Gramatika ~54 min ng core ang natitira

Ikuwento ang nangyari bago ang iba pang pangyayari

Pagkatapos ng araling ito, maaari mong

Kaya kong ipakita na ang isang pangyayari sa nakaraan ay naganap bago ang isa pa.

Simulan ang aralin Pangunahin 54 min · hakbang: 6 · opsyonal: +2

Inihayag na oras ng pangunahing bahagi. Dalawa sa mga pangunahing bloke ay walang numero, kaya mas mahaba ang tunay na aralin kaysa sa kabuuan nito.

Gramatika

15 min

Sa A2, dalawang panahunan ang ginamit ninyo sa pagkukuwento tungkol sa nakaraan: ang Past Simple — kung ano ang nangyari (A2 #1), at ang Past Continuous — kung ano ang nagaganap noong sandaling iyon (A2 #2). Sapat ito habang sunud-sunod ang mga pangyayari. Pero madalas umaatras ang kuwento: “dumating ako sa istasyon — pero nakaalis na ang tren”. Para sa ganitong pag-atras, may sariling panahunan ang Ingles — ang Past Perfect, ang “nakaraan bago ang nakaraan”.

Anyo: had + ikatlong anyo ng pandiwa — ang mismong ikatlong anyo sa Present Perfect (A2 #3). Iisa ang had para sa lahat ng panauhan, at walang hulapi.

paturol I had finished. → I'd finished.
negatibo She hadn't seen it. (hadn't = had not)
tanong Had you met him before?
maikling sagot Yes, I had. / No, I hadn't.

Ang pinaikling 'd ay maaari ring galing sa would — kilala na ninyo ito sa I'd like (A2 #17). Madali silang makilala sa kasunod na salita: pagkatapos ng had — ikatlong anyo (I'd finished), pagkatapos ng would — batayang anyo (I'd like). Sa pandiwang have mismo, ganito ang anyo ng Past Perfect: had had: We had had dinner, so we weren't hungry. Hindi ito mali sa pagkakasulat: pantulong ang unang had, at ang ikalawa ay ikatlong anyo ng have.

Negatibo at tanong. Ang negatibo — hadn't + ikatlong anyo, walang anumang did: I hadn't seen him for years. Ang tanong ay binubuo gaya ng sa Present Perfect, pero had ang kapalit ng have: Had you eaten? Kapag may salitang pananong, kasunod agad nito ang had: Why had she left so early? Where had they gone? Sa maikling sagot, hindi inuulit ang ikatlong anyo: Yes, I had, No, she hadn't.

Kailan ginagamit. Laging tumitingin pabalik ang Past Perfect mula sa isang sandali sa nakaraan. Ang sandaling ito — tawagin natin itong punto ng kuwento — ay karaniwang katabi nito, sa Past Simple.

Unang kaso — naganap ang isang pangyayari bago ang isa pa: When I got to the station, the train had left. Umalis muna ang tren, saka ako dumating.

Ikalawa — ang dahilan ng nangyari pagkatapos: She couldn't get in because she had lost her keys. Naiwala muna ang mga susi, kaya hindi nabuksan ang pinto.

Ikatlo — karanasan hanggang sa isang sandali sa nakaraan: I had never seen the sea before that summer. Kapareho ito ng Present Perfect tungkol sa karanasan (A2 #4), pero hindi mula sa “ngayon” ang bilang, kundi mula sa “tag-araw na iyon”.

Kaya, maikling tuntunin: iniuugnay ng Present Perfect ang nakaraan sa kasalukuyan, at ng Past Perfect — ang mas naunang nakaraan sa mas huling nakaraan.

Paghambingin. Isang anyo lang, at nagbabago ang pagkakasunod ng mga pangyayari:

When I arrived, the train left. Dumating ako, at umandar ang tren: nakita ko itong umalis.
When I arrived, the train had left. Mas naunang umalis ang tren: hindi ko na ito inabutan.

Kung isinasalaysay ang mga pangyayari ayon sa pagkakasunod nila, hindi kailangan ang Past Perfect: I got up, had a shower and left the house. Malinaw na ang pagkakasunod. Kailangan ang Past Perfect kung saan bumabalik ang kuwento.

already, just, never, ever, yet. Nasa parehong puwesto sila gaya ng sa Present Perfect (A2 #3, A2 #4): sa pagitan ng had at ng ikatlong anyo, at ang yet — sa dulo ng pangungusap.

The film had already started. Nagsimula na ang pelikula.
She had just left. Kaaalis lang niya.
I had never seen snow before. Hindi pa ako nakakita ng niyebe kailanman.
Had you ever been there before? Nakapunta na ba kayo roon dati?
They hadn't finished yet. Hindi pa sila tapos.

Madalas idinadagdag ang before sa dulo kasama ng never at ever: ipinapaalala nito na hindi mula sa araw na ito ang bilang, kundi mula sa isang sandali sa nakaraan.

“Unang beses”: It was the first time… Pagkatapos ng pariralang ito, Past Perfect ang ginagamit: It was the first time I had flown. — “Iyon ang unang beses na sumakay ako ng eroplano”. Ganoon din pagkatapos ng pasukdol na may ever: It was the best meal I had ever eaten. Sa Filipino, walang hiwalay na anyo rito — “sumakay”, “kumain” lang. Pero binibilang ng Ingles ang karanasan hanggang sa sandaling iyon — kaya Past Perfect. Sa kasalukuyan, pareho ang balangkas, pero may Present Perfect: It's the first time I've been here. Sa usapan, maririnig din ang It was the first time I flew, pero Past Perfect ang itinuturing na pamantayan.

Iba pang halimbawa:

By nine o'clock everyone had gone home. Pagsapit ng alas-nuwebe, nakauwi na ang lahat.
I didn't recognise him — he had grown a beard. Hindi ko siya nakilala: nagpatubo siya ng balbas.
We hadn't eaten all day, so we were very hungry. Hindi kami nakakain buong araw.

Hindi ganito ang sinasabi. ✗ Did you had seen it before? → ✓ Had you seen it before? Ang had mismo ang bumubuo ng tanong, at sobra ang did dito.

Subukin ang sarili. Aling pangyayari ang nauna: When we got home, the guests had left? Alin ang had at alin ang would: I'd finished, I'd like? Paano sasabihin ang “Iyon ang unang beses na nakita ko ang dagat”?

ipakita ang mga sagot
naunang umalis ang mga bisita bago kami dumating; I'd finished — had ito (ikatlong anyo ang kasunod), I'd like — would; It was the first time I had seen the sea.
Patalastas

Mga mali ng mga nagsasalita ng Filipino

isinulat para sa iyong wika
1

already sa halip na Past Perfect

When I arrived, the train already left — maririnig ito sa kolokyal na American English, pero hindi ito ang pamantayan: ✓ When I arrived, the train had already left. Sa “nakaalis na ang tren”, ang “na” ang nagsasabing nauna ang pag-alis, kaya parang sapat na ang already. Hindi sapat: sa Ingles, ang anyo ng pandiwa ang nagdadala ng pagkakasunod ng mga pangyayari.

2

Past Perfect para sa “matagal na”

✗ I had lived in Spain many years ago

✓ I lived in Spain many years ago

Madalas marinig sa atin ang had para sa anumang matagal nang nangyari, o para lang magtunog na pormal: ✗ I had called her yesterday. Pero walang kinalaman ang layo ng panahon: kailangan lang ang Past Perfect kapag may mas huling sandali sa nakaraan na pinagmumulan ng pagtingin pabalik.

3

Ikalawang anyo pagkatapos ng had

✗ She had went home

✗ I had saw it

✓ She had gone home

I had seen it. Iisa ang anyo ng naganap na kilos sa Tagalog, kaya tila “nakaraan” ang went. Pero ikatlong anyo lang ang kasunod ng had at ng have.

4

already sa pagitan ng pandiwa at layon

✗ I had finished already the report

✓ I had already finished the report

Sa “Natapos ko na ang report”, kasunod ng pandiwa ang “na”, kaya doon din napupunta ang already. Sa Ingles, nasa pagitan ng had at ng ikatlong anyo ang already, just, never; puwede ring nasa pinakadulo ng pangungusap ang already, pero hindi sa pagitan ng pandiwa at ng layon nito.

Pagbigkas

4 min

Walang diin ang had sa paturol: /həd/, at pagkatapos ng panghalip — /d/ lang. Ang I'd finished ay binibigkas na /aɪd ˈfɪnɪʃt/ — halos tulad ng I finished /aɪ ˈfɪnɪʃt/: halos hindi naririnig ang /d/ bago ang katinig.

Kaya sa pakikinig, umasa sa pangunahing pandiwa kapag di-regular ito: I'd gone laban sa I went, she'd seen laban sa she saw. Ganito rin ang paraan sa perfect (A2 #20).

Sa negatibo at sa maikling sagot, may diin at buo ang had: I hadn't seen it /ˈhædnt/, Yes, I had /hæd/.

Binibigkas nang tuloy-tuloy ang had had: We'd had dinner /wiːd hæd ˈdɪnə/. Mahina ang unang had at sumasanib sa panghalip; ang ikalawa ay pangunahing pandiwa at buo ang tunog.

Patalastas

Teksto

5 min

Last spring I nearly missed my best friend's wedding. It was in a small village in Wales, and I had booked a train for Saturday morning. I had checked the timetable twice the night before, so I felt calm.

When I got to the station at ten past eight, the platform was empty. The train had already left. The company had changed the timetable a week earlier, but nobody had told me — the email had gone into my spam folder.

I phoned my friend. She didn't answer because she had switched off her phone for the day. In the end her brother picked me up and drove me to the village. We arrived at the church just as the music started. Most of the guests had already sat down, and my friend's mother was looking at the door nervously.

Later, at dinner, I told the story to the whole table. Everyone laughed, and this time I laughed too. It was the first time I had ever been late for a wedding — and I had never felt so stressed in my life.

Pagbasa nang malakas

Mga pagsasanay

30 min

1. Pagpupuno.

  1. When I (get) to the station, the train (already / leave)
  2. She (can't) get in because she (lose) her keys
  3. I (never / see) the sea before that summer
  4. The police (arrive) at nine, but the thieves (escape) an hour earlier
  5. We (not / eat) all day, so we (be) very hungry
  6. I (not / recognise) him because he (grow) a beard
  7. When we (open) the door, we saw that somebody (break) the window
  8. you (meet) her before the party?
Ipakita ang mga sagot
got / had already left; couldn't / had lost; had never seen; arrived / had escaped; hadn't eaten / were; didn't recognise / had grown; opened / had broken; Had / met

2. Paghahanap ng mali.

  1. I had lived in Spain many years ago.
  2. She had went home before I arrived.
  3. I had finished already the report when she called.
  4. When we arrived, the film has already started.
  5. Did she had left when you arrived?
  6. Had you saw that film before?
Ipakita ang mga sagot
I lived in Spain many years ago; She had gone home before I arrived / She went home before I arrived; I had already finished the report when she called / I had finished the report already when she called; When we arrived, the film had already started; Had she left when you arrived?; Had you seen that film before?

3. Pagsasama sa isang pangungusap

  1. I lost my keys. + I couldn't get in. (because)
  2. She finished the report. + She went home. (after)
  3. The film started. + We arrived at the cinema. (when)
  4. I didn't sleep well. + I felt terrible all day. (because)
  5. He forgot his passport. + He missed the flight. (because)
Ipakita ang mga sagot
I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys; She went home after she had finished the report / After she had finished the report, she went home; When we arrived at the cinema, the film had started / When we arrived at the cinema, the film had already started / The film had started when we arrived at the cinema; I felt terrible all day because I hadn't slept well; He missed the flight because he had forgotten his passport

4. Ilagay ang already, just, never, ever o yet.

  1. When I called, she had left — isang minuto lang ang nakalipas
  2. By ten o'clock I had finished all my work — mas maaga kaysa inaasahan ko
  3. I had eaten sushi before that evening — kahit minsan
  4. Had you been to Wales before that trip?
  5. He hadn't finished his dinner when the taxi arrived
Ipakita ang mga sagot
just; already; never; ever; yet

5. Pagbabago ng anyo: gawing tanong

  1. She had lost her keys. (what)
  2. They had left before midnight. (why)
  3. You had seen the sea before. (tanong na oo o hindi)
  4. He had worked in a hotel for a year. (where)
  5. You had been to London before. (ever)
Ipakita ang mga sagot
What had she lost?; Why had they left before midnight?; Had you seen the sea before?; Where had he worked for a year?; Had you ever been to London before?

6. Isulat muli gamit ang It was the first time…

  1. I had never flown before.
  2. She had never seen snow before.
  3. They had never been to Scotland before.
Ipakita ang mga sagot
It was the first time I had flown / It was the first time I had ever flown; It was the first time she had seen snow / It was the first time she had ever seen snow; It was the first time they had been to Scotland / It was the first time they had ever been to Scotland

7. Sagutin nang buong pangungusap

— tungkol sa inyong sarili. Halimbawa lang ang mga sagot sa ibaba. 1) Had you ever been abroad before you were eighteen? 2) What had you done today before you sat down for this lesson? 3) Had you heard of this course before you started it?

Ipakita ang mga sagot
Yes, I had. I had been to France with my parents / No, I hadn't. I first went abroad when I was twenty; I had made a cup of tea and answered my emails; No, I hadn't. A friend told me about it

8. Isalin sa Ingles.

1) Pagdating namin, nakapagsara na ang tindahan. 2) Hindi ko siya nakilala: nagpagupit siya ng buhok. 3) Bago ang biyaheng iyon, hindi pa ako nakasakay ng eroplano kahit minsan. 4) Hindi siya nakabayad dahil naiwan niya ang pitaka niya sa bahay. 5) Iyon ang unang beses na nakakita ako ng niyebe.

Ipakita ang mga sagot
When we arrived, the shop had already closed; I didn't recognise her — she had cut her hair; I had never flown before that trip / I had never been on a plane before that trip; He couldn't pay because he had left his wallet at home; It was the first time I had seen snow
Patalastas

Buod

Natalakay: ang Past Perfect sa lahat ng anyo nito, ang punto ng kuwento at ang pag-atras mula rito, ang 'd bilang had o would, ang already, just, never, ever, yet kasama ng Past Perfect, ang It was the first time I had…. Susunod — aralin 2: kuwentong may balik-tanaw.

Dulo ng core

Itinuturing na tapos ang aralin kapag nagawa na ang mga ehersisyo. Lahat pagkatapos nito ay opsyonal.

Aralin 74

opsyonal

Bokabularyo para sa deck

14 salita
  • wedding /ˈwedɪŋ/ kasal
  • village /ˈvɪlɪdʒ/ nayon, baryo
  • book /bʊk/ magpareserba
  • timetable /ˈtaɪmteɪbl/ iskedyul ng biyahe, talaorasan
  • platform /ˈplætfɔːm/ plataporma (sa istasyon ng tren)
  • switch off /ˌswɪtʃ ˈɒf/ patayin, i-off
  • pick up /ˌpɪk ˈʌp/ sunduin (sakay ng kotse)
  • guest /ɡest/ bisita, panauhin
  • nervously /ˈnɜːvəsli/ nang kinakabahan
  • in the end /ɪn ði ˈend/ sa huli, sa bandang huli
  • the night before /ðə naɪt bɪˈfɔː/ noong gabi bago nito
  • recognise /ˈrekəɡnaɪz/ makilala
  • beard /bɪəd/ balbas
  • escape /ɪˈskeɪp/ tumakas

Pagsulat

Lima hanggang anim na pangungusap tungkol sa pagkakataong nahuli kayo sa isang lugar o may nangyaring hindi ayon sa plano. Kahit dalawang beses — Past Perfect, isang beses — It was the first time… o never … before.

Halimbawa

Last winter I missed an important exam. I had set two alarms, but my phone had switched itself off in the night. When I woke up, the exam had already started. I ran all the way to the university, but the teacher didn't let me in. It was the first time I had missed an exam, and I had never felt so stupid.

Checklist

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Patalastas

Magsanay sa araling ito sa iba pang mga seksyon

Diktasyonbatay sa araling ito Isulat ang naririnig mo. Ipinapakita ng tsek ang bawat salitang iba, at paano. Isulat ang dikta Pagbasa nang malakasbatay sa araling ito Basahin nang malakas ang teksto ng aralin — itinatampok ng speech recognition ang mga salitang hindi nito nahuli. Basahin nang malakas ang teksto Pagbasa at pakikinigA1–C1 Mga teksto sa bawat antas na may mga tanong sa pag-unawa; bubukas ang transcript pagkatapos mong sagutin. Subukan

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