Gramatika ~52 min od osnove preostalo

Reći koliko dugo se već nečim bavim

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Mogu da kažem koliko dugo traje nešto čime se bavim i danas i da objasnim vidljiv rezultat.

Započni lekciju Jezgro 52 min · koraci: 6 · opciono: +2

Deklarisano vreme jezgra. Dva bloka jezgra nemaju broj, pa je stvarna lekcija duža od ovog zbira.

Gramatika

14 min

Na A2 si o trajanju govorio Present Perfectom: I've lived here for five years (A2 #5). To vreme ima svoj par — trajni Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous. On je potreban kad nije važno šta je urađeno, nego čime se čovek bavi i koliko proces već traje.

Oblik se sastavlja od dva poznata dela: od Present Perfecta — have ili has i been (treći oblik od be), od trajnog vremena — glagol na -ing.

potvrdna rečenica I've been waiting for an hour. / She's been working since eight.
odrična rečenica I haven't been sleeping well.
pitanje Have you been waiting long? / How long have you been learning English?
kratak odgovor Yes, I have. / No, she hasn't.

U kratkom odgovoru been se ne ponavlja: samo have ili has. A samo been ovde ne znači „bio“: to je pomoćna karika koja spaja Present Perfect sa trajnim oblikom, i ne treba ga posebno prevoditi.

Kada se koristi.

Proces je počeo u prošlosti i traje i sada — obično uz for, since, How long…?: I've been learning English for three years. I srpski tu ima sadašnje vreme („učim ga tri godine“), a engleski uzima Present Perfect, jer meri period od prošlosti do današnjeg dana.

Proces se upravo završio, a vide se njegovi tragovi: You're out of breath. Have you been running? Ne vidimo samo trčanje, nego to da je čovek zadihan. Isto tako: The streets are wet — it's been raining.

Nešto što se u poslednje vreme ponavlja: I've been sleeping badly lately. She's been calling me every day this week.

Uporedi sa prostim Present Perfectom. Trajni oblik govori o zanimanju, prosti — o rezultatu.

proces — Continuous rezultat — Simple
I've been painting the kitchen. I've painted the kitchen.
ruke su u boji, posao možda još nije gotov kuhinja je gotova
I've been writing emails all morning. I've written ten emails.
važno je čime sam se bavio važno je koliko je urađeno

Odatle praktično pravilo: na pitanje How long…? obično se odgovara trajnim oblikom, na How many…? i How much…? — prostim. Broj gotovih stvari zatvara radnju, a trajni oblik je drži otvorenom: I've read three chapters, ali ne „tri poglavlja u toku“.

Uz glagole live, work, study, teach odgovaraju oba oblika: I've lived here for ten years = I've been living here for ten years. Trajni oblik zvuči malo privremenije: tako se govori o onome što bi uskoro moglo da se promeni.

Prizvuk nezadovoljstva. Trajni Present Perfect često se čuje u žalbama: Someone's been using my laptop! Govornik vidi tragove tuđeg zanimanja, i to mu se ne dopada. Prosti Present Perfect samo bi saopštio činjenicu. U odričnoj rečenici razlika je ista: I haven't been sleeping well — u poslednje vreme san ne ide; I haven't slept — rezultata nema uopšte, uopšte nisam spavao.

Glagoli stanja ne koriste se u trajnom obliku. Oni ne opisuju radnju, nego stanje stvari: know, like, love, want, believe, understand, own, be. Uz njih — samo prosti Present Perfect: I've known her since school. We've had this car for ten years. have u značenju „imati“ nema trajni oblik, a u značenju „imati (probleme), provoditi (vreme)“ ima: We've been having problems with the car.

Tako se ne kaže. ✗ I've been having this car for ten years → ✓ I've had this car for ten years.

Proveri se. Kako reći „čekam već dvadeset minuta“? Koji oblik treba u I've ___ (read) fifty pages i zašto? Može li se reći I've been knowing him for years?

prikaži odgovore
I've been waiting for twenty minutes; prosti — I've read fifty pages, jer je rečeno koliko je urađeno; ne može: know je glagol stanja, treba I've known him for years.
Oglas

Greške govornika srpskog jezika

prilagođeno vašem jeziku
1

Sadašnje vreme umesto Present Perfecta

✗ I work here for five years, ✗ I learn English already three years → ✓ I've been working here for five years, I've been learning English for three years; ✗ How long are you waiting? → ✓ How long have you been waiting? „Radim ovde pet godina“, „Koliko dugo čekaš?“ — srpsko sadašnje vreme, i englesko sadašnje izgleda kao tačan prevod. Ali uz for i How long engleski meri period do danas, a to je posao Present Perfecta. „Već“ se ovde ne prevodi sa already: trajanje već izražava oblik glagola.

2

from i since na pogrešnom mestu

✗ I've been working here from March → ✓ I've been working here since March; ✗ I've been learning English since three years → ✓ I've been learning English for three years. Srpsko „od marta“ navodi na from, a „od pre tri godine“ — na since. Ali since stoji samo ispred početne tačke (since Monday, since I was ten), a ispred dužine perioda — for (A2 #5).

3

Glagol stanja sa -ing

✗ I've been knowing him since school

✓ I've known him since school

U srpskom se „poznajem“ i „radim“ menjaju isto, i nikakva podela na glagole radnje i stanja ne menja oblik glagola. Kad se jednom nauči -ing, lako ga je staviti svuda — zabranu treba zapamtiti posebno.

Izgovor

3 min

been je u ovoj konstrukciji nenaglašen i kratak — /bɪn/, a ne /biːn/: I've been waiting /aɪv bɪn ˈweɪtɪŋ/. Grupa I've been izgovara se brzo, u jednom dahu, a naglasak pada na glavni glagol: I've been waiting, She's been working.

U pitanju How long have you been…? tri reči zaredom su nenaglašene: /haʊ ˈlɒŋ əv jə bɪn ˈweɪtɪŋ/ — have se skraćuje u /əv/, you — u /jə/.

Puno /biːn/ čuje se samo kad je been pod naglaskom, na primer na kraju pitanja: Where have you been?

Oglas

Tekst

5 min

Hello, Tom! I haven't seen you for ages. What have you been doing?

Hi, Sarah. We've been renovating the house. We've been working on it since March, and it still isn't finished.

You look tired. And you've got paint on your hands!

Yes, I've been painting the kitchen all morning. I've done two walls so far. Emma has been choosing colours for weeks — she's changed her mind three times.

How long have you been living here now?

Almost two years. We've known the neighbours since the first day, and they've been really kind. Mr Hughes next door has lent us his ladder twice.

And the garden?

Don't ask. It's been raining for days, so I haven't touched it.

Well, the house looks lovely from the street. Good luck with the rest!

Thanks. Come round for a cup of tea next month — I hope the kitchen will be finished by the summer!

Čitanje naglas

Vežbe

30 min

1. Izbor.

  1. I (read) this book for a week — ostalo mi je još sto strana
  2. I (read) this book — mogu da ti ispričam kako se završava
  3. She (write) three emails since lunch
  4. She (write) emails since lunch
  5. It (rain) all day
  6. I (know) Tom since we were at school
  7. How long you (wait)?
  8. We (have) this flat for six years
Prikaži odgovore
have been reading; have read; has written; has been writing; has been raining; have known; have / been waiting; have had

2. Ubaci for ili since.

  1. I've been learning Spanish two years
  2. She's been working here March
  3. We've known each other we were children
  4. He's been waiting half an hour
  5. It's been raining Tuesday
Prikaži odgovore
for; since; since; for; since

3. Pronalaženje greške.

  1. I work here for five years.
  2. How long are you waiting?
  3. I've been writing ten emails today.
  4. I've been knowing him since school.
  5. She's been learning English since three years.
Prikaži odgovore
I've been working here for five years / I've worked here for five years; How long have you been waiting?; I've written ten emails today; I've known him since school; She's been learning English for three years

4. Pretvori u pitanje How long…?

  1. She is learning Spanish.
  2. They are living in Leeds.
  3. He is working on the project.
  4. You are waiting for the bus.
  5. It is raining.
Prikaži odgovore
How long has she been learning Spanish?; How long have they been living in Leeds? / How long have they lived in Leeds?; How long has he been working on the project?; How long have you been waiting for the bus?; How long has it been raining?

5. Razvij podsticaj:

  1. Your hands are dirty. (I / dig / in the garden)
  2. Your eyes are red. (I / work / at the computer all day)
  3. You're out of breath. (I / run)
  4. The kitchen smells of onions. (we / cook)
Prikaži odgovore
I've been digging in the garden; I've been working at the computer all day; I've been running; We've been cooking

6. Prepiši: umesto procesa navedi rezultat

  1. I've been writing emails. (ten)
  2. She's been painting the fence. (half of it)
  3. We've been picking apples. (three boxes)
Prikaži odgovore
I've written ten emails; She's painted half of the fence / She's painted half the fence / She's painted half of it; We've picked three boxes of apples / We've picked three boxes

7. Prevedi na engleski.

1) Učim engleski već četiri godine. 2) Koliko već čekaš? 3) Znamo se od detinjstva. 4) Ceo dan sam krečio kuhinju i okrečio sam dva zida.

Prikaži odgovore
I've been learning English for four years; How long have you been waiting?; We've known each other since we were children / We've known each other since childhood; I've been painting the kitchen all day, and I've painted two walls
Oglas

Rezime

Obrađeno

  • Present Perfect Continuous u svim oblicima
  • tri slučaja upotrebe
  • proces naspram rezultata
  • How long naspram How many
  • glagoli stanja
  • for i since

Sledi lekcija 5: ceo sistem budućnosti.

Kraj osnove

Lekcija se računa kao završena kada se urade vežbe. Sve nakon ovoga je opciono.

Lekcija 77

opciono

Reči za špil

16 reči
  • renovate /ˈrenəveɪt/ renovirati (stan, kuhinju)
  • paint /peɪnt/ farbati, krečiti
  • wall /wɔːl/ zid
  • colour /ˈkʌlə/ boja
  • change your mind /ˌtʃeɪndʒ jə ˈmaɪnd/ predomisliti se
  • for ages /fər ˈeɪdʒɪz/ jako dugo, čitavu večnost
  • neighbour /ˈneɪbə/ komšija, sused
  • next door /ˌnekst ˈdɔː/ u susedstvu, odmah do
  • lend /lend/ pozajmiti (nekome)
  • ladder /ˈlædə/ merdevine
  • come round /ˌkʌm ˈraʊnd/ svratiti (u goste)
  • lovely /ˈlʌvli/ divan
  • out of breath /ˌaʊt əv ˈbreθ/ zadihan
  • dig /dɪɡ/ kopati
  • dirty /ˈdɜːti/ prljav
  • tired /ˈtaɪəd/ umoran

Pisanje

Šest rečenica: čime se baviš u poslednje vreme, koliko dugo i šta je već urađeno. Bar dva trajna oblika i dva prosta.

Primer

I've been learning to play the guitar since January. I've been practising every evening, and I've learnt six songs so far. My neighbours have been very patient. I've also been reading a lot lately — I've finished three novels this month. I haven't been sleeping much!

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