Grammatikk ~54 min av kjernen gjenstår

Fortelle hva som skjedde før noe annet

Etter denne leksjonen kan du

Jeg kan vise at én hendelse i fortiden skjedde før en annen.

Start leksjonen Kjerne 54 min · trinn: 6 · valgfritt: +2

Oppgitt kjernetid. To av kjerneblokkene har ingen tidsangivelse, så den reelle leksjonen er lengre enn summen.

Grammatikk

15 min

På A2 fortalte du om fortiden med to tider: Past Simple — hva som skjedde (A2 #1), Past Continuous — hva som foregikk i det øyeblikket (A2 #2). Det holder så lenge hendelsene kommer i rekkefølge. Men en fortelling tar ofte et skritt tilbake: «jeg kom til stasjonen — men toget hadde allerede gått». For et slikt skritt har engelsk en egen tid — Past Perfect, på norsk pluskvamperfektum.

Formen: had + verbets tredje form — den samme som i Present Perfect (A2 #3). had er lik for alle personer, akkurat som norsk «hadde»; endelser finnes ikke.

bekreftende I had finished. → I'd finished.
nektende She hadn't seen it. (hadn't = had not)
spørsmål Had you met him before?
kort svar Yes, I had. / No, I hadn't.

Den korte formen 'd kan også stå for would — du kjenner den fra I'd like (A2 #17). De er lette å skille på neste ord: etter had kommer tredje form (I'd finished), etter would — grunnformen (I'd like). Ved selve verbet have ser pluskvamperfektum ut som had had: We had had dinner, so we weren't hungry. Det er ikke en trykkfeil: den første had er hjelpeverbet, den andre er tredje form av have — som norsk «hadde hatt».

Nektelse og spørsmål. Nektelse — hadn't + tredje form, helt uten did: I hadn't seen him for years. Et spørsmål bygges som i Present Perfect, bare med had i stedet for have: Had you eaten? Med et spørreord kommer had rett etter det: Why had she left so early? Where had they gone? I et kort svar gjentar man ikke tredje form: Yes, I had, No, she hadn't.

Når brukes den. Past Perfect ser alltid tilbake fra et bestemt tidspunkt i fortiden. Dette tidspunktet — la oss kalle det fortellingens punkt — står som regel like ved, i Past Simple.

Første tilfelle — én hendelse skjedde før en annen: When I got to the station, the train had left. Først gikk toget, så kom jeg.

Andre tilfelle — årsaken til det som skjedde etterpå: She couldn't get in because she had lost her keys. Nøklene ble borte tidligere, derfor gikk ikke døra opp.

Tredje tilfelle — erfaring fram til et tidspunkt i fortiden: I had never seen the sea before that summer. Det er det samme som Present Perfect om erfaring (A2 #4), bare at man ikke regner fram til «nå», men fram til «den sommeren».

Derav en kort regel: Present Perfect forbinder fortiden med nåtiden, Past Perfect — en tidligere fortid med en senere.

Sammenlign. Én form endrer rekkefølgen på hendelsene:

When I arrived, the train left. Jeg kom, og toget kjørte: jeg så det kjøre.
When I arrived, the train had left. Toget hadde gått tidligere: jeg rakk det ikke.

Hvis hendelsene nevnes i den rekkefølgen de skjedde, trengs ikke Past Perfect: I got up, had a shower and left the house. Rekkefølgen er klar fra før. Pluskvamperfektum trengs der fortellingen går tilbake.

already, just, never, ever, yet. De står på samme plass som i Present Perfect (A2 #3, A2 #4): mellom had og tredje form, og yet — sist i setningen.

The film had already started. Filmen hadde allerede begynt.
She had just left. Hun hadde nettopp gått.
I had never seen snow before. Jeg hadde aldri sett snø før.
Had you ever been there before? Hadde du vært der før?
They hadn't finished yet. De var ikke ferdige ennå.

Til never og ever legger man ofte before til sist: det minner om at man ikke regner fra i dag, men fra et tidspunkt i fortiden.

«For første gang»: It was the first time… Etter denne vendingen står Past Perfect: It was the first time I had flown. — «Det var første gang jeg fløy». Det samme etter en superlativ med ever: It was the best meal I had ever eaten. På norsk står det her vanlig fortid («første gang jeg fløy»), men engelsk regner erfaringen fram til akkurat det øyeblikket — derav pluskvamperfektum. I nåtid er mønsteret det samme, men med Present Perfect: It's the first time I've been here. I tale kan man også høre It was the first time I flew, men normen er Past Perfect.

Flere eksempler:

By nine o'clock everyone had gone home. Klokka ni hadde alle allerede gått hjem.
I didn't recognise him — he had grown a beard. Jeg kjente ham ikke igjen: han hadde fått skjegg.
We hadn't eaten all day, so we were very hungry. Vi hadde ikke spist noe hele dagen.

Slik sier man ikke. ✗ Did you had seen it before? → ✓ Had you seen it before? Spørsmålet bygges av had selv, og did er overflødig her.

Test deg selv. Hvilken hendelse kom først: When we got home, the guests had left? Hvor er det had, og hvor er det would: I'd finished, I'd like? Hvordan sier man «Det var første gang jeg så havet»?

vis svarene
gjestene gikk før vi kom hjem; I'd finished er had (etter det kommer tredje form), I'd like er would; It was the first time I had seen the sea.
Annonse

Typiske feil hos norsktalende

skrevet for ditt språk
1

had foran subjektet etter When …

✗ When I got to the station, had the train already left.

✓ When I got to the station, the train had already left.

På norsk kommer verbet rett etter en leddsetning som står først: «Da jeg kom til stasjonen, hadde toget allerede gått». I Past Perfect er det nettopp had som havner feil. På engelsk står subjektet først også etter When …, og By nine o'clock — samme regel som i A2 #2.

2

«Første gang jeg så …»

It was the first time I saw the sea hører man også, men normen er ✓ It was the first time I had seen the sea. Norsk «det var første gang jeg så havet» har vanlig fortid, og den følger lett med. Engelsk regner erfaringen fram til det øyeblikket og velger derfor Past Perfect. I nåtid er det samme: «det er første gang jeg er her» blir ✗ It's the first time I'm here → ✓ It's the first time I've been here.

3

«Vært i» igjen

✗ Had you ever been in Wales before that trip? (om et besøk) → ✓ Had you ever been to Wales before that trip? Norsk «hadde du vært i Wales» drar med seg in. Handler det om et besøk, står det to etter been — i Past Perfect akkurat som i Present Perfect (A2 #4).

Uttale

4 min

had i en bekreftende setning er trykksvak: /həd/, og etter et pronomen bare /d/. I'd finished lyder /aɪd ˈfɪnɪʃt/ — nesten som I finished /aɪ ˈfɪnɪʃt/: lyden /d/ foran en konsonant høres nesten ikke.

Når du lytter, så hold deg derfor til hovedverbet når det er uregelmessig: I'd gone mot I went, she'd seen mot she saw. Det samme knepet virker med perfektum (A2 #20).

I nektelse og i kort svar er had trykksterk og uttales fullt: I hadn't seen it /ˈhædnt/, Yes, I had /hæd/.

had had uttales uten å stoppe opp: We'd had dinner /wiːd hæd ˈdɪnə/. Den første had er svak og smelter sammen med pronomenet, den andre er hovedverbet og høres fullt ut.

Annonse

Tekst

5 min

Last spring I nearly missed my best friend's wedding. It was in a small village in Wales, and I had booked a train for Saturday morning. I had checked the timetable twice the night before, so I felt calm.

When I got to the station at ten past eight, the platform was empty. The train had already left. The company had changed the timetable a week earlier, but nobody had told me — the email had gone into my spam folder.

I phoned my friend. She didn't answer because she had switched off her phone for the day. In the end her brother picked me up and drove me to the village. We arrived at the church just as the music started. Most of the guests had already sat down, and my friend's mother was looking at the door nervously.

Later, at dinner, I told the story to the whole table. Everyone laughed, and this time I laughed too. It was the first time I had ever been late for a wedding — and I had never felt so stressed in my life.

Høytlesing

Øvelser

30 min

1. Utfylling.

  1. When I (get) to the station, the train (already / leave)
  2. She (can't) get in because she (lose) her keys
  3. I (never / see) the sea before that summer
  4. The police (arrive) at nine, but the thieves (escape) an hour earlier
  5. We (not / eat) all day, so we (be) very hungry
  6. I (not / recognise) him because he (grow) a beard
  7. When we (open) the door, we saw that somebody (break) the window
  8. you (meet) her before the party?
Vis svarene
got / had already left; couldn't / had lost; had never seen; arrived / had escaped; hadn't eaten / were; didn't recognise / had grown; opened / had broken; Had / met

2. Feilretting.

  1. I had lived in Spain many years ago.
  2. She had went home before I arrived.
  3. I had finished already the report when she called.
  4. When we arrived, the film has already started.
  5. Did she had left when you arrived?
  6. Had you saw that film before?
Vis svarene
I lived in Spain many years ago; She had gone home before I arrived / She went home before I arrived; I had already finished the report when she called / I had finished the report already when she called; When we arrived, the film had already started; Had she left when you arrived?; Had you seen that film before?

3. Slå sammen to setninger til én

  1. I lost my keys. + I couldn't get in. (because)
  2. She finished the report. + She went home. (after)
  3. The film started. + We arrived at the cinema. (when)
  4. I didn't sleep well. + I felt terrible all day. (because)
  5. He forgot his passport. + He missed the flight. (because)
Vis svarene
I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys; She went home after she had finished the report / After she had finished the report, she went home; When we arrived at the cinema, the film had started / When we arrived at the cinema, the film had already started / The film had started when we arrived at the cinema; I felt terrible all day because I hadn't slept well; He missed the flight because he had forgotten his passport

4. Sett inn already, just, never, ever eller yet.

  1. When I called, she had left — bokstavelig talt for et minutt siden
  2. By ten o'clock I had finished all my work — tidligere enn jeg hadde trodd
  3. I had eaten sushi before that evening — ikke en eneste gang
  4. Had you been to Wales before that trip?
  5. He hadn't finished his dinner when the taxi arrived
Vis svarene
just; already; never; ever; yet

5. Omforming.

  1. She had lost her keys. (what)
  2. They had left before midnight. (why)
  3. You had seen the sea before. (ja/nei-spørsmål)
  4. He had worked in a hotel for a year. (where)
  5. You had been to London before. (ever)
Vis svarene
What had she lost?; Why had they left before midnight?; Had you seen the sea before?; Where had he worked for a year?; Had you ever been to London before?

6. Skriv om med It was the first time…

  1. I had never flown before.
  2. She had never seen snow before.
  3. They had never been to Scotland before.
Vis svarene
It was the first time I had flown / It was the first time I had ever flown; It was the first time she had seen snow / It was the first time she had ever seen snow; It was the first time they had been to Scotland / It was the first time they had ever been to Scotland

7. Svar med hele setninger

— om deg selv. Svarene nedenfor er et eksempel. 1) Had you ever been abroad before you were eighteen? 2) What had you done today before you sat down for this lesson? 3) Had you heard of this course before you started it?

Vis svarene
Yes, I had. I had been to France with my parents / No, I hadn't. I first went abroad when I was twenty; I had made a cup of tea and answered my emails; No, I hadn't. A friend told me about it

8. Oversett til engelsk.

1) Da vi kom fram, hadde butikken allerede stengt. 2) Jeg kjente henne ikke igjen: hun hadde klipt håret. 3) Før den reisen hadde jeg aldri fløyet. 4) Han kunne ikke betale, fordi han hadde latt lommeboka ligge hjemme. 5) Det var første gang jeg så snø.

Vis svarene
When we arrived, the shop had already closed; I didn't recognise her — she had cut her hair; I had never flown before that trip / I had never been on a plane before that trip; He couldn't pay because he had left his wallet at home; It was the first time I had seen snow
Annonse

Oppsummering

Gjennomgått: Past Perfect i alle former, fortellingens punkt og skrittet tilbake fra det, 'd som had eller would, already, just, never, ever, yet med Past Perfect, It was the first time I had…. Neste: leksjon 2 — en fortelling med forhistorie.

Slutt på kjernen

Leksjonen regnes som fullført når øvelsene er gjort. Alt etter dette er valgfritt.

Leksjon 74

valgfritt

Ord til kortstokken

14 ord
  • wedding /ˈwedɪŋ/ bryllup
  • village /ˈvɪlɪdʒ/ landsby, bygd
  • book /bʊk/ bestille
  • timetable /ˈtaɪmteɪbl/ rutetabell
  • platform /ˈplætfɔːm/ plattform, spor
  • switch off /ˌswɪtʃ ˈɒf/ slå av
  • pick up /ˌpɪk ˈʌp/ hente (med bil)
  • guest /ɡest/ gjest
  • nervously /ˈnɜːvəsli/ nervøst
  • in the end /ɪn ði ˈend/ til slutt
  • the night before /ðə naɪt bɪˈfɔː/ kvelden før
  • recognise /ˈrekəɡnaɪz/ kjenne igjen
  • beard /bɪəd/ skjegg
  • escape /ɪˈskeɪp/ rømme, slippe unna

Skriving

Fem–seks setninger om en gang da du kom for sent et sted, eller noe gikk galt. Minst to ganger Past Perfect, én gang It was the first time… eller never … before.

Eksempel

Last winter I missed an important exam. I had set two alarms, but my phone had switched itself off in the night. When I woke up, the exam had already started. I ran all the way to the university, but the teacher didn't let me in. It was the first time I had missed an exam, and I had never felt so stupid.

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