Grammatik ~54 min af kernen tilbage

Fortælle, hvad der skete før noget andet

Efter denne lektion kan du

Jeg kan vise, at en begivenhed i fortiden skete før en anden.

Start lektionen Kerne 54 min · trin: 6 · valgfri: +2

Angivet kernemængde. To af kerneblokkene har ingen tid, så den reelle lektion er længere end summen.

Grammatik

15 min

På A2 fortalte du om fortiden med to tider: Past Simple — hvad der skete (lektion A2 #1), Past Continuous — hvad der foregik i det øjeblik (lektion A2 #2). Det rækker, så længe begivenhederne kommer i rækkefølge. Men en fortælling tager tit et skridt tilbage: »jeg kom til stationen — men toget var allerede kørt«. Til sådan et skridt har engelsk en særlig tid — Past Perfect, på dansk førdatid.

Formen: had + verbets tredje form — den samme som i Present Perfect (lektion A2 #3). had er ens i alle personer, ligesom dansk »havde«; endelser findes ikke.

bekræftende I had finished. → I'd finished.
nægtende She hadn't seen it. (hadn't = had not)
spørgsmål Had you met him before?
kort svar Yes, I had. / No, I hadn't.

Den korte form 'd kan også stå for would — du kender den fra I'd like (lektion A2 #17). De er lette at skelne på det næste ord: efter had kommer tredje form (I'd finished), efter would — grundformen (I'd like). Ved selve verbet have ser førdatid ud som had had: We had had dinner, so we weren't hungry. Det er ikke en trykfejl: det første had er hjælpeverbet, det andet er tredje form af have — som dansk »havde haft«.

Nægtelse og spørgsmål. Nægtelse — hadn't + tredje form, helt uden did: I hadn't seen him for years. Et spørgsmål bygges som i Present Perfect, bare med had i stedet for have: Had you eaten? Med et spørgeord kommer had lige efter det: Why had she left so early? Where had they gone? I et kort svar gentager man ikke tredje form: Yes, I had, No, she hadn't.

Hvornår bruges den. Past Perfect ser altid tilbage fra et bestemt tidspunkt i fortiden. Det tidspunkt — lad os kalde det fortællingens punkt — står som regel i nærheden, i Past Simple.

Første tilfælde — en begivenhed skete før en anden: When I got to the station, the train had left. Først kørte toget, så kom jeg.

Andet tilfælde — årsagen til det, der skete bagefter: She couldn't get in because she had lost her keys. Nøglerne var blevet væk tidligere, derfor kunne døren ikke åbnes.

Tredje tilfælde — erfaring frem til et tidspunkt i fortiden: I had never seen the sea before that summer. Det er det samme som Present Perfect om erfaring (lektion A2 #4), men man regner ikke frem til »nu«, men frem til »den sommer«.

Deraf en kort regel: Present Perfect forbinder fortiden med nutiden, Past Perfect — en tidligere fortid med en senere.

Sammenlign. Én form ændrer begivenhedernes rækkefølge:

When I arrived, the train left. Jeg kom, og toget kørte: jeg så det køre.
When I arrived, the train had left. Toget var kørt tidligere: jeg nåede det ikke.

Hvis begivenhederne bliver nævnt i den rækkefølge, de skete, er Past Perfect ikke nødvendig: I got up, had a shower and left the house. Rækkefølgen er klar i forvejen. Førdatid er nødvendig der, hvor fortællingen går tilbage.

already, just, never, ever, yet. De står samme sted som i Present Perfect (lektion A2 #3, A2 #4): mellem had og tredje form, og yet — sidst i sætningen.

The film had already started. Filmen var allerede begyndt.
She had just left. Hun var lige gået.
I had never seen snow before. Jeg havde aldrig set sne før.
Had you ever been there before? Havde du været der før?
They hadn't finished yet. De var ikke færdige endnu.

Til never og ever føjer man tit before til sidst: det minder om, at man ikke regner fra i dag, men fra et tidspunkt i fortiden.

»For første gang«: It was the first time… Efter denne vending står Past Perfect: It was the first time I had flown. — »Det var første gang, jeg fløj«. Det samme efter en superlativ med ever: It was the best meal I had ever eaten. På dansk står her almindelig datid (»første gang, jeg fløj«), men engelsk regner erfaringen frem til netop det øjeblik — deraf førdatid. I nutid er mønstret det samme, men med Present Perfect: It's the first time I've been here. I tale kan man også høre It was the first time I flew, men normen er Past Perfect.

Flere eksempler:

By nine o'clock everyone had gone home. Klokken ni var alle allerede gået hjem.
I didn't recognise him — he had grown a beard. Jeg genkendte ham ikke: han havde fået skæg.
We hadn't eaten all day, so we were very hungry. Vi havde ikke spist noget hele dagen.

Sådan siger man ikke. ✗ Did you had seen it before? → ✓ Had you seen it before? Spørgsmålet bygges af had selv, og did er overflødigt her.

Test dig selv. Hvilken begivenhed kom først: When we got home, the guests had left? Hvor er det had, og hvor er det would: I'd finished, I'd like? Hvordan siger man »Det var første gang, jeg så havet«?

vis svarene
gæsterne gik, før vi kom hjem; I'd finished er had (efter det kommer tredje form), I'd like er would; It was the first time I had seen the sea.
Annonce

Typiske fejl hos dansktalende

skrevet til dit sprog
1

»Var gået« ord for ord

✗ By nine o'clock everyone was gone home

✓ By nine o'clock everyone had gone home

På dansk danner »gå« og »komme« førdatid med »var«: »alle var gået hjem«. Engelsk bruger had ved alle verber — ligesom have i førnutid (lektion A2 #3).

2

Verbet foran subjektet efter When …

✗ When I got to the station, had the train already left.

✓ When I got to the station, the train had already left.

På dansk kommer verbet lige efter en ledsætning, der står først: »Da jeg kom til stationen, var toget allerede kørt«. På engelsk står subjektet først, også efter When …, og By nine o'clock (lektion A2 #2).

3

»Første gang, jeg så …«

It was the first time I saw the sea hører man også, men normen er ✓ It was the first time I had seen the sea. Den danske datid i »det var første gang, jeg så havet« følger let med over. Engelsk regner erfaringen frem til det øjeblik og vælger derfor Past Perfect; det samme i ✓ It was the best meal I had ever eaten.

Udtale

4 min

had i en bekræftende sætning er tryksvagt: /həd/, og efter et pronomen bare /d/. I'd finished lyder /aɪd ˈfɪnɪʃt/ — næsten som I finished /aɪ ˈfɪnɪʃt/: lyden /d/ foran en konsonant kan næsten ikke høres.

Når du lytter, så hold dig derfor til hovedverbet, når det er uregelmæssigt: I'd gone over for I went, she'd seen over for she saw. Det samme kneb virker med førnutid (lektion A2 #20).

I en nægtelse og i et kort svar er had betonet og fuldt: I hadn't seen it /ˈhædnt/, Yes, I had /hæd/.

had had udtales uden at gå i stå: We'd had dinner /wiːd hæd ˈdɪnə/. Det første had er svagt og smelter sammen med pronomenet, det andet er hovedverbet og lyder fuldt.

Annonce

Tekst

5 min

Last spring I nearly missed my best friend's wedding. It was in a small village in Wales, and I had booked a train for Saturday morning. I had checked the timetable twice the night before, so I felt calm.

When I got to the station at ten past eight, the platform was empty. The train had already left. The company had changed the timetable a week earlier, but nobody had told me — the email had gone into my spam folder.

I phoned my friend. She didn't answer because she had switched off her phone for the day. In the end her brother picked me up and drove me to the village. We arrived at the church just as the music started. Most of the guests had already sat down, and my friend's mother was looking at the door nervously.

Later, at dinner, I told the story to the whole table. Everyone laughed, and this time I laughed too. It was the first time I had ever been late for a wedding — and I had never felt so stressed in my life.

Læs højt

Øvelser

30 min

1. Udfyldning.

  1. When I (get) to the station, the train (already / leave)
  2. She (can't) get in because she (lose) her keys
  3. I (never / see) the sea before that summer
  4. The police (arrive) at nine, but the thieves (escape) an hour earlier
  5. We (not / eat) all day, so we (be) very hungry
  6. I (not / recognise) him because he (grow) a beard
  7. When we (open) the door, we saw that somebody (break) the window
  8. you (meet) her before the party?
Vis svarene
got / had already left; couldn't / had lost; had never seen; arrived / had escaped; hadn't eaten / were; didn't recognise / had grown; opened / had broken; Had / met

2. Fejlfinding.

  1. I had lived in Spain many years ago.
  2. She had went home before I arrived.
  3. I had finished already the report when she called.
  4. When we arrived, the film has already started.
  5. Did she had left when you arrived?
  6. Had you saw that film before?
Vis svarene
I lived in Spain many years ago; She had gone home before I arrived / She went home before I arrived; I had already finished the report when she called / I had finished the report already when she called; When we arrived, the film had already started; Had she left when you arrived?; Had you seen that film before?

3. Sæt to sætninger sammen til én

  1. I lost my keys. + I couldn't get in. (because)
  2. She finished the report. + She went home. (after)
  3. The film started. + We arrived at the cinema. (when)
  4. I didn't sleep well. + I felt terrible all day. (because)
  5. He forgot his passport. + He missed the flight. (because)
Vis svarene
I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys; She went home after she had finished the report / After she had finished the report, she went home; When we arrived at the cinema, the film had started / When we arrived at the cinema, the film had already started / The film had started when we arrived at the cinema; I felt terrible all day because I hadn't slept well; He missed the flight because he had forgotten his passport

4. Indsæt already, just, never, ever eller yet.

  1. When I called, she had left — bogstavelig talt for et minut siden
  2. By ten o'clock I had finished all my work — tidligere, end jeg havde regnet med
  3. I had eaten sushi before that evening — ikke en eneste gang
  4. Had you been to Wales before that trip?
  5. He hadn't finished his dinner when the taxi arrived
Vis svarene
just; already; never; ever; yet

5. Omskrivning.

  1. She had lost her keys. (what)
  2. They had left before midnight. (why)
  3. You had seen the sea before. (ja/nej-spørgsmål)
  4. He had worked in a hotel for a year. (where)
  5. You had been to London before. (ever)
Vis svarene
What had she lost?; Why had they left before midnight?; Had you seen the sea before?; Where had he worked for a year?; Had you ever been to London before?

6. Omskriv med It was the first time…

  1. I had never flown before.
  2. She had never seen snow before.
  3. They had never been to Scotland before.
Vis svarene
It was the first time I had flown / It was the first time I had ever flown; It was the first time she had seen snow / It was the first time she had ever seen snow; It was the first time they had been to Scotland / It was the first time they had ever been to Scotland

7. Svar med hele sætninger

— om dig selv. Svarene nedenfor er et eksempel. 1) Had you ever been abroad before you were eighteen? 2) What had you done today before you sat down for this lesson? 3) Had you heard of this course before you started it?

Vis svarene
Yes, I had. I had been to France with my parents / No, I hadn't. I first went abroad when I was twenty; I had made a cup of tea and answered my emails; No, I hadn't. A friend told me about it

8. Oversæt til engelsk.

1) Da vi kom frem, havde butikken allerede lukket. 2) Jeg genkendte hende ikke: hun havde fået klippet håret. 3) Før den rejse havde jeg aldrig fløjet. 4) Han kunne ikke betale, fordi han havde ladet sin pung ligge derhjemme. 5) Det var første gang, jeg så sne.

Vis svarene
When we arrived, the shop had already closed; I didn't recognise her — she had cut her hair; I had never flown before that trip / I had never been on a plane before that trip; He couldn't pay because he had left his wallet at home; It was the first time I had seen snow
Annonce

Opsummering

Gennemgået: Past Perfect i alle former, fortællingens punkt og skridtet tilbage fra det, 'd som had eller would, already, just, never, ever, yet med Past Perfect, It was the first time I had…. Næste: lektion 2 — en fortælling med forhistorie.

Kernen slut

Lektionen tælles som færdig, når øvelserne er udført. Alt efter dette er valgfrit.

Lektion 74

valgfri

Ordforråd til kortbunken

14 ord
  • wedding /ˈwedɪŋ/ bryllup
  • village /ˈvɪlɪdʒ/ landsby
  • book /bʊk/ bestille, booke
  • timetable /ˈtaɪmteɪbl/ køreplan
  • platform /ˈplætfɔːm/ perron
  • switch off /ˌswɪtʃ ˈɒf/ slukke
  • pick up /ˌpɪk ˈʌp/ hente (i bil)
  • guest /ɡest/ gæst
  • nervously /ˈnɜːvəsli/ nervøst
  • in the end /ɪn ði ˈend/ til sidst
  • the night before /ðə naɪt bɪˈfɔː/ aftenen før
  • recognise /ˈrekəɡnaɪz/ genkende
  • beard /bɪəd/ skæg
  • escape /ɪˈskeɪp/ flygte, slippe væk

Skrivning

Fem-seks sætninger om en gang, hvor du kom for sent et sted hen, eller noget gik galt. Mindst to gange Past Perfect, én gang It was the first time… eller never … before.

Eksempel

Last winter I missed an important exam. I had set two alarms, but my phone had switched itself off in the night. When I woke up, the exam had already started. I ran all the way to the university, but the teacher didn't let me in. It was the first time I had missed an exam, and I had never felt so stupid.

Tjekliste

Udkastet gemmes på denne enhed
Annonce

Øv denne lektion i de andre sektioner

Diktatbaseret på denne lektion Skriv ned, hvad du hører. Kontrollen viser hvert ord, der adskiller sig, og hvordan. Skriv diktat Læs højtbaseret på denne lektion Læs lektionsteksten højt — talegenkendelse fremhæver ord, den ikke opfangede. Læs teksten højt Læsning og lytningA1–C1 Tekster på alle niveauer med forståelsesspørgsmål; transskriptionen åbnes, når du har svaret. Prøv det

Har du en idé til en funktion?

Send idé
Annonce
Annonce