Gramatika ~52 min ng core ang natitira

Sabihin kung gaano na katagal ko itong ginagawa

Pagkatapos ng araling ito, maaari mong

Kaya kong sabihin kung gaano na katagal ang isang gawaing nagpapatuloy pa hanggang ngayon, at ipaliwanag ang nakikitang resulta.

Simulan ang aralin Pangunahin 52 min · hakbang: 6 · opsyonal: +2

Inihayag na oras ng pangunahing bahagi. Dalawa sa mga pangunahing bloke ay walang numero, kaya mas mahaba ang tunay na aralin kaysa sa kabuuan nito.

Gramatika

14 min

Sa A2, perfect ang ginamit ninyo para sa tagal: I've lived here for five years (A2 #5). May kapares ang panahunang ito — ang tuloy-tuloy na perfect, Present Perfect Continuous. Kailangan ito kapag ang mahalaga ay hindi kung ano ang natapos, kundi kung ano ang pinagkakaabalahan ng tao at gaano na katagal ang proseso.

Ang anyo ay binubuo ng dalawang kilalang bahagi: mula sa perfect — have o has at been (ikatlong anyo ng be), mula sa continuous — pandiwang may -ing.

paturol I've been waiting for an hour. / She's been working since eight.
negatibo I haven't been sleeping well.
tanong Have you been waiting long? / How long have you been learning English?
maikling sagot Yes, I have. / No, she hasn't.

Sa maikling sagot, hindi inuulit ang been: have o has lang. At ang been mismo ay hindi nangangahulugang “naging” o “nasa” dito: pang-ugnay lang ito na nagdudugtong sa perfect at sa anyong continuous, at hindi na kailangang isalin nang hiwalay.

Kailan ginagamit.

Nagsimula ang proseso sa nakaraan at nagpapatuloy ngayon — karaniwang kasama ng for, since, How long…?: I've been learning English for three years. Sa Tagalog, nasa anyong nagaganap ang pandiwa rito, kasama ang “na” (“Tatlong taon na akong nag-aaral ng Ingles”), pero perfect ang ginagamit ng Ingles, dahil sinusukat nito ang agwat mula sa nakaraan hanggang sa araw na ito.

Katatapos lang ng proseso, at nakikita ang mga bakas nito: You're out of breath. Have you been running? Hindi ang pagtakbo mismo ang nakikita natin, kundi na hinihingal ang tao. Ganito rin: The streets are wet — it's been raining.

Gawaing paulit-ulit nitong mga nakaraang araw: I've been sleeping badly lately. She's been calling me every day this week.

Paghambingin sa simpleng perfect. Tungkol sa gawain ang anyong continuous, tungkol sa resulta ang simple.

proseso — Continuous resulta — Simple
I've been painting the kitchen. I've painted the kitchen.
may pintura ang mga kamay, maaaring hindi pa tapos ang trabaho tapos na ang kusina
I've been writing emails all morning. I've written ten emails.
mahalaga kung ano ang ginagawa mahalaga kung gaano karami ang natapos

Mula rito ang praktikal na tuntunin: sa tanong na How long…?, karaniwang anyong continuous ang sagot; sa How many…? at How much…? — simple. Isinasara ng bilang ng mga natapos na bagay ang kilos, samantalang pinananatili itong bukas ng anyong continuous: I've read three chapters, at hindi “tatlong kabanatang ginagawa pa”.

Sa mga pandiwang live, work, study, teach, puwede ang dalawang anyo: I've lived here for ten years = I've been living here for ten years. Medyo mas pansamantala ang dating ng anyong continuous: ginagamit ito para sa maaaring magbago sa lalong madaling panahon.

Bahid ng pagkainis. Madalas marinig ang tuloy-tuloy na perfect sa mga reklamo: Someone's been using my laptop! Nakikita ng nagsasalita ang bakas ng gawain ng iba, at hindi niya ito gusto. Katotohanan lang ang iuulat ng simpleng perfect. Ganito rin ang pagkakaiba sa negatibo: I haven't been sleeping well — hindi maayos ang tulog nitong mga nakaraang araw; I haven't slept — wala talagang resulta, hindi nakatulog kahit kaunti.

Hindi ginagamit sa anyong continuous ang mga pandiwa ng kalagayan. Hindi kilos ang inilalarawan nila, kundi kalagayan: know, like, love, want, believe, understand, own, be. Simpleng perfect lang ang kasama nila: I've known her since school. We've had this car for ten years. Walang anyong continuous ang have sa kahulugang “magkaroon, mag-ari”, pero mayroon sa kahulugang “makaranas, magpalipas”: We've been having problems with the car.

Hindi ganito ang sinasabi. ✗ I've been having this car for ten years → ✓ I've had this car for ten years.

Subukin ang sarili. Paano sasabihin ang “Dalawampung minuto na akong naghihintay”? Anong anyo ang kailangan sa I've ___ (read) fifty pages, at bakit? Puwede bang sabihing I've been knowing him for years?

ipakita ang mga sagot
I've been waiting for twenty minutes; simple — I've read fifty pages, dahil binanggit kung gaano karami ang natapos; hindi puwede: pandiwa ng kalagayan ang know, kailangan ang I've known him for years.
Patalastas

Mga mali ng mga nagsasalita ng Filipino

isinulat para sa iyong wika
1

Kasalukuyan sa halip na perfect

✗ I work here for five years → ✓ I've been working here for five years; ✗ How long are you waiting? → ✓ How long have you been waiting? Nasa anyong nagaganap ang “Limang taon na akong nagtatrabaho rito” at “Gaano ka na katagal naghihintay?”, kaya parang tamang salin ang kasalukuyan. Pero sa for at How long, sinusukat ng Ingles ang agwat hanggang ngayon, at trabaho iyan ng perfect.

2

Ang “na” bilang already

✗ I'm already waiting for twenty minutes

✓ I've been waiting for twenty minutes

Hindi already ang “na” sa “Dalawampung minuto na akong naghihintay”: ang kahulugang “hanggang ngayon” ay dala na ng perfect at ng for.

3

from sa halip na since

✗ She's been working here from March

✓ She's been working here since March

Parang from March ang “mula Marso”, pero ang simulang umaabot hanggang ngayon ay since (A2 #5).

4

Pandiwa ng kalagayan na may -ing

✗ I've been knowing him since school

✓ I've known him since school

Nagpapatuloy pa ang pagkakakilala, kaya parang angkop ang -ing. Pero kalagayan ang know, like, want, own, hindi kilos, at walang anyong continuous ang mga ito.

Pagbigkas

3 min

Walang diin at maikli ang been sa konstruksiyong ito — /bɪn/, hindi /biːn/: I've been waiting /aɪv bɪn ˈweɪtɪŋ/. Mabilis na binibigkas ang grupong I've been, sa iisang hinga, at nasa pangunahing pandiwa ang diin: I've been waiting, She's been working.

Sa tanong na How long have you been…?, tatlong magkakasunod na salita ang walang diin: /haʊ ˈlɒŋ əv jə bɪn ˈweɪtɪŋ/ — umiikli ang have sa /əv/, ang you — sa /jə/.

Naririnig lang ang buong /biːn/ kapag may diin ang been, halimbawa sa dulo ng tanong: Where have you been?

Patalastas

Teksto

5 min

Hello, Tom! I haven't seen you for ages. What have you been doing?

Hi, Sarah. We've been renovating the house. We've been working on it since March, and it still isn't finished.

You look tired. And you've got paint on your hands!

Yes, I've been painting the kitchen all morning. I've done two walls so far. Emma has been choosing colours for weeks — she's changed her mind three times.

How long have you been living here now?

Almost two years. We've known the neighbours since the first day, and they've been really kind. Mr Hughes next door has lent us his ladder twice.

And the garden?

Don't ask. It's been raining for days, so I haven't touched it.

Well, the house looks lovely from the street. Good luck with the rest!

Thanks. Come round for a cup of tea next month — I hope the kitchen will be finished by the summer!

Pagbasa nang malakas

Mga pagsasanay

30 min

1. Pagpili.

  1. I (read) this book for a week — may isang daang pahina pa
  2. I (read) this book — kaya kong ikuwento kung paano ito nagtatapos
  3. She (write) three emails since lunch
  4. She (write) emails since lunch
  5. It (rain) all day
  6. I (know) Tom since we were at school
  7. How long you (wait)?
  8. We (have) this flat for six years
Ipakita ang mga sagot
have been reading; have read; has written; has been writing; has been raining; have known; have / been waiting; have had

2. Ilagay ang for o since.

  1. I've been learning Spanish two years
  2. She's been working here March
  3. We've known each other we were children
  4. He's been waiting half an hour
  5. It's been raining Tuesday
Ipakita ang mga sagot
for; since; since; for; since

3. Paghahanap ng mali.

  1. I work here for five years.
  2. How long are you waiting?
  3. I've been writing ten emails today.
  4. I've been knowing him since school.
  5. She's been learning English since three years.
Ipakita ang mga sagot
I've been working here for five years / I've worked here for five years; How long have you been waiting?; I've written ten emails today; I've known him since school; She's been learning English for three years

4. Gawing tanong na How long…?

  1. She is learning Spanish.
  2. They are living in Leeds.
  3. He is working on the project.
  4. You are waiting for the bus.
  5. It is raining.
Ipakita ang mga sagot
How long has she been learning Spanish?; How long have they been living in Leeds? / How long have they lived in Leeds?; How long has he been working on the project?; How long have you been waiting for the bus?; How long has it been raining?

5. Palawakin ang pahiwatig:

  1. Your hands are dirty. (I / dig / in the garden)
  2. Your eyes are red. (I / work / at the computer all day)
  3. You're out of breath. (I / run)
  4. The kitchen smells of onions. (we / cook)
Ipakita ang mga sagot
I've been digging in the garden; I've been working at the computer all day; I've been running; We've been cooking

6. Isulat muli: sa halip na proseso, banggitin ang resulta

  1. I've been writing emails. (ten)
  2. She's been painting the fence. (half of it)
  3. We've been picking apples. (three boxes)
Ipakita ang mga sagot
I've written ten emails; She's painted half of the fence / She's painted half the fence / She's painted half of it; We've picked three boxes of apples / We've picked three boxes

7. Isalin sa Ingles.

1) Apat na taon na akong nag-aaral ng Ingles. 2) Gaano ka na katagal naghihintay? 3) Magkakilala na kami mula pa noong mga bata kami. 4) Buong araw akong nagpintura ng kusina, at dalawang pader na ang napinturahan ko.

Ipakita ang mga sagot
I've been learning English for four years; How long have you been waiting?; We've known each other since we were children / We've known each other since childhood; I've been painting the kitchen all day, and I've painted two walls
Patalastas

Buod

Natalakay

  • ang Present Perfect Continuous sa lahat ng anyo nito
  • tatlong kaso ng paggamit
  • proseso laban sa resulta
  • How long laban sa How many
  • ang mga pandiwa ng kalagayan
  • for at since

Susunod — aralin 5: ang buong sistema ng hinaharap.

Dulo ng core

Itinuturing na tapos ang aralin kapag nagawa na ang mga ehersisyo. Lahat pagkatapos nito ay opsyonal.

Aralin 77

opsyonal

Bokabularyo para sa deck

16 salita
  • renovate /ˈrenəveɪt/ ayusin, i-renovate (bahay, apartment)
  • paint /peɪnt/ pinturahan
  • wall /wɔːl/ pader, dingding
  • colour /ˈkʌlə/ kulay
  • change your mind /ˌtʃeɪndʒ jə ˈmaɪnd/ magbago ng isip
  • for ages /fər ˈeɪdʒɪz/ napakatagal na, matagal na matagal
  • neighbour /ˈneɪbə/ kapitbahay
  • next door /ˌnekst ˈdɔː/ sa katabing bahay, katabi
  • lend /lend/ magpahiram (sa iba)
  • ladder /ˈlædə/ hagdan (na naililipat)
  • come round /ˌkʌm ˈraʊnd/ dumalaw, bumisita
  • lovely /ˈlʌvli/ napakaganda, kaaya-aya
  • out of breath /ˌaʊt əv ˈbreθ/ hinihingal
  • dig /dɪɡ/ maghukay
  • dirty /ˈdɜːti/ marumi
  • tired /ˈtaɪəd/ pagod

Pagsulat

Anim na pangungusap: ano ang pinagkakaabalahan ninyo nitong mga nakaraang araw, gaano na katagal, at ano na ang natapos. Hindi bababa sa dalawang anyong continuous at dalawang simple.

Halimbawa

I've been learning to play the guitar since January. I've been practising every evening, and I've learnt six songs so far. My neighbours have been very patient. I've also been reading a lot lately — I've finished three novels this month. I haven't been sleeping much!

Checklist

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Magsanay sa araling ito sa iba pang mga seksyon

Diktasyonbatay sa araling ito Isulat ang naririnig mo. Ipinapakita ng tsek ang bawat salitang iba, at paano. Isulat ang dikta Pagbasa nang malakasbatay sa araling ito Basahin nang malakas ang teksto ng aralin — itinatampok ng speech recognition ang mga salitang hindi nito nahuli. Basahin nang malakas ang teksto Pagbasa at pakikinigA1–C1 Mga teksto sa bawat antas na may mga tanong sa pag-unawa; bubukas ang transcript pagkatapos mong sagutin. Subukan

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