Grammatika ~54 min tuumikust jäänud

Jutustada, mis juhtus enne midagi muud

Pärast seda õppetundi oskad

Oskan näidata, et üks mineviku sündmus juhtus varem kui teine.

Alusta tundi Tuum 54 min · sammud: 6 · valikuline: +2

Väljakuulutatud tuuma aeg. Kaks tuumaplokki ei sisalda aega, seega on tegelik õppetund sellest summast pikem.

Grammatika

15 min

A2 tasemel jutustasid minevikust kahe ajavormiga: Past Simple — mis juhtus (A2 #1), Past Continuous — mis sel hetkel parajasti toimus (A2 #2). Sellest piisab, kuni sündmused lähevad järjest. Aga jutustus astub tihti sammu tagasi: „jõudsin jaama — aga rong oli juba läinud“. Sellise sammu jaoks on inglise keeles eraldi ajavorm — Past Perfect, eesti keeles enneminevik.

Vorm: had + verbi kolmas vorm — seesama, mis Present Perfectis (A2 #3). had on kõigis isikutes ühesugune, lõppe ei ole.

jaatus I had finished. → I'd finished.
eitus She hadn't seen it. (hadn't = had not)
küsimus Had you met him before?
lühivastus Yes, I had. / No, I hadn't.

Lühend 'd võib tulla ka sõnast would — see on sulle tuttav väljendist I'd like (A2 #17). Neid on lihtne eristada järgmise sõna järgi: had-i järel on kolmas vorm (I'd finished), would-i järel algvorm (I'd like). Verbil have endal näeb enneminevik välja nii: had had: We had had dinner, so we weren't hungry. See ei ole trükiviga: esimene had on abiverb, teine — have-i kolmas vorm.

Eitus ja küsimus. Eitus — hadn't + kolmas vorm, ilma mingi did-ita: I hadn't seen him for years. Küsimus moodustatakse samamoodi nagu Present Perfectis, ainult have-i asemel on had: Had you eaten? Küsisõnaga küsimuses tuleb had kohe küsisõna järele: Why had she left so early? Where had they gone? Lühivastuses kolmandat vormi ei korrata: Yes, I had, No, she hadn't.

Millal kasutatakse. Past Perfect vaatab alati tagasi mingist mineviku hetkest. See hetk — nimetame seda jutustuse punktiks — seisab tavaliselt kõrval Past Simple'is.

Esimene juhtum — üks sündmus juhtus enne teist: When I got to the station, the train had left. Kõigepealt läks rong, siis jõudsin mina.

Teine — põhjus sellele, mis juhtus hiljem: She couldn't get in because she had lost her keys. Võtmed läksid kaotsi varem, seepärast uks ei avanenud.

Kolmas — kogemus kuni mingi mineviku hetkeni: I had never seen the sea before that summer. See on sama mis Present Perfect kogemuse kohta (A2 #4), ainult arvestus ei käi „praegusest“, vaid „sellest suvest“.

Siit lühike reegel: Present Perfect seob mineviku olevikuga, Past Perfect — varasema mineviku hilisemaga.

Võrdle. Üks vorm muudab sündmuste järjekorda:

When I arrived, the train left. Ma jõudsin kohale ja rong hakkas minema: nägin, kuidas ta lahkus.
When I arrived, the train had left. Rong läks varem: ma ei jõudnud sellele enam.

Kui sündmused on loetletud selles järjekorras, nagu need juhtusid, pole Past Perfecti vaja: I got up, had a shower and left the house. Järjekord on niigi selge. Enneminevikku on vaja seal, kus jutustus pöördub tagasi.

already, just, never, ever, yet. Need seisavad samas kohas nagu Present Perfectis (A2 #3, A2 #4): had-i ja kolmanda vormi vahel, yet aga lause lõpus.

The film had already started. Film oli juba alanud.
She had just left. Ta oli just lahkunud.
I had never seen snow before. Ma polnud kunagi varem lund näinud.
Had you ever been there before? Kas sa olid seal varem käinud?
They hadn't finished yet. Nad polnud veel lõpetanud.

never ja ever juurde lisatakse sageli lause lõppu before: see tuletab meelde, et arvestus ei käi tänasest päevast, vaid mingist mineviku hetkest.

„Esimest korda“: It was the first time… Selle väljendi järel on Past Perfect: It was the first time I had flown. — „Lendasin tookord esimest korda“. Samuti ülivõrde järel koos ever-iga: It was the best meal I had ever eaten. Eesti keeles on siin lihtminevik, inglise keel aga arvestab kogemust kuni selle hetkeni — sellest ka enneminevik. Olevikus on skeem sama, kuid Present Perfectiga: It's the first time I've been here. Kõnes võib kuulda ka It was the first time I flew, aga normiks peetakse Past Perfecti.

Veel näiteid:

By nine o'clock everyone had gone home. Kella üheksaks olid kõik juba koju läinud.
I didn't recognise him — he had grown a beard. Ma ei tundnud teda ära: ta oli habeme kasvatanud.
We hadn't eaten all day, so we were very hungry. Me polnud terve päeva midagi söönud.

Nii ei öelda. ✗ Did you had seen it before? → ✓ Had you seen it before? Küsimuse moodustab had ise ja did on siin üleliigne.

Kontrolli ennast. Milline sündmus oli varem: When we got home, the guests had left? Kus on had, kus would: I'd finished, I'd like? Kuidas öelda „Nägin tookord esimest korda merd“?

näita vastuseid
külalised lahkusid enne, kui me koju jõudsime; I'd finished — see on had (järel on kolmas vorm), I'd like — would; It was the first time I had seen the sea.
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Eesti keele kõneleja vead

kirjutatud sinu keele jaoks
1

was had-i asemel

✗ She was lost her keys

✓ She had lost her keys

Eesti enneminevik moodustatakse verbiga „olema“: „ta oli võtmed kaotanud“, „ma olin lõpetanud“. Inglise keeles on abiverb alati had — sama lõks nagu Present Perfectiga (A2 #3).

2

Sõnajärg küsisõnaga küsimuses

✗ Where they had gone?

✓ Where had they gone?

Eesti „Kuhu nad olid läinud?“ jätab aluse verbi ette. Inglise keeles tuleb had kohe küsisõna järele — sama reegel nagu A1 #21-s: Where is the bank?

3

„Esimest korda“ olevikus

✗ It's the first time I am here

✓ It's the first time I've been here

Eesti „olen siin esimest korda“ on olevikus, inglise keel aga arvestab kogemust kuni praeguseni ja paneb perfekti. Minevikus samamoodi: eesti „lendasin tookord esimest korda“ on lihtminevikus, inglise normis aga It was the first time I had flown.

Hääldus

4 min

had on jaatuses rõhutu: /həd/, asesõna järel aga lihtsalt /d/. I'd finished kõlab /aɪd ˈfɪnɪʃt/ — peaaegu nagu I finished /aɪ ˈfɪnɪʃt/: heli /d/ on kaashääliku ees vaevu kuulda.

Seepärast toetu kuulates põhiverbile, kui see on ebareeglipärane: I'd gone versus I went, she'd seen versus she saw. Sama võte töötab perfektiga (A2 #20).

Eituses ja lühivastuses on had rõhuline ja täielik: I hadn't seen it /ˈhædnt/, Yes, I had /hæd/.

had had hääldatakse takerdumata: We'd had dinner /wiːd hæd ˈdɪnə/. Esimene had on nõrk ja sulandub asesõnaga, teine on põhiverb ja kõlab täielikult.

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Tekst

5 min

Last spring I nearly missed my best friend's wedding. It was in a small village in Wales, and I had booked a train for Saturday morning. I had checked the timetable twice the night before, so I felt calm.

When I got to the station at ten past eight, the platform was empty. The train had already left. The company had changed the timetable a week earlier, but nobody had told me — the email had gone into my spam folder.

I phoned my friend. She didn't answer because she had switched off her phone for the day. In the end her brother picked me up and drove me to the village. We arrived at the church just as the music started. Most of the guests had already sat down, and my friend's mother was looking at the door nervously.

Later, at dinner, I told the story to the whole table. Everyone laughed, and this time I laughed too. It was the first time I had ever been late for a wedding — and I had never felt so stressed in my life.

Valjusti lugemine

Harjutused

30 min

1. Lünkharjutus.

  1. When I (get) to the station, the train (already / leave)
  2. She (can't) get in because she (lose) her keys
  3. I (never / see) the sea before that summer
  4. The police (arrive) at nine, but the thieves (escape) an hour earlier
  5. We (not / eat) all day, so we (be) very hungry
  6. I (not / recognise) him because he (grow) a beard
  7. When we (open) the door, we saw that somebody (break) the window
  8. you (meet) her before the party?
Näita vastuseid
got / had already left; couldn't / had lost; had never seen; arrived / had escaped; hadn't eaten / were; didn't recognise / had grown; opened / had broken; Had / met

2. Vea leidmine.

  1. I had lived in Spain many years ago.
  2. She had went home before I arrived.
  3. I had finished already the report when she called.
  4. When we arrived, the film has already started.
  5. Did she had left when you arrived?
  6. Had you saw that film before?
Näita vastuseid
I lived in Spain many years ago; She had gone home before I arrived / She went home before I arrived; I had already finished the report when she called / I had finished the report already when she called; When we arrived, the film had already started; Had she left when you arrived?; Had you seen that film before?

3. Ühenda kaks lauset üheks

  1. I lost my keys. + I couldn't get in. (because)
  2. She finished the report. + She went home. (after)
  3. The film started. + We arrived at the cinema. (when)
  4. I didn't sleep well. + I felt terrible all day. (because)
  5. He forgot his passport. + He missed the flight. (because)
Näita vastuseid
I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys; She went home after she had finished the report / After she had finished the report, she went home; When we arrived at the cinema, the film had started / When we arrived at the cinema, the film had already started / The film had started when we arrived at the cinema; I felt terrible all day because I hadn't slept well; He missed the flight because he had forgotten his passport

4. Pane lünka already, just, never, ever või yet.

  1. When I called, she had left — sõna otseses mõttes minut tagasi
  2. By ten o'clock I had finished all my work — varem, kui arvasin
  3. I had eaten sushi before that evening — mitte kordagi
  4. Had you been to Wales before that trip?
  5. He hadn't finished his dinner when the taxi arrived
Näita vastuseid
just; already; never; ever; yet

5. Teisenda küsimuseks

  1. She had lost her keys. (what)
  2. They had left before midnight. (why)
  3. You had seen the sea before. (üldküsimus)
  4. He had worked in a hotel for a year. (where)
  5. You had been to London before. (ever)
Näita vastuseid
What had she lost?; Why had they left before midnight?; Had you seen the sea before?; Where had he worked for a year?; Had you ever been to London before?

6. Kirjuta ümber väljendiga It was the first time…

  1. I had never flown before.
  2. She had never seen snow before.
  3. They had never been to Scotland before.
Näita vastuseid
It was the first time I had flown / It was the first time I had ever flown; It was the first time she had seen snow / It was the first time she had ever seen snow; It was the first time they had been to Scotland / It was the first time they had ever been to Scotland

7. Vasta täislausetega

— enda kohta. Allolevad vastused on näidis. 1) Had you ever been abroad before you were eighteen? 2) What had you done today before you sat down for this lesson? 3) Had you heard of this course before you started it?

Näita vastuseid
Yes, I had. I had been to France with my parents / No, I hadn't. I first went abroad when I was twenty; I had made a cup of tea and answered my emails; No, I hadn't. A friend told me about it

8. Tõlgi inglise keelde.

1) Kui me kohale jõudsime, oli pood juba sulgenud. 2) Ma ei tundnud teda ära: ta oli juukseid lõiganud. 3) Enne seda reisi polnud ma kunagi lennukiga lennanud. 4) Ta ei saanud maksta, sest oli rahakoti koju jätnud. 5) Nägin tookord esimest korda lund.

Näita vastuseid
When we arrived, the shop had already closed; I didn't recognise her — she had cut her hair; I had never flown before that trip / I had never been on a plane before that trip; He couldn't pay because he had left his wallet at home; It was the first time I had seen snow
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Kokkuvõte

Selles tunnis läbitud: Past Perfect kõigis vormides, jutustuse punkt ja samm sellest tagasi, 'd kui had või would, already, just, never, ever, yet koos Past Perfectiga, It was the first time I had…. Edasi — 2. tund: jutustus eellooga.

Tuumiku lõpp

Tund loetakse tehtuks, kui harjutused on sooritatud. Kõik pärast seda on valikuline.

Tund 74

valikuline

Sõnavara kaardipakki

14 sõna
  • wedding /ˈwedɪŋ/ pulm
  • village /ˈvɪlɪdʒ/ küla
  • book /bʊk/ broneerima
  • timetable /ˈtaɪmteɪbl/ sõiduplaan
  • platform /ˈplætfɔːm/ perroon
  • switch off /ˌswɪtʃ ˈɒf/ välja lülitama
  • pick up /ˌpɪk ˈʌp/ järele tulema (autoga)
  • guest /ɡest/ külaline
  • nervously /ˈnɜːvəsli/ närviliselt
  • in the end /ɪn ði ˈend/ lõpuks, viimaks
  • the night before /ðə naɪt bɪˈfɔː/ eelmisel õhtul
  • recognise /ˈrekəɡnaɪz/ ära tundma
  • beard /bɪəd/ habe
  • escape /ɪˈskeɪp/ põgenema

Kirjutamine

Viis-kuus lauset juhtumist, kui jäid kuhugi hiljaks või midagi läks valesti. Vähemalt kaks korda Past Perfect, üks kord — It was the first time… või never … before.

Näidis

Last winter I missed an important exam. I had set two alarms, but my phone had switched itself off in the night. When I woke up, the exam had already started. I ran all the way to the university, but the teacher didn't let me in. It was the first time I had missed an exam, and I had never felt so stupid.

Kontroll-loend

Mustand salvestatakse selles seadmes
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Harjuta seda õppetundi teistes osades

Diktaatselle tunni põhjal Kirjuta üles see, mida kuuled. Kontroll näitab iga erinevat sõna ja kuidas. Kirjuta diktaat Valjusti lugemineselle tunni põhjal Loe tunni tekst valjusti — kõnetuvastus märgib sõnad, mida ei tuvastanud. Loe tekst ette Lugemine ja kuulamineA1–C1 Tekstid igal tasemel koos mõistmisküsimustega; transkript avaneb pärast vastamist. Proovi

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