Gramatika ~52 min jezgre preostalo

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Započni lekciju Jezgra 52 min · koraci: 6 · neobavezno: +2

Navedeno vrijeme jezgre. Dva bloka jezgre nemaju brojku, pa je stvarna lekcija duža od ovog zbroja.

Gramatika

14 min

Na A2 si o trajanju govorio Present Perfectom: I've lived here for five years (A2 #5). To vrijeme ima svoj par — trajni Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous. Treba ti kad nije važno što je napravljeno, nego čime se čovjek bavi i koliko već traje proces.

Oblik se sastavlja od dvaju poznatih dijelova: od Present Perfecta — have ili has i been (treći oblik od be), od trajnog oblika — glagol na -ing.

izjavna rečenica I've been waiting for an hour. / She's been working since eight.
niječnica I haven't been sleeping well.
pitanje Have you been waiting long? / How long have you been learning English?
kratki odgovor Yes, I have. / No, she hasn't.

U kratkom se odgovoru been ne ponavlja: samo have ili has. A sam been ovdje ne znači „bio“: to je pomoćna karika koja spaja Present Perfect s trajnim oblikom, i ne treba ga posebno prevoditi.

Kada se upotrebljava.

Proces je počeo u prošlosti i traje i sada — obično uz for, since, How long…?: I've been learning English for three years. I hrvatski tu ima sadašnje vrijeme („učim ga tri godine“), a engleski uzima Present Perfect jer mjeri odsječak od prošlosti do danas.

Proces je upravo završio, a vide se njegovi tragovi: You're out of breath. Have you been running? Ne vidimo samo trčanje, nego to da je čovjek zadihan. Tako i: The streets are wet — it's been raining.

Nešto što se u posljednje vrijeme ponavlja: I've been sleeping badly lately. She's been calling me every day this week.

Usporedi s jednostavnim Present Perfectom. Trajni oblik govori o zanimanju, jednostavni — o rezultatu.

proces — Continuous rezultat — Simple
I've been painting the kitchen. I've painted the kitchen.
ruke su u boji, posao možda još nije gotov kuhinja je gotova
I've been writing emails all morning. I've written ten emails.
važno je čime sam se bavio važno je koliko je napravljeno

Odatle praktično pravilo: na pitanje How long…? obično se odgovara trajnim oblikom, na How many…? i How much…? — jednostavnim. Broj gotovih stvari zatvara radnju, a trajni oblik je drži otvorenom: I've read three chapters, ali ne „tri poglavlja u tijeku“.

Uz glagole live, work, study, teach odgovaraju oba oblika: I've lived here for ten years = I've been living here for ten years. Trajni oblik zvuči malo privremenije: tako se govori o onome što se uskoro može promijeniti.

Prizvuk nezadovoljstva. Trajni Present Perfect često se čuje u prigovorima: Someone's been using my laptop! Govornik vidi tragove tuđeg zanimanja, i to mu se ne sviđa. Jednostavni Present Perfect samo bi javio činjenicu. U niječnici je razlika ista: I haven't been sleeping well — u posljednje vrijeme san ne ide; I haven't slept — rezultata nema uopće, uopće nisam spavao.

Glagoli stanja ne dolaze u trajnom obliku. Oni ne opisuju radnju, nego stanje stvari: know, like, love, want, believe, understand, own, be. S njima — samo jednostavni Present Perfect: I've known her since school. We've had this car for ten years. have u značenju „imati“ nema trajni oblik, a u značenju „imati (probleme), provoditi (vrijeme)“ ima: We've been having problems with the car.

Tako se ne kaže. ✗ I've been having this car for ten years → ✓ I've had this car for ten years.

Provjeri se. Kako reći „čekam već dvadeset minuta“? Koji oblik treba u I've ___ (read) fifty pages i zašto? Može li se reći I've been knowing him for years?

prikaži odgovore
I've been waiting for twenty minutes; jednostavni — I've read fifty pages, jer je navedeno koliko je napravljeno; ne može: know je glagol stanja, treba I've known him for years.
Oglas

Pogreške izvornih govornika hrvatskoga

prilagođeno vašem jeziku
1

Sadašnje vrijeme umjesto Present Perfecta

✗ I work here for five years, ✗ I learn English already three years → ✓ I've been working here for five years, I've been learning English for three years; ✗ How long are you waiting? → ✓ How long have you been waiting? „Radim ovdje pet godina“, „Koliko dugo čekaš?“ — hrvatsko sadašnje vrijeme, i englesko se sadašnje čini točnim prijevodom. No uz for i How long engleski mjeri odsječak do danas, a to je posao Present Perfecta. „Već“ ovdje nije already: trajanje već izriče oblik glagola.

2

from i since na krivom mjestu

✗ I've been working here from March → ✓ I've been working here since March; ✗ I've been learning English since three years → ✓ I've been learning English for three years. Hrvatsko „od ožujka“ navodi na from, ali početna točka od koje nešto traje do danas traži since. A since stoji samo ispred početne točke (since Monday, since I was ten); ispred duljine razdoblja dolazi for (A2 #5).

3

Glagol stanja s -ing

✗ I've been knowing him since school

✓ I've known him since school

U hrvatskom „poznajem ga“ i „radim“ ponašaju se jednako, i nikakva podjela na glagole radnje i stanja ne mijenja oblik glagola. Kad se nauči -ing, lako ga je staviti posvuda — zabranu treba zapamtiti posebno.

Izgovor

3 min

been je u ovoj konstrukciji nenaglašen i kratak — /bɪn/, a ne /biːn/: I've been waiting /aɪv bɪn ˈweɪtɪŋ/. Skupina I've been izgovara se brzo, u jednom dahu, a naglasak pada na glavni glagol: I've been waiting, She's been working.

U pitanju How long have you been…? tri su riječi zaredom nenaglašene: /haʊ ˈlɒŋ əv jə bɪn ˈweɪtɪŋ/ — have se sažima u /əv/, you — u /jə/.

Puni /biːn/ čuje se samo kad je been naglašen, na primjer na kraju pitanja: Where have you been?

Oglas

Tekst

5 min

Hello, Tom! I haven't seen you for ages. What have you been doing?

Hi, Sarah. We've been renovating the house. We've been working on it since March, and it still isn't finished.

You look tired. And you've got paint on your hands!

Yes, I've been painting the kitchen all morning. I've done two walls so far. Emma has been choosing colours for weeks — she's changed her mind three times.

How long have you been living here now?

Almost two years. We've known the neighbours since the first day, and they've been really kind. Mr Hughes next door has lent us his ladder twice.

And the garden?

Don't ask. It's been raining for days, so I haven't touched it.

Well, the house looks lovely from the street. Good luck with the rest!

Thanks. Come round for a cup of tea next month — I hope the kitchen will be finished by the summer!

Čitanje naglas

Vježbe

30 min

1. Odabir.

  1. I (read) this book for a week — ostalo mi je još sto stranica
  2. I (read) this book — mogu ti reći kako završava
  3. She (write) three emails since lunch
  4. She (write) emails since lunch
  5. It (rain) all day
  6. I (know) Tom since we were at school
  7. How long you (wait)?
  8. We (have) this flat for six years
Prikaži odgovore
have been reading; have read; has written; has been writing; has been raining; have known; have / been waiting; have had

2. Umetni for ili since.

  1. I've been learning Spanish two years
  2. She's been working here March
  3. We've known each other we were children
  4. He's been waiting half an hour
  5. It's been raining Tuesday
Prikaži odgovore
for; since; since; for; since

3. Pronalaženje pogreške.

  1. I work here for five years.
  2. How long are you waiting?
  3. I've been writing ten emails today.
  4. I've been knowing him since school.
  5. She's been learning English since three years.
Prikaži odgovore
I've been working here for five years / I've worked here for five years; How long have you been waiting?; I've written ten emails today; I've known him since school; She's been learning English for three years

4. Preoblikuj u pitanje How long…?

  1. She is learning Spanish.
  2. They are living in Leeds.
  3. He is working on the project.
  4. You are waiting for the bus.
  5. It is raining.
Prikaži odgovore
How long has she been learning Spanish?; How long have they been living in Leeds? / How long have they lived in Leeds?; How long has he been working on the project?; How long have you been waiting for the bus?; How long has it been raining?

5. Razvij natuknicu:

  1. Your hands are dirty. (I / dig / in the garden)
  2. Your eyes are red. (I / work / at the computer all day)
  3. You're out of breath. (I / run)
  4. The kitchen smells of onions. (we / cook)
Prikaži odgovore
I've been digging in the garden; I've been working at the computer all day; I've been running; We've been cooking

6. Prepiši: umjesto procesa navedi rezultat

  1. I've been writing emails. (ten)
  2. She's been painting the fence. (half of it)
  3. We've been picking apples. (three boxes)
Prikaži odgovore
I've written ten emails; She's painted half of the fence / She's painted half the fence / She's painted half of it; We've picked three boxes of apples / We've picked three boxes

7. Prevedi na engleski.

1) Učim engleski već četiri godine. 2) Koliko već čekaš? 3) Znamo se od djetinjstva. 4) Cijeli sam dan bojio kuhinju i obojio dva zida.

Prikaži odgovore
I've been learning English for four years; How long have you been waiting?; We've known each other since we were children / We've known each other since childhood; I've been painting the kitchen all day, and I've painted two walls
Oglas

Sažetak

Obrađeno

  • Present Perfect Continuous u svim oblicima
  • tri slučaja upotrebe
  • proces nasuprot rezultatu
  • How long nasuprot How many
  • glagoli stanja
  • for i since

Slijedi lekcija 5: cijeli sustav budućnosti.

Kraj jezgre

Lekcija se računa kao završena nakon vježbi. Sve nakon toga je neobavezno.

Lekcija 77

neobavezno

Riječi za kartice

16 riječi
  • renovate /ˈrenəveɪt/ renovirati, obnoviti (stan, kuhinju)
  • paint /peɪnt/ bojiti, ličiti
  • wall /wɔːl/ zid
  • colour /ˈkʌlə/ boja
  • change your mind /ˌtʃeɪndʒ jə ˈmaɪnd/ predomisliti se
  • for ages /fər ˈeɪdʒɪz/ jako dugo, cijelu vječnost
  • neighbour /ˈneɪbə/ susjed
  • next door /ˌnekst ˈdɔː/ u susjedstvu, odmah do
  • lend /lend/ posuditi (nekome)
  • ladder /ˈlædə/ ljestve
  • come round /ˌkʌm ˈraʊnd/ svratiti (u goste)
  • lovely /ˈlʌvli/ divan, krasan
  • out of breath /ˌaʊt əv ˈbreθ/ zadihan
  • dig /dɪɡ/ kopati
  • dirty /ˈdɜːti/ prljav
  • tired /ˈtaɪəd/ umoran

Pisanje

Šest rečenica: čime se baviš u posljednje vrijeme, koliko dugo i što je već napravljeno. Barem dva trajna oblika i dva jednostavna.

Uzorak

I've been learning to play the guitar since January. I've been practising every evening, and I've learnt six songs so far. My neighbours have been very patient. I've also been reading a lot lately — I've finished three novels this month. I haven't been sleeping much!

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