Gramatika liko ~54 min pagrindinės dalies

Papasakoti, kas buvo anksčiau už kitą įvykį

Po šios pamokos galėsite

Galiu parodyti, kad vienas praeities įvykis įvyko anksčiau už kitą.

Pradėti pamoką Pagrindinė dalis 54 min · žingsniai: 6 · neprivaloma: +2

Nurodytas pagrindinės dalies laikas. Dvi pagrindinės dalies blokai neturi laiko, todėl tikroji pamoka yra ilgesnė nei ši suma.

Gramatika

15 min

A2 lygyje apie praeitį pasakojote dviem laikais: Past Simple — kas įvyko (A2 #1), Past Continuous — kas tuo metu vyko (A2 #2). To užtenka, kol įvykiai eina iš eilės. Bet pasakojimas dažnai žengia žingsnį atgal: „atėjau į stotį — o traukinys jau buvo išvažiavęs“. Tokiam žingsniui anglų kalba turi atskirą laiką — Past Perfect, būtąjį atliktinį.

Forma: had + trečioji veiksmažodžio forma — ta pati, kaip Present Perfect (A2 #3). had visiems asmenims vienodas, galūnių nebūna.

teiginys I had finished. → I'd finished.
neiginys She hadn't seen it. (hadn't = had not)
klausimas Had you met him before?
trumpasis atsakymas Yes, I had. / No, I hadn't.

Sutrumpinimas 'd būna ir iš would — jį žinote iš I'd like (A2 #17). Atskirti juos lengva pagal kitą žodį: po had eina trečioji forma (I'd finished), po would — pradinė (I'd like). Paties veiksmažodžio have būtasis atliktinis atrodo kaip had had: We had had dinner, so we weren't hungry. Tai ne rašybos klaida: pirmasis had — pagalbinis, antrasis — have trečioji forma.

Neiginys ir klausimas. Neiginys — hadn't + trečioji forma, be jokio did: I hadn't seen him for years. Klausimas sudaromas taip pat, kaip Present Perfect, tik vietoj have stovi had: Had you eaten? Su klausiamuoju žodžiu had eina iškart po jo: Why had she left so early? Where had they gone? Trumpajame atsakyme trečioji forma nekartojama: Yes, I had, No, she hadn't.

Kada vartojamas. Past Perfect visada žvelgia atgal iš kurio nors praeities momento. Tas momentas — pavadinkime jį pasakojimo tašku — paprastai stovi šalia, Past Simple forma.

Pirmas atvejis — vienas įvykis įvyko anksčiau už kitą: When I got to the station, the train had left. Pirmiausia išvažiavo traukinys, paskui atėjau aš.

Antras — priežastis to, kas buvo paskui: She couldn't get in because she had lost her keys. Raktai buvo pamesti anksčiau, todėl durys neatsidarė.

Trečias — patirtis iki kurio nors praeities momento: I had never seen the sea before that summer. Tai tas pats, kas Present Perfect apie patirtį (A2 #4), tik atskaita eina ne nuo „dabar“, o nuo „tos vasaros“.

Iš čia trumpa taisyklė: Present Perfect sieja praeitį su dabartimi, Past Perfect — ankstesnę praeitį su vėlesne.

Palyginkite. Viena forma pakeičia įvykių tvarką:

When I arrived, the train left. Atėjau, ir traukinys pajudėjo: mačiau, kaip jis išvažiuoja.
When I arrived, the train had left. Traukinys išvažiavo anksčiau: jo jau neradau.

Jei įvykiai išvardyti ta tvarka, kuria įvyko, Past Perfect nereikia: I got up, had a shower and left the house. Tvarka ir taip aiški. Būtojo atliktinio reikia ten, kur pasakojimas grįžta atgal.

already, just, never, ever, yet. Jie stovi ten pat, kur Present Perfect (A2 #3, A2 #4): tarp had ir trečiosios formos, o yet — sakinio gale.

The film had already started. Filmas jau buvo prasidėjęs.
She had just left. Ji ką tik buvo išėjusi.
I had never seen snow before. Niekada anksčiau nebuvau matęs sniego.
Had you ever been there before? Ar kada nors anksčiau ten buvote?
They hadn't finished yet. Jie dar nebuvo baigę.

Prie never ir ever dažnai pridedamas before sakinio gale: jis primena, kad atskaita eina ne nuo šios dienos, o nuo momento praeityje.

„Pirmą kartą“: It was the first time… Po šio posakio dedamas Past Perfect: It was the first time I had flown. — „Tada skridau pirmą kartą“. Taip pat po aukščiausiojo laipsnio su ever: It was the best meal I had ever eaten. Lietuviškai čia paprastai sakomas būtasis kartinis laikas („skridau“, „valgiau“), o angliškai skaičiuojama patirtis iki to momento — todėl reikia būtojo atliktinio. Esamajame laike schema ta pati, tik su Present Perfect: It's the first time I've been here. Šnekamojoje kalboje galima išgirsti ir It was the first time I flew, bet norma laikomas Past Perfect.

Dar pavyzdžių:

By nine o'clock everyone had gone home. Iki devynių visi jau buvo išėję namo.
I didn't recognise him — he had grown a beard. Jo nepažinau: jis buvo užsiauginęs barzdą.
We hadn't eaten all day, so we were very hungry. Visą dieną nieko nebuvome valgę.

Taip nesakoma. ✗ Did you had seen it before? → ✓ Had you seen it before? Klausimą sudaro pats had, todėl did čia nereikalingas.

Pasitikrinkite. Kuris įvykis buvo anksčiau: When we got home, the guests had left? Kur had, o kur would: I'd finished, I'd like? Kaip pasakyti „Tada pirmą kartą pamačiau jūrą“?

rodyti atsakymus
svečiai išėjo anksčiau, nei mes grįžome; I'd finished — tai had (po jo trečioji forma), I'd like — would; It was the first time I had seen the sea.
Reklama

Lietuvių kalbos gimtakalbių klaidos

parašyta jūsų kalbai
1

Vienas būtasis laikas vietoj dviejų

When I arrived, the train left angliškai reiškia, kad traukinys išvažiavo jau po to, kai atėjote. Norint pasakyti „jau buvo išvažiavęs“, reikia ✓ When I arrived, the train had already left. Lietuvių kalba būtąjį atliktinį laiką turi, bet šnekamojoje kalboje dažnai pakanka žodelio „jau“: „kai atėjau, traukinys jau išvažiavo“. Todėl atrodo, kad tą patį padarys ir already. Nepadarys: įvykių tvarką angliškai laiko veiksmažodžio forma.

2

Past Perfect kaip „kadaise“

✗ I had lived in Spain many years ago

✓ I lived in Spain many years ago

Lietuviškai „prieš daug metų buvau gyvenęs Ispanijoje“ skamba natūraliai: būtasis atliktinis gali reikšti tiesiog seną, jau pasibaigusią praeitį. Angliškai senumas čia niekuo dėtas: Past Perfect reikia tik tada, kai yra vėlesnis momentas, iš kurio žvelgiama atgal.

3

Antroji forma po had

✗ She had went home

✗ I had saw it

✓ She had gone home

I had seen it. Ta pati klaida kaip su Present Perfect (A2 #3): būtojo laiko forma went atrodo tinkama praeičiai. Bet po had ir have stovi tik trečioji forma.

4

„Pirmą kartą“ su Past Simple

It was the first time I flew šnekamojoje kalboje pasitaiko, bet norma — ✓ It was the first time I had flown. Lietuviškai „tada skridau pirmą kartą“ — būtasis kartinis laikas, todėl jo ir norisi. Angliškai po It was the first time… skaičiuojama patirtis iki to momento.

Tarimas

4 min

had teiginyje nekirčiuotas: /həd/, o po įvardžio — tiesiog /d/. I'd finished skamba /aɪd ˈfɪnɪʃt/ — beveik kaip I finished /aɪ ˈfɪnɪʃt/: garsas /d/ prieš priebalsį beveik negirdimas.

Todėl iš klausos remkitės pagrindiniu veiksmažodžiu, kai jis netaisyklingasis: I'd gone prieš I went, she'd seen prieš she saw. Tas pats būdas tinka ir Perfect (A2 #20).

Neiginyje ir trumpajame atsakyme had kirčiuotas ir pilnas: I hadn't seen it /ˈhædnt/, Yes, I had /hæd/.

had had tariamas be stabtelėjimo: We'd had dinner /wiːd hæd ˈdɪnə/. Pirmasis had silpnas ir susilieja su įvardžiu, antrasis — pagrindinis veiksmažodis ir skamba visas.

Reklama

Tekstas

5 min

Last spring I nearly missed my best friend's wedding. It was in a small village in Wales, and I had booked a train for Saturday morning. I had checked the timetable twice the night before, so I felt calm.

When I got to the station at ten past eight, the platform was empty. The train had already left. The company had changed the timetable a week earlier, but nobody had told me — the email had gone into my spam folder.

I phoned my friend. She didn't answer because she had switched off her phone for the day. In the end her brother picked me up and drove me to the village. We arrived at the church just as the music started. Most of the guests had already sat down, and my friend's mother was looking at the door nervously.

Later, at dinner, I told the story to the whole table. Everyone laughed, and this time I laughed too. It was the first time I had ever been late for a wedding — and I had never felt so stressed in my life.

Skaitymas balsu

Pratimai

30 min

1. Įrašymas.

  1. When I (get) to the station, the train (already / leave)
  2. She (can't) get in because she (lose) her keys
  3. I (never / see) the sea before that summer
  4. The police (arrive) at nine, but the thieves (escape) an hour earlier
  5. We (not / eat) all day, so we (be) very hungry
  6. I (not / recognise) him because he (grow) a beard
  7. When we (open) the door, we saw that somebody (break) the window
  8. you (meet) her before the party?
Rodyti atsakymus
got / had already left; couldn't / had lost; had never seen; arrived / had escaped; hadn't eaten / were; didn't recognise / had grown; opened / had broken; Had / met

2. Raskite klaidą ir ištaisykite.

  1. I had lived in Spain many years ago.
  2. She had went home before I arrived.
  3. I had finished already the report when she called.
  4. When we arrived, the film has already started.
  5. Did she had left when you arrived?
  6. Had you saw that film before?
Rodyti atsakymus
I lived in Spain many years ago; She had gone home before I arrived / She went home before I arrived; I had already finished the report when she called / I had finished the report already when she called; When we arrived, the film had already started; Had she left when you arrived?; Had you seen that film before?

3. Sujunkite du sakinius į vieną

  1. I lost my keys. + I couldn't get in. (because)
  2. She finished the report. + She went home. (after)
  3. The film started. + We arrived at the cinema. (when)
  4. I didn't sleep well. + I felt terrible all day. (because)
  5. He forgot his passport. + He missed the flight. (because)
Rodyti atsakymus
I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys; She went home after she had finished the report / After she had finished the report, she went home; When we arrived at the cinema, the film had started / When we arrived at the cinema, the film had already started / The film had started when we arrived at the cinema; I felt terrible all day because I hadn't slept well; He missed the flight because he had forgotten his passport

4. Įrašykite already, just, never, ever arba yet.

  1. When I called, she had left — vos prieš minutę
  2. By ten o'clock I had finished all my work — anksčiau, nei maniau
  3. I had eaten sushi before that evening — nė karto
  4. Had you been to Wales before that trip?
  5. He hadn't finished his dinner when the taxi arrived
Rodyti atsakymus
just; already; never; ever; yet

5. Pertvarkykite į klausimą

  1. She had lost her keys. (what)
  2. They had left before midnight. (why)
  3. You had seen the sea before. (bendrasis klausimas)
  4. He had worked in a hotel for a year. (where)
  5. You had been to London before. (ever)
Rodyti atsakymus
What had she lost?; Why had they left before midnight?; Had you seen the sea before?; Where had he worked for a year?; Had you ever been to London before?

6. Perrašykite su It was the first time…

  1. I had never flown before.
  2. She had never seen snow before.
  3. They had never been to Scotland before.
Rodyti atsakymus
It was the first time I had flown / It was the first time I had ever flown; It was the first time she had seen snow / It was the first time she had ever seen snow; It was the first time they had been to Scotland / It was the first time they had ever been to Scotland

7. Atsakykite pilnais sakiniais

— apie save. Atsakymai žemiau — pavyzdys. 1) Had you ever been abroad before you were eighteen? 2) What had you done today before you sat down for this lesson? 3) Had you heard of this course before you started it?

Rodyti atsakymus
Yes, I had. I had been to France with my parents / No, I hadn't. I first went abroad when I was twenty; I had made a cup of tea and answered my emails; No, I hadn't. A friend told me about it

8. Išverskite į anglų kalbą.

1) Kai atvykome, parduotuvė jau buvo užsidariusi. 2) Jos nepažinau: ji buvo nusikirpusi plaukus. 3) Iki tos kelionės niekada nebuvau skridęs lėktuvu. 4) Jis negalėjo sumokėti, nes buvo palikęs piniginę namie. 5) Tada pirmą kartą mačiau sniegą.

Rodyti atsakymus
When we arrived, the shop had already closed; I didn't recognise her — she had cut her hair; I had never flown before that trip / I had never been on a plane before that trip; He couldn't pay because he had left his wallet at home; It was the first time I had seen snow
Reklama

Santrauka

Išmokta: Past Perfect visomis formomis, pasakojimo taškas ir žingsnis atgal nuo jo, 'd kaip had arba would, already, just, never, ever, yet su Past Perfect, It was the first time I had…. Toliau — 2 pamoka: pasakojimas su priešistore.

Pagrindinės dalies pabaiga

Pamoka laikoma baigta, kai atliekate pratimus. Viskas po to yra neprivaloma.

Pamoka 74

neprivaloma

Žodžiai kortelėms

14 žodžių
  • wedding /ˈwedɪŋ/ vestuvės
  • village /ˈvɪlɪdʒ/ kaimas
  • book /bʊk/ rezervuoti, užsakyti
  • timetable /ˈtaɪmteɪbl/ tvarkaraštis
  • platform /ˈplætfɔːm/ peronas
  • switch off /ˌswɪtʃ ˈɒf/ išjungti
  • pick up /ˌpɪk ˈʌp/ paimti (automobiliu)
  • guest /ɡest/ svečias
  • nervously /ˈnɜːvəsli/ nervingai
  • in the end /ɪn ði ˈend/ galų gale
  • the night before /ðə naɪt bɪˈfɔː/ išvakarėse vakare
  • recognise /ˈrekəɡnaɪz/ atpažinti
  • beard /bɪəd/ barzda
  • escape /ɪˈskeɪp/ pabėgti

Rašymas

Penki–šeši sakiniai apie atvejį, kai kur nors pavėlavote arba kas nors nepavyko. Bent du kartus — Past Perfect, vieną kartą — It was the first time… arba never … before.

Pavyzdys

Last winter I missed an important exam. I had set two alarms, but my phone had switched itself off in the night. When I woke up, the exam had already started. I ran all the way to the university, but the teacher didn't let me in. It was the first time I had missed an exam, and I had never felt so stupid.

Kontrolinis sąrašas

Juodraštis išsaugotas šiame įrenginyje
Reklama

Praktikuokite šią pamoką kituose skyriuose

Diktantasremiantis šia pamoka Užrašykite tai, ką girdite. Patikrinimas rodo kiekvieną skirtingą žodį ir kaip. Rašykite diktantą Skaitymas balsuremiantis šia pamoka Skaitykite pamokos tekstą balsu — kalbos atpažinimas paryškina žodžius, kurių neišgirdo. Skaitykite tekstą garsiai Skaitymas ir klausymasA1–C1 Įvairaus lygio tekstai su supratimo klausimais; transkripcija atsidaro atsakius. Išbandykite

Turite idėją funkcijai?

Siųsti idėją
Reklama
Reklama