语法 剩余核心内容 ~52 分钟

说出我做这件事有多久了

完成本课后你将能够

能说出一件到现在还在进行的事已经持续了多长时间，并解释眼前看得见的结果。

开始课程 核心 52 分钟 · 步骤：6 · 可选：+2

标注的核心时长。核心模块中有两项未标注时长，因此实际课时比总和更长。

语法

14 分钟

在 A2 你用完成时谈过持续时间：I've lived here for five years（A2 第5课）。这个时态还有一个搭档——现在完成进行时（Present Perfect Continuous）。当重要的不是做成了什么，而是一个人在忙什么、这个过程已经持续了多久时，就要用它。

形式由两个熟悉的部分组成：从完成时来的 have 或 has 加上 been（be 的第三种形式），从进行时来的带 -ing 的动词。

肯定句 I've been waiting for an hour. / She's been working since eight.
否定句 I haven't been sleeping well.
疑问句 Have you been waiting long? / How long have you been learning English?
简短回答 Yes, I have. / No, she hasn't.

简短回答里不重复 been，只说 have 或 has。这里的 been 也不是“曾经是”“曾经在”的意思：它只是一个把完成时和进行形式连起来的功能环节，不需要单独翻译。

什么时候用。

过程从过去开始，现在还在进行——通常和 for、since、How long…? 连用： I've been learning English for three years. 汉语说“我学英语已经三年了”，动词本身没有变化；英语却要用完成时，因为它量的是从过去一直到今天的一段时间。

过程刚刚结束，留下了看得见的痕迹： You're out of breath. Have you been running? 我们看到的不是跑步本身，而是这个人上气不接下气。同样：The streets are wet — it's been raining.

最近一段时间反复做的事：I've been sleeping badly lately. She's been calling me every day this week.

和现在完成时比较。 进行形式说的是在忙什么，简单形式说的是结果。

过程——Continuous 结果——Simple
I've been painting the kitchen. I've painted the kitchen.
手上沾着油漆，活儿可能还没干完 厨房刷好了
I've been writing emails all morning. I've written ten emails.
重要的是在忙什么 重要的是做了多少

由此得出一条实用的规则：回答 How long…? 通常用进行形式，回答 How many…? 和 How much…? 用简单形式。说出完成了几件东西，动作就封闭了，而进行形式让动作保持开放：可以说 I've read three chapters，却没有“三章正在读”这种说法。

live、work、study、teach 这几个动词两种形式都可以： I've lived here for ten years = I've been living here for ten years。进行形式听起来稍微带一点临时的意味：说的是可能很快就会改变的情况。

不满的语气。 现在完成进行时常常出现在抱怨里：Someone's been using my laptop! 说话人看到了别人做过的事留下的痕迹，而且不喜欢。用现在完成时只是说出一个事实。否定句里也是同样的区别：I haven't been sleeping well——最近睡得不好；I haven't slept——根本没有结果，完全没睡。

状态动词不用进行形式。 它们描述的不是动作，而是一种状态：know、like、love、 want、believe、understand、own、be。和它们连用的只能是现在完成时： I've known her since school. We've had this car for ten years. have 表示“拥有”时没有进行形式，表示“经历、度过”时就有：We've been having problems with the car.

不能这样说。 ✗ I've been having this car for ten years → ✓ I've had this car for ten years。

自我检测。 “我已经等了二十分钟了”英语怎么说？I've ___ (read) fifty pages 里要用哪种形式，为什么？能说 I've been knowing him for years 吗？

显示答案
I've been waiting for twenty minutes; 简单形式——I've read fifty pages，因为说出了做了多少; 不能：know 是状态动词，要说 I've known him for years.
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中文母语者的常见错误

已针对你的语言编写
1

用现在时代替完成时。

✗ I work here for five years → ✓ I've been working here for five years；✗ How long are you waiting? → ✓ How long have you been waiting? 汉语说“我在这儿工作五年了”“你等多久了？”，动词不变，于是只用了现在时。可是有 for 和 How long 时，英语量的是到今天为止的一段时间，这要用完成时。

2

用 since 接一段时间。

✗ I've been learning English since three years

✓ I've been learning English for three years

。“三年来”和“自从……以来”里都有“来”，很容易都译成 since。since 后面只接起点（since Monday、since I was ten）， for 后面接一段时间（A2 第5课）。

3

since 后面的从句用现在时。

✗ We've known each other since we are children

✓ We've known each other since we were children

。“我们从小就认识”里没有时态，可是 since 后面说的是过去的一个起点，那件事已经过去了，要用一般过去时。

4

疑问句不倒装。

✗ How long you have been waiting?

✓ How long have you been waiting?

汉语疑问句的语序和陈述句一样（“你等了多久？”），英语却要把 have 或 has 放到主语前面。

发音

3 分钟

这个结构里的 been 不重读，读得很短——/bɪn/，而不是 /biːn/： I've been waiting /aɪv bɪn ˈweɪtɪŋ/。I've been 这一组要一口气快速读出，重音落在实义动词上： I've been waiting、She's been working。

在 How long have you been…? 这个问句里，连着三个词都不重读： /haʊ ˈlɒŋ əv jə bɪn ˈweɪtɪŋ/——have 缩成 /əv/，you 缩成 /jə/。

只有 been 重读时才读完整的 /biːn/，比如在问句末尾： Where have you been?

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课文

5 分钟

Hello, Tom! I haven't seen you for ages. What have you been doing?

Hi, Sarah. We've been renovating the house. We've been working on it since March, and it still isn't finished.

You look tired. And you've got paint on your hands!

Yes, I've been painting the kitchen all morning. I've done two walls so far. Emma has been choosing colours for weeks — she's changed her mind three times.

How long have you been living here now?

Almost two years. We've known the neighbours since the first day, and they've been really kind. Mr Hughes next door has lent us his ladder twice.

And the garden?

Don't ask. It's been raining for days, so I haven't touched it.

Well, the house looks lovely from the street. Good luck with the rest!

Thanks. Come round for a cup of tea next month — I hope the kitchen will be finished by the summer!

朗读

练习

30 分钟

1. 选择。

  1. I (read) this book for a week ——还剩一百页。
  2. I (read) this book ——我能告诉你结局是什么。
  3. She (write) three emails since lunch
  4. She (write) emails since lunch
  5. It (rain) all day
  6. I (know) Tom since we were at school
  7. How long you (wait)?
  8. We (have) this flat for six years
显示答案
have been reading; have read; has written; has been writing; has been raining; have known; have / been waiting; have had

2. 填入 for 或 since。

  1. I've been learning Spanish two years
  2. She's been working here March
  3. We've known each other we were children
  4. He's been waiting half an hour
  5. It's been raining Tuesday
显示答案
for; since; since; for; since

3. 改错。

  1. I work here for five years.
  2. How long are you waiting?
  3. I've been writing ten emails today.
  4. I've been knowing him since school.
  5. She's been learning English since three years.
显示答案
I've been working here for five years / I've worked here for five years; How long have you been waiting?; I've written ten emails today; I've known him since school; She's been learning English for three years

4. 改成 How long…? 疑问句。

  1. She is learning Spanish.
  2. They are living in Leeds.
  3. He is working on the project.
  4. You are waiting for the bus.
  5. It is raining.
显示答案
How long has she been learning Spanish?; How long have they been living in Leeds? / How long have they lived in Leeds?; How long has he been working on the project?; How long have you been waiting for the bus?; How long has it been raining?

5. 把提示扩展成完整的句子：

  1. Your hands are dirty. (I / dig / in the garden)
  2. Your eyes are red. (I / work / at the computer all day)
  3. You're out of breath. (I / run)
  4. The kitchen smells of onions. (we / cook)
显示答案
I've been digging in the garden; I've been working at the computer all day; I've been running; We've been cooking

6. 改写：不说过程，而说出括号里的结果。

  1. I've been writing emails. (ten)
  2. She's been painting the fence. (half of it)
  3. We've been picking apples. (three boxes)
显示答案
I've written ten emails; She's painted half of the fence / She's painted half the fence / She's painted half of it; We've picked three boxes of apples / We've picked three boxes

7. 译成英语。

1) 我学英语已经四年了。 2) 你等了多久了？ 3) 我们从小就认识。 4) 我刷了一整天厨房，刷好了两面墙。

显示答案
I've been learning English for four years; How long have you been waiting?; We've known each other since we were children / We've known each other since childhood; I've been painting the kitchen all day, and I've painted two walls
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小结

本课已学：现在完成进行时的各种形式，三种用法，过程和结果的区别，How long 和 How many 的区别，状态动词，for 和 since。下一课——第5课：将来时的完整体系。

核心内容结束

完成练习后即视为课程结束。此后的内容均为可选。

第 77 课

可选

词卡词汇

16 词
  • renovate /ˈrenəveɪt/ 装修，翻新（房子、厨房）
  • paint /peɪnt/ 粉刷，涂漆
  • wall /wɔːl/ 墙
  • colour /ˈkʌlə/ 颜色
  • change your mind /ˌtʃeɪndʒ jə ˈmaɪnd/ 改变主意
  • for ages /fər ˈeɪdʒɪz/ 很久，好久
  • neighbour /ˈneɪbə/ 邻居
  • next door /ˌnekst ˈdɔː/ 在隔壁
  • lend /lend/ 借给（别人）
  • ladder /ˈlædə/ 梯子，人字梯
  • come round /ˌkʌm ˈraʊnd/ 来串门，来做客
  • lovely /ˈlʌvli/ 美好的，可爱的
  • out of breath /ˌaʊt əv ˈbreθ/ 上气不接下气的
  • dig /dɪɡ/ 挖，掘
  • dirty /ˈdɜːti/ 脏的
  • tired /ˈtaɪəd/ 累的，疲倦的

写作

写六句话：你最近在忙什么，忙了多久，已经做成了什么。至少用两个进行形式和两个简单形式。

范例： I've been learning to play the guitar since January. I've been practising every evening, and I've learnt six songs so far. My neighbours have been very patient. I've also been reading a lot lately — I've finished three novels this month. I haven't been sleeping much!

检查清单：重要的是过程或持续时间的地方用了进行形式，重要的是结果或数量的地方用了简单形式吗？状态动词没有加 -ing 吧？for 后面是一段时间，since 后面是起点吗？

草稿已保存在此设备
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在其他板块练习本课内容

听写基于本课 写下您听到的内容。检查会显示每个不同的单词及其差异。 听写练习 朗读基于本课 朗读课程文本——语音识别会高亮未识别的单词。 朗读课文 阅读与听力A1–C1 各水平文本附理解题；回答后即可查看文本。 立即试用

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