não tínhamos comido nada o dia inteiro.

Assim não se diz. ✗ Did you had seen it before? → ✓ Had you seen it before? A pergunta é formada pelo próprio had, e o did aqui sobra.

Teste-se. O que aconteceu antes em When we got home, the guests had left? Onde é had e onde é would: I'd finished, I'd like? Como se diz “Foi a primeira vez que eu vi o mar”?

mostrar as respostas
os convidados foram embora antes de chegarmos; I'd finished é had (depois vem a terceira forma), I'd like é would; It was the first time I had seen the sea.
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Erros de quem fala português do Brasil

escrito para o seu idioma
1

O sujeito que some

✗ When I arrived, had already left

✓ When I arrived, she had already left

Em “quando cheguei, já tinha saído” o sujeito fica subentendido. Em inglês had é igual para todas as pessoas e não diz quem saiu: o sujeito é obrigatório.

2

Dupla negação com “nada”

“Não tínhamos comido nada o dia inteiro” → ✗ We hadn't eaten nothing all day → ✓ We hadn't eaten anything all day. O português pede as duas negações; o inglês aceita uma só (A2 #14). Com never, o mesmo: I had never seen the sea, sem hadn't.

3

“É a primeira vez que…” com o presente

“É a primeira vez que venho aqui” → ✗ It's the first time I come here → ✓ It's the first time I've been here. O português usa o presente; o inglês conta a experiência até agora, com o perfeito. No passado, um degrau atrás: “foi a primeira vez que voei” → It was the first time I had flown.

Pronúncia

4 min

had na afirmação é átono: /həd/, e depois de um pronome, só /d/. I'd finished soa /aɪd ˈfɪnɪʃt/ — quase como I finished /aɪ ˈfɪnɪʃt/: o som /d/ antes de consoante quase não se ouve.

Por isso, de ouvido, apoie-se no verbo principal quando ele é irregular: I'd gone e não I went, she'd seen e não she saw. O mesmo truque funciona com o perfeito (A2 #20).

Na negação e na resposta curta, had é tônico e completo: I hadn't seen it /ˈhædnt/, Yes, I had /hæd/.

had had se pronuncia sem tropeçar: We'd had dinner /wiːd hæd ˈdɪnə/. O primeiro had é fraco e se funde com o pronome; o segundo é o verbo principal e soa inteiro.

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Texto

5 min

Last spring I nearly missed my best friend's wedding. It was in a small village in Wales, and I had booked a train for Saturday morning. I had checked the timetable twice the night before, so I felt calm.

When I got to the station at ten past eight, the platform was empty. The train had already left. The company had changed the timetable a week earlier, but nobody had told me — the email had gone into my spam folder.

I phoned my friend. She didn't answer because she had switched off her phone for the day. In the end her brother picked me up and drove me to the village. We arrived at the church just as the music started. Most of the guests had already sat down, and my friend's mother was looking at the door nervously.

Later, at dinner, I told the story to the whole table. Everyone laughed, and this time I laughed too. It was the first time I had ever been late for a wedding — and I had never felt so stressed in my life.

Exercícios

30 min

1. Preenchimento de lacunas.

  1. When I (get) to the station, the train (already / leave)
  2. She (can't) get in because she (lose) her keys
  3. I (never / see) the sea before that summer
  4. The police (arrive) at nine, but the thieves (escape) an hour earlier
  5. We (not / eat) all day, so we (be) very hungry
  6. I (not / recognise) him because he (grow) a beard
  7. When we (open) the door, we saw that somebody (break) the window
  8. you (meet) her before the party?
Mostrar as respostas
got / had already left; couldn't / had lost; had never seen; arrived / had escaped; hadn't eaten / were; didn't recognise / had grown; opened / had broken; Had / met

2. Identificação de erros.

  1. I had lived in Spain many years ago.
  2. She had went home before I arrived.
  3. I had finished already the report when she called.
  4. When we arrived, the film has already started.
  5. Did she had left when you arrived?
  6. Had you saw that film before?
Mostrar as respostas
I lived in Spain many years ago; She had gone home before I arrived / She went home before I arrived; I had already finished the report when she called / I had finished the report already when she called; When we arrived, the film had already started; Had she left when you arrived?; Had you seen that film before?

3. Junte as duas frases numa só

  1. I lost my keys. + I couldn't get in. (because)
  2. She finished the report. + She went home. (after)
  3. The film started. + We arrived at the cinema. (when)
  4. I didn't sleep well. + I felt terrible all day. (because)
  5. He forgot his passport. + He missed the flight. (because)
Mostrar as respostas
I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys; She went home after she had finished the report / After she had finished the report, she went home; When we arrived at the cinema, the film had started / When we arrived at the cinema, the film had already started / The film had started when we arrived at the cinema; I felt terrible all day because I hadn't slept well; He missed the flight because he had forgotten his passport

4. Complete com already, just, never, ever ou yet.

  1. When I called, she had left — literalmente um minuto antes
  2. By ten o'clock I had finished all my work — antes do que eu pensava
  3. I had eaten sushi before that evening — nenhuma vez
  4. Had you been to Wales before that trip?
  5. He hadn't finished his dinner when the taxi arrived
Mostrar as respostas
just; already; never; ever; yet

5. Transforme em pergunta

  1. She had lost her keys. (what)
  2. They had left before midnight. (why)
  3. You had seen the sea before. (pergunta geral)
  4. He had worked in a hotel for a year. (where)
  5. You had been to London before. (ever)
Mostrar as respostas
What had she lost?; Why had they left before midnight?; Had you seen the sea before?; Where had he worked for a year?; Had you ever been to London before?

6. Reescreva com It was the first time…

  1. I had never flown before.
  2. She had never seen snow before.
  3. They had never been to Scotland before.
Mostrar as respostas
It was the first time I had flown / It was the first time I had ever flown; It was the first time she had seen snow / It was the first time she had ever seen snow; It was the first time they had been to Scotland / It was the first time they had ever been to Scotland

7. Responda com frases completas

— sobre você. As respostas abaixo são um modelo. 1) Had you ever been abroad before you were eighteen? 2) What had you done today before you sat down for this lesson? 3) Had you heard of this course before you started it?

Mostrar as respostas
Yes, I had. I had been to France with my parents / No, I hadn't. I first went abroad when I was twenty; I had made a cup of tea and answered my emails; No, I hadn't. A friend told me about it

8. Traduza para o inglês.

1) Quando chegamos, a loja já tinha fechado. 2) Não a reconheci: ela tinha cortado o cabelo. 3) Antes daquela viagem eu nunca tinha andado de avião. 4) Ele não conseguiu pagar porque tinha deixado a carteira em casa. 5) Foi a primeira vez que eu vi neve.

Mostrar as respostas
When we arrived, the shop had already closed; I didn't recognise her — she had cut her hair; I had never flown before that trip / I had never been on a plane before that trip; He couldn't pay because he had left his wallet at home; It was the first time I had seen snow
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Resumo

Visto nesta lição: o Past Perfect em todas as formas, o ponto da história e o passo atrás a partir dele, 'd como had ou como would, already, just, never, ever, yet com o Past Perfect, It was the first time I had…. A seguir — lição 2: uma história com antecedentes.

Fim do núcleo

A lição é concluída após os exercícios. Tudo depois disso é opcional.

Lição 74

opcional

Vocabulário para o deck

14 palavras
  • wedding /ˈwedɪŋ/ casamento (a festa)
  • village /ˈvɪlɪdʒ/ aldeia, vilarejo
  • book /bʊk/ reservar
  • timetable /ˈtaɪmteɪbl/ horário (de trens, ônibus)
  • platform /ˈplætfɔːm/ plataforma
  • switch off /ˌswɪtʃ ˈɒf/ desligar
  • pick up /ˌpɪk ˈʌp/ buscar (de carro)
  • guest /ɡest/ convidado, convidada
  • nervously /ˈnɜːvəsli/ nervosamente
  • in the end /ɪn ði ˈend/ no fim das contas
  • the night before /ðə naɪt bɪˈfɔː/ na noite anterior
  • recognise /ˈrekəɡnaɪz/ reconhecer
  • beard /bɪəd/ barba
  • escape /ɪˈskeɪp/ fugir, escapar

Escrita

Cinco ou seis frases sobre uma vez em que você se atrasou para algum lugar ou algo deu errado. Pelo menos duas vezes o Past Perfect, uma vez It was the first time… ou never … before.

Modelo

Last winter I missed an important exam. I had set two alarms, but my phone had switched itself off in the night. When I woke up, the exam had already started. I ran all the way to the university, but the teacher didn't let me in. It was the first time I had missed an exam, and I had never felt so stupid.

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