文法 コアの残り ~54分

ほかの出来事より前に起きたことを話す

このレッスンでできるようになること

過去のある出来事が、ほかの出来事より前に起きたことを示すことができる。

レッスンを始める コア 54分 · 手順: 6 · 任意: +2

表示されているコア時間。2つのコアブロックに時間表示がないため、実際のレッスンは合計より長くなります。

文法

15分

A2では、過去のことを2つの時制で話しました:何が起きたかは過去形(A2の第1課)、その時に何が起きていたかは過去進行形(A2の第2課)です。出来事が順番どおりに進むあいだは、これで足ります。でも話はよく一歩うしろに戻ります:「駅に着いた — でも電車はもう出ていた」。この一歩のために、英語には専用の時制があります — 過去完了形(Past Perfect)です。

形:had + 動詞の過去分詞 — 現在完了形(A2の第3課)と同じ過去分詞です。 had はどの人称でも同じで、語尾は付きません。

肯定文 I had finished. → I'd finished.
否定文 She hadn't seen it. (hadn't = had not)
疑問文 Had you met him before?
短い答え Yes, I had. / No, I hadn't.

短縮形 'd は would のこともあります — I'd like(A2の第17課)で知っていますね。見分けるのは簡単で、次の語を見ます:had のあとは過去分詞(I'd finished)、would のあとは動詞の原形(I'd like)です。動詞 have そのものの過去完了形は had had になります: We had had dinner, so we weren't hungry. 書き間違いではありません。1つ目の had は助動詞、 2つ目は have の過去分詞です。

否定文と疑問文。 否定は hadn't + 過去分詞で、did はまったく使いません: I hadn't seen him for years. 疑問文は現在完了形と同じ作り方で、have の代わりに had を置きます:Had you eaten? 疑問詞があるときは、had はそのすぐあとに来ます: Why had she left so early? Where had they gone? 短い答えでは過去分詞をくり返しません: Yes, I had、No, she hadn't。

いつ使うか。 過去完了形は、いつも過去のある時点からうしろを振り返ります。この時点を話の基準点と呼びましょう。基準点はふつう、すぐそばに過去形で置かれています。

1つ目 — ある出来事がほかの出来事より前に起きた: When I got to the station, the train had left. 先に電車が出て、そのあと私が着きました。

2つ目 — そのあとに起きたことの原因: She couldn't get in because she had lost her keys. 鍵はその前になくなっていたので、ドアが開けられませんでした。

3つ目 — 過去のある時点までの経験: I had never seen the sea before that summer. これは経験を表す現在完了形(A2の第4課)と同じですが、基準が「今」ではなく「その夏」にあります。

ここから短い規則が出てきます:現在完了形は過去と現在をつなぎ、過去完了形はより前の過去とあとの過去をつなぎます。

比べてみましょう。 1つの形で出来事の順番が変わります:

When I arrived, the train left. 私が着くと、電車が動き出した:出ていくのを見た。
When I arrived, the train had left. 電車はその前に出ていた:もう間に合わなかった。

出来事を起きた順に並べるなら、過去完了形はいりません: I got up, had a shower and left the house. 順番はそれだけでわかります。過去完了形が必要なのは、話がうしろに戻るところです。

already、just、never、ever、yet。 置く場所は現在完了形(A2の第3課、第4課)と同じです:had と過去分詞のあいだ。yet だけは文末です。

The film had already started. 映画はもう始まっていた。
She had just left. 彼女はちょうど出たところだった。
I had never seen snow before. 私はそれまで一度も雪を見たことがなかった。
Had you ever been there before? それまでにそこへ行ったことがありましたか。
They hadn't finished yet. 彼らはまだ終わっていなかった。

never と ever には、よく文末に before を添えます。基準が今日ではなく、過去のある時点だということを示してくれます。

「初めて」:It was the first time… この言い方のあとには過去完了形を置きます: It was the first time I had flown. —「私はそのとき初めて飛行機に乗った」。最上級と ever のあとも同じです:It was the best meal I had ever eaten. 日本語ではここをふつうの「〜た」で言いますが、英語はその時点までの経験を数えるので、過去完了形になります。現在なら同じ形で現在完了形を使います:It's the first time I've been here. 会話では It was the first time I flew も耳にしますが、標準は過去完了形です。

ほかの例:

By nine o'clock everyone had gone home. 9時までに、みんなもう家に帰っていた。
I didn't recognise him — he had grown a beard. 彼だとわからなかった:ひげを生やしていたのだ。
We hadn't eaten all day, so we were very hungry. 私たちは一日じゅう何も食べていなかった。

こうは言いません。 ✗ Did you had seen it before? → ✓ Had you seen it before? 疑問文は had 自身が作るので、did はいりません。

確かめてみましょう。 When we got home, the guests had left では、どちらの出来事が先ですか。I'd finished と I'd like では、どちらが had で、どちらが would ですか。「私はそのとき初めて海を見た」は英語でどう言いますか。

解答を表示
客が帰ったのが先で、私たちが帰ってきたのはそのあと; I'd finished は had(あとに過去分詞)、I'd like は would; It was the first time I had seen the sea.
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日本語話者の誤り

あなたの言語向けに作成
1

過去形1つで済ませる。

When I arrived, the train left は、英語では「私が着いてから電車が出た」という意味です。「もう出ていた」と言うには ✓ When I arrived, the train had already left。日本語では「もう」があれば順番が伝わるので、already を足せば十分だと思いがちです。でも英語で出来事の順番を示すのは動詞の形です。

2

過去完了形を「遠い昔」の形だと思う。

✗ I had lived in Spain many years ago

✓ I lived in Spain many years ago

。日本の文法書は過去完了形の使い方の1つを「大過去」と呼ぶので、古い出来事に使いたくなります。でも古さは関係ありません。過去完了形が必要なのは、そこから振り返る、あとの時点があるときだけです。

3

had のあとに過去形。

✗ She had went home、✗ I had saw it → ✓ She had gone home、I had seen it。日本語の「行った」「見た」は1つの形なので、なじみのある過去形を置きがちです。had と have のあとは過去分詞だけです。

4

「初めて」を first time to で言う。

✗ It was my first time to see the sea

✓ It was the first time I had seen the sea

。「〜するのは初めて」をそのまま英語にした形で、日本ではよく見かけますが、ネイティブはふつうこう言いません。the first time のあとには主語と過去完了形を続けます。

発音

4分

had は肯定文では強勢がなく /həd/、代名詞のあとではただの /d/ になります。 I'd finished は /aɪd ˈfɪnɪʃt/ と発音され、I finished /aɪ ˈfɪnɪʃt/ とほとんど同じに聞こえます:子音の前の /d/ はほとんど聞こえません。

そこで聞き取りでは、本動詞が不規則動詞ならそれを手がかりにします:I'd gone と I went、 she'd seen と she saw。同じ方法は現在完了形でも使えます(A2の第20課)。

否定文と短い答えでは、had に強勢があり、はっきり発音します: I hadn't seen it /ˈhædnt/、Yes, I had /hæd/。

had had はつかえずに言います: We'd had dinner /wiːd hæd ˈdɪnə/。1つ目の had は弱く、代名詞とつながります。2つ目は本動詞なので、はっきり発音します。

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テキスト

5分

Last spring I nearly missed my best friend's wedding. It was in a small village in Wales, and I had booked a train for Saturday morning. I had checked the timetable twice the night before, so I felt calm.

When I got to the station at ten past eight, the platform was empty. The train had already left. The company had changed the timetable a week earlier, but nobody had told me — the email had gone into my spam folder.

I phoned my friend. She didn't answer because she had switched off her phone for the day. In the end her brother picked me up and drove me to the village. We arrived at the church just as the music started. Most of the guests had already sat down, and my friend's mother was looking at the door nervously.

Later, at dinner, I told the story to the whole table. Everyone laughed, and this time I laughed too. It was the first time I had ever been late for a wedding — and I had never felt so stressed in my life.

音読

練習問題

30分

1. 穴埋め。

  1. When I (get) to the station, the train (already / leave)
  2. She (can't) get in because she (lose) her keys
  3. I (never / see) the sea before that summer
  4. The police (arrive) at nine, but the thieves (escape) an hour earlier
  5. We (not / eat) all day, so we (be) very hungry
  6. I (not / recognise) him because he (grow) a beard
  7. When we (open) the door, we saw that somebody (break) the window
  8. you (meet) her before the party?
解答を表示
got / had already left; couldn't / had lost; had never seen; arrived / had escaped; hadn't eaten / were; didn't recognise / had grown; opened / had broken; Had / met

2. 誤り訂正。

  1. I had lived in Spain many years ago.
  2. She had went home before I arrived.
  3. I had finished already the report when she called.
  4. When we arrived, the film has already started.
  5. Did she had left when you arrived?
  6. Had you saw that film before?
解答を表示
I lived in Spain many years ago; She had gone home before I arrived / She went home before I arrived; I had already finished the report when she called / I had finished the report already when she called; When we arrived, the film had already started; Had she left when you arrived?; Had you seen that film before?

3. 1つの文にする。

  1. I lost my keys. + I couldn't get in. (because)
  2. She finished the report. + She went home. (after)
  3. The film started. + We arrived at the cinema. (when)
  4. I didn't sleep well. + I felt terrible all day. (because)
  5. He forgot his passport. + He missed the flight. (because)
解答を表示
I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys; She went home after she had finished the report / After she had finished the report, she went home; When we arrived at the cinema, the film had started / When we arrived at the cinema, the film had already started / The film had started when we arrived at the cinema; I felt terrible all day because I hadn't slept well; He missed the flight because he had forgotten his passport

4. already、just、never、ever、yet を入れる。

  1. When I called, she had left — ほんの1分前に。
  2. By ten o'clock I had finished all my work — 思っていたより早く。
  3. I had eaten sushi before that evening — 一度も。
  4. Had you been to Wales before that trip?
  5. He hadn't finished his dinner when the taxi arrived
解答を表示
just; already; never; ever; yet

5. 疑問文に書きかえる。

  1. She had lost her keys. (what)
  2. They had left before midnight. (why)
  3. You had seen the sea before.(Yes / No で答える疑問文)
  4. He had worked in a hotel for a year. (where)
  5. You had been to London before. (ever)
解答を表示
What had she lost?; Why had they left before midnight?; Had you seen the sea before?; Where had he worked for a year?; Had you ever been to London before?

6. It was the first time… を使って書きかえる。

  1. I had never flown before.
  2. She had never seen snow before.
  3. They had never been to Scotland before.
解答を表示
It was the first time I had flown / It was the first time I had ever flown; It was the first time she had seen snow / It was the first time she had ever seen snow; It was the first time they had been to Scotland / It was the first time they had ever been to Scotland

7. 完全な文で答える。

自分について答えます。下の答えは一例です。 1) Had you ever been abroad before you were eighteen? 2) What had you done today before you sat down for this lesson? 3) Had you heard of this course before you started it?

解答を表示
Yes, I had. I had been to France with my parents / No, I hadn't. I first went abroad when I was twenty; I had made a cup of tea and answered my emails; No, I hadn't. A friend told me about it

8. 英語に訳す。

1) 私たちが着いたとき、店はもう閉まっていた。 2) 彼女だとわからなかった:髪を切っていたのだ。 3) その旅行の前は、一度も飛行機に乗ったことがなかった。 4) 彼は財布を家に置いてきていたので、支払いができなかった。 5) 私はそのとき初めて雪を見た。

解答を表示
When we arrived, the shop had already closed; I didn't recognise her — she had cut her hair; I had never flown before that trip / I had never been on a plane before that trip; He couldn't pay because he had left his wallet at home; It was the first time I had seen snow
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まとめ

この課で学んだこと:過去完了形のすべての形、話の基準点とそこから一歩うしろに戻ること、 had または would としての 'd、過去完了形と使う already、just、never、ever、yet、 It was the first time I had…。次は第2課:いきさつのある話。

コアの終了

演習を完了するとレッスンが完了とみなされます。以降はすべて任意です。

レッスン 74

任意

単語カード用の語彙

14語
  • wedding /ˈwedɪŋ/ 結婚式
  • village /ˈvɪlɪdʒ/ 村
  • book /bʊk/ 予約する
  • timetable /ˈtaɪmteɪbl/ 時刻表
  • platform /ˈplætfɔːm/ (駅の)ホーム
  • switch off /ˌswɪtʃ ˈɒf/ (電源を)切る
  • pick up /ˌpɪk ˈʌp/ (車で)迎えに行く
  • guest /ɡest/ 客、招待客
  • nervously /ˈnɜːvəsli/ そわそわと、不安そうに
  • in the end /ɪn ði ˈend/ 結局、最後には
  • the night before /ðə naɪt bɪˈfɔː/ 前の晩に
  • recognise /ˈrekəɡnaɪz/ (見て)だれだか気づく、見分ける
  • beard /bɪəd/ あごひげ
  • escape /ɪˈskeɪp/ 逃げる

ライティング

5〜6文で、どこかに遅れたときや、何かがうまくいかなかったときのことを書いてください。過去完了形を少なくとも2回、It was the first time… か never … before を1回使います。

例: Last winter I missed an important exam. I had set two alarms, but my phone had switched itself off in the night. When I woke up, the exam had already started. I ran all the way to the university, but the teacher didn't let me in. It was the first time I had missed an exam, and I had never felt so stupid.

チェックリスト:先に起きた出来事に had + 過去分詞を使っていますか。そばに、そこから振り返る、あとの出来事がありますか。already、never、just は had と過去分詞のあいだにありますか。出来事が順番どおりに進むところは、had なしの過去形ですか。

下書きはこの端末に保存されます
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