准确划清界限
能有把握地在现在完成时和一般过去时之间作出选择,并且明白对方为什么选了这个而不是那个。
标注的核心时长。核心模块中有两项未标注时长,因此实际课时比总和更长。
语法
15 分钟在 A2 规则很简单:说出了事情发生的时间——用一般过去时,没说——用现在完成时(A2 第20课)。这条规则没错,但它回答不了最关键的问题:时间没说,两种好像都行的时候,该选哪一个?这一课讲清整条界线。
形式——复习一下:
| Present Perfect | Past Simple | |
|---|---|---|
| 肯定句 | I've lost my keys. | I lost my keys. |
| 否定句 | She hasn't called. | She didn't call. |
| 疑问句 | Have you seen it? | Did you see it? |
最主要的区别在于说话人站在哪里看。 现在完成时从“现在”看:事情发生在过去,但谈的是它现在带来了什么。一般过去时把事情放进已经结束的过去,放到时间轴上它自己的位置,谈的是事情本身。所以,现在完成时适合回答“那现在怎么样?”,一般过去时适合回答“那是什么时候的事?”。
什么时候用现在完成时。
结果现在看得见:I've lost my keys——钥匙没了,我进不了门。比较: I lost my keys last week, but I found them——这件事已经了结,没有留下结果。
消息。第一次说起一件事,几乎总是用完成时,细节则用一般过去时:细节里会出现时间和地点,而完成时容不下时间。
Have you heard? They've closed the bridge. ← 消息
Really? When did they close it? ← 细节
On Monday. They found a crack in it.
时间段还没结束:I've had three coffees today。如果时间段已经结束,就要用一般过去时: I had three coffees yesterday。this morning 也是这样分的:上午十点说 I've drunk two coffees this morning,到了晚上说 I drank two coffees this morning。
还在世的人的经历,或者还可能继续下去的事: She has written four novels。一生已经结束的人——用一般过去时: Dickens wrote fifteen novels.
时间标志词有帮助,但不能决定一切:
| 通常和现在完成时连用 | 只和一般过去时连用 |
|---|---|
| just, already, yet, ever, so far, lately, since Monday | yesterday, ago, last week, in May, when I was a child, the other day |
never、recently、today、this week 两种时态都能用,判断方法还是一样:时间段结束了没有。 I've never been to Wales——人生还在继续;I never saw him again——故事已经讲完了。
英式和美式。 美式英语里 just、already、yet 常常和一般过去时连用: Did you eat yet?、I just saw him。这不算错,但在我们学的英式英语里,要说 Have you eaten yet? 和 I've just seen him。
比较一下:
| I've lost my keys. | 现在的问题:钥匙不见了。 |
| I lost my keys. | 一段经历:以前丢过,我来讲讲当时的情况。 |
怎样理解对方的选择。 动词的时态透露出对方希望你做什么。说 I've lost my keys 的人是在报告一个问题,多半希望得到帮助或同情。说 I lost my keys 的人是在开始讲一个故事,后面还会有细节。问 Have you seen Tom? 的意思是“我现在要找他”,而 Did you see Tom? 问的是某一次具体的场合,比如昨天的聚会。
不能这样说。 ✗ I've been in London last year → ✓ I was in London last year。 last year 把时间段封闭了,即使那次旅行是你的经历,也不能用完成时。不带时间的经历,说 I've been to London(A2 第4课)。
自我检测。 你在找眼镜,对朋友说——I lost my glasses 还是 I've lost my glasses?为什么 When did you buy it? 这个问句里不能用完成时?晚上你讲今天上午的事: I've had 还是 I had two coffees this morning?
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中文母语者的常见错误
已针对你的语言编写When 和完成时连用。
✗ When have they closed the bridge?
✓ When did they close the bridge?
“他们什么时候把桥封了?”里有“了”,于是用了完成时。可是 when 问的是确切的时间,而现在完成时容不下确切的时间。
完成时和 ago 连用。
✗ I've moved here two years ago
✓ I moved here two years ago
。 “我两年前就搬来了”——结果还在,又有“了”,很想用完成时。可是 ago 说出了过去的一个时间点,这比结果更重要。
把“没”译成 didn't。
✗ I didn't see him since Monday
✓ I haven't seen him since Monday
。“从星期一起我就没见过他”里的“没”让人想到 didn't。可是 since 计算的是一直延续到今天的时间段,没有结束的时间段要用完成时。
消息用一般过去时。
I lost my wallet! 不算错:英国人也会这么说,在美国这是普通说法。但钱包现在就不在身边的英国人,更可能说 ✓ I've lost my wallet! 汉语的“我把钱包丢了” 不区分一次经历和现在的结果,所以得有意识地作出选择。
发音
3 分钟说话时的全部区别只是一个很短的、不重读的音: I've 里的 /v/,she's、it's 里的 /z/ 或 /s/。
| I've lost it. | /aɪv ˈlɒst ɪt/ |
| I lost it. | /aɪ ˈlɒst ɪt/ |
在快速的语流中,辅音前的 /v/ 几乎听不见,但它不会变成 /f/。也不要把它读成 /w/,或在后面加一个元音——普通话里没有 /v/ 这个音,音节也不以这样的辅音结尾。
's 是 has 还是 is? 看后面那个词。She's broken her arm——'s 后面是第三种形式,所以是 has。She's tired——后面是形容词,所以是 is。 What's happened? /wɒts ˈhæpənd/——是 has。
课文
5 分钟You look worried. What's happened?
I've lost my wallet. I've looked everywhere — in my bag, in my coat, in the car — and I can't find it.
Oh no. When did you last have it?
This morning. I paid for a coffee at the station at about half past eight. Then I went to the library and spent two hours there.
Did you take it out in the library?
I don't think so. I bought a sandwich on the way back, but I paid with my phone.
Have you called the library?
Not yet. I've only just got back.
Well, call them now. And have you cancelled your bank card?
Yes, I've already done that. I did it on the bus.
Good. Has anyone tried to use it?
No, nothing has happened so far. I checked the app ten minutes ago.
Then don't panic. Someone has probably found it already.
练习
30 分钟1. 选择。
- I (lose) my keys, and now I can't get into the house
- I (lose) my keys last week, but I found them the next day
- When they (close) the bridge?
- They (close) it on Monday
- you (ever / be) to Wales?
- I (not / see) Mark since the summer
- Charles Dickens (write) fifteen novels
- It's only eleven, and I (already / drink) three coffees
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2. 填入时间标志词:
- I haven't finished the report
- She moved to Bristol three years
- We've got back — give us five minutes
- I haven't seen him January
- we've sold forty tickets
- When did you see your wallet?
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3. 改错。
- When have they closed the bridge?
- I've moved here two years ago.
- I didn't see him since Monday.
- Have you seen the match yesterday?
- She has left the company in June.
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4. 把消息变成问细节的问句
- They've closed the bridge. (when)
- I've bought a new car. (where)
- Anna has found a new job. (how)
- I've lost my wallet. (when / last / have)
- We've sold the flat. (how much / sell … for)
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5. 加上括号里的时间改写。
- I've seen that film. (last week)
- She has called twice. (yesterday)
- We've been to Scotland. (in August)
- They've opened a new café. (a month ago)
- Have you finished the report? (on Friday)
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6. 用完整的句子回答
——说说你自己。下面的答案是范例。 1) What have you done today so far? 2) When did you last go to the cinema? 3) Have you ever lost something important? What happened?
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小结
本课已学:结果和一次经历的区别,消息和细节,没有结束的时间段,时间标志词和它们的边界情况,英式英语在 just、already、yet 上的选择。下一课——第4课:我做这件事有多久了。
核心内容结束
完成练习后即视为课程结束。此后的内容均为可选。
可选
词卡词汇
15 词- wallet /ˈwɒlɪt/ 钱包
- worried /ˈwʌrid/ 担心的
- everywhere /ˈevriweə/ 到处
- bridge /brɪdʒ/ 桥
- crack /kræk/ 裂缝
- so far /səʊ ˈfɑː/ 到目前为止
- lately /ˈleɪtli/ 最近,近来
- recently /ˈriːsntli/ 最近,不久前
- the other day /ði ˈʌðə deɪ/ 前几天
- cancel /ˈkænsl/ 取消;注销(卡)
- bank card /ˈbæŋk kɑːd/ 银行卡
- on the way back /ɒn ðə ˌweɪ ˈbæk/ 在回来的路上
- panic /ˈpænɪk/ 惊慌,慌张
- novel /ˈnɒvl/ 长篇小说
- app /æp/ 应用程序,App
写作
写一段八句话的对话:你丢了东西,别人在问你情况。第一句消息用完成时,细节用一般过去时。
范例: — What's happened? — I've lost my phone. — When did you last have it? — I had it at lunch. I made a call from the café. — Have you called the café? — Yes, I have. They haven't found it yet. — Did you go anywhere after lunch? — I went to the bank, but I didn't take it out there.
检查清单:消息用了完成时吗?细节用了一般过去时吗?完成时旁边没有确切的时间吧? since 后面用的是完成时吗?