Slovnica ~52 min jedra še preostane

Povedati, koliko časa se s tem že ukvarjam

Po tej lekciji znate

Znam povedati, koliko časa že traja dejavnost, ki poteka še zdaj, in pojasniti viden rezultat.

Začni lekcijo Jedro 52 min · koraki: 6 · izbirno: +2

Navedeni čas jedra. Dva bloka jedra nimata številke, zato je prava lekcija daljša od te vsote.

Slovnica

14 min

Na A2 si o trajanju govoril s perfektom: I've lived here for five years (A2 #5). Ta čas ima par — trajni perfekt, Present Perfect Continuous. Potreben je, ko ni pomembno, kaj je narejeno, ampak s čim se človek ukvarja in koliko časa proces že traja.

Oblika je sestavljena iz dveh znanih delov: od perfekta — have ali has in been (tretja oblika be), od trajnega časa — glagol na -ing.

trdilna poved I've been waiting for an hour. / She's been working since eight.
nikalna poved I haven't been sleeping well.
vprašanje Have you been waiting long? / How long have you been learning English?
kratki odgovor Yes, I have. / No, she hasn't.

V kratkem odgovoru been ne ponovimo: samo have ali has. In sam been tu ne pomeni „bil“: je pomožni člen, ki povezuje perfekt s trajno obliko, in ga ni treba prevajati posebej.

Kdaj ga uporabljamo.

Proces se je začel v preteklosti in poteka še zdaj — običajno z besedami for, since, How long…?: I've been learning English for three years. V slovenščini je tu sedanjik („angleščino se učim tri leta“), angleščina pa vzame perfekt, ker meri odsek od preteklosti do danes.

Proces se je pravkar končal in vidne so njegove sledi: You're out of breath. Have you been running? Ne vidimo samega teka, ampak to, da je človek zasopel. Prav tako: The streets are wet — it's been raining.

Dejavnost, ki se v zadnjem času ponavlja: I've been sleeping badly lately. She's been calling me every day this week.

Primerjaj z navadnim perfektom. Trajna oblika govori o dejavnosti, navadna — o rezultatu.

proces — Continuous rezultat — Simple
I've been painting the kitchen. I've painted the kitchen.
roke so v barvi, delo morda še ni končano kuhinja je gotova
I've been writing emails all morning. I've written ten emails.
pomembno je, s čim si se ukvarjal pomembno je, koliko je narejeno

Od tod praktično pravilo: na vprašanje How long…? običajno odgovorimo s trajno obliko, na How many…? in How much…? — z navadno. Število dokončanih stvari dejanje zapre, trajna oblika pa ga drži odprtega: I've read three chapters, ne pa „tri poglavja v teku“.

Z glagoli live, work, study, teach sta primerni obe obliki: I've lived here for ten years = I've been living here for ten years. Trajna oblika zveni nekoliko bolj začasno: tako govorimo o tem, kar se lahko kmalu spremeni.

Prizvok nezadovoljstva. Trajni perfekt pogosto zveni v pritožbah: Someone's been using my laptop! Govorec vidi sledi tuje dejavnosti in ta mu ni všeč. Navadni perfekt bi sporočil samo dejstvo. V nikalni povedi je razlika enaka: I haven't been sleeping well — spanec v zadnjem času ne gre; I haven't slept — rezultata sploh ni, sploh nisem spal.

Glagolov stanja v trajni obliki ne uporabljamo. Ne opisujejo dejanja, ampak stanje stvari: know, like, love, want, believe, understand, own, be. Z njimi — samo navadni perfekt: I've known her since school. We've had this car for ten years. have v pomenu „imeti“ trajne oblike nima, v pomenu „doživljati, preživljati“ pa jo ima: We've been having problems with the car.

Tako se ne reče. ✗ I've been having this car for ten years → ✓ I've had this car for ten years.

Preveri se. Kako rečeš „čakam že dvajset minut“? Katera oblika je potrebna v I've ___ (read) fifty pages in zakaj? Ali lahko rečeš I've been knowing him for years?

prikaži odgovore
I've been waiting for twenty minutes; navadna — I've read fifty pages, ker je povedano, koliko je narejeno; ne: know je glagol stanja, pravilno je I've known him for years.
Oglas

Napake govorcev slovenščine

prirejeno za vaš jezik
1

Sedanjik namesto perfekta

✗ I work here for five years → ✓ I've been working here for five years; ✗ How long are you waiting? → ✓ How long have you been waiting? „Tu delam pet let“, „Kako dolgo že čakaš?“ — slovenski sedanjik, in angleški sedanjik se zdi natančen prevod. Toda s for in How long angleščina meri odsek do danes, to pa je naloga perfekta.

2

„Že“ kot already

✗ I'm waiting already twenty minutes

✓ I've been waiting for twenty minutes

Slovenski „že“ pove, da nekaj traja dlje časa, zato se mu ponudi already. V angleščini trajanje nosita oblika glagola in for; already tu ni potreben.

3

since pred odsekom

✗ I've been learning English since three years

✓ I've been learning English for three years

V slovenščini ob obeh primerih stoji isti „že“ („že od marca“, „že tri leta“), zato se since in for rada zamenjata. since stoji pred začetno točko (since Monday, since I was ten), for — pred dolžino odseka (A2 #5).

4

Glagol stanja z -ing

✗ I've been knowing him since school

✓ I've known him since school

V slovenščini se „poznam“ in „delam“ obnašata enako, delitve na glagole dejanja in stanja ni, zato si je prepoved treba zapomniti posebej.

Izgovorjava

3 min

been je v tej zgradbi nenaglašen in kratek — /bɪn/, ne /biːn/: I've been waiting /aɪv bɪn ˈweɪtɪŋ/. Skupino I've been izgovorimo hitro, v enem dihu, naglas pa pade na pomenski glagol: I've been waiting, She's been working.

V vprašanju How long have you been…? so tri besede zapored nenaglašene: /haʊ ˈlɒŋ əv jə bɪn ˈweɪtɪŋ/ — have se skrči v /əv/, you — v /jə/.

Polni /biːn/ se sliši samo, kadar je been naglašen, na primer na koncu vprašanja: Where have you been?

Oglas

Besedilo

5 min

Hello, Tom! I haven't seen you for ages. What have you been doing?

Hi, Sarah. We've been renovating the house. We've been working on it since March, and it still isn't finished.

You look tired. And you've got paint on your hands!

Yes, I've been painting the kitchen all morning. I've done two walls so far. Emma has been choosing colours for weeks — she's changed her mind three times.

How long have you been living here now?

Almost two years. We've known the neighbours since the first day, and they've been really kind. Mr Hughes next door has lent us his ladder twice.

And the garden?

Don't ask. It's been raining for days, so I haven't touched it.

Well, the house looks lovely from the street. Good luck with the rest!

Thanks. Come round for a cup of tea next month — I hope the kitchen will be finished by the summer!

Branje na glas

Vaje

30 min

1. Izbira.

  1. I (read) this book for a week — ostalo mi je še sto strani
  2. I (read) this book — lahko povem, kako se konča
  3. She (write) three emails since lunch
  4. She (write) emails since lunch
  5. It (rain) all day
  6. I (know) Tom since we were at school
  7. How long you (wait)?
  8. We (have) this flat for six years
Prikaži odgovore
have been reading; have read; has written; has been writing; has been raining; have known; have / been waiting; have had

2. Vstavi for ali since.

  1. I've been learning Spanish two years
  2. She's been working here March
  3. We've known each other we were children
  4. He's been waiting half an hour
  5. It's been raining Tuesday
Prikaži odgovore
for; since; since; for; since

3. Iskanje napak.

  1. I work here for five years.
  2. How long are you waiting?
  3. I've been writing ten emails today.
  4. I've been knowing him since school.
  5. She's been learning English since three years.
Prikaži odgovore
I've been working here for five years / I've worked here for five years; How long have you been waiting?; I've written ten emails today; I've known him since school; She's been learning English for three years

4. Preoblikuj v vprašanje How long…?

  1. She is learning Spanish.
  2. They are living in Leeds.
  3. He is working on the project.
  4. You are waiting for the bus.
  5. It is raining.
Prikaži odgovore
How long has she been learning Spanish?; How long have they been living in Leeds? / How long have they lived in Leeds?; How long has he been working on the project?; How long have you been waiting for the bus?; How long has it been raining?

5. Razširi namig:

  1. Your hands are dirty. (I / dig / in the garden)
  2. Your eyes are red. (I / work / at the computer all day)
  3. You're out of breath. (I / run)
  4. The kitchen smells of onions. (we / cook)
Prikaži odgovore
I've been digging in the garden; I've been working at the computer all day; I've been running; We've been cooking

6. Prepiši: namesto procesa navedi rezultat

  1. I've been writing emails. (ten)
  2. She's been painting the fence. (half of it)
  3. We've been picking apples. (three boxes)
Prikaži odgovore
I've written ten emails; She's painted half of the fence / She's painted half the fence / She's painted half of it; We've picked three boxes of apples / We've picked three boxes

7. Prevedi v angleščino.

1) Angleščino se učim že štiri leta. 2) Kako dolgo že čakaš? 3) Poznava se od otroštva. 4) Ves dan sem pleskal kuhinjo in prepleskal dve steni.

Prikaži odgovore
I've been learning English for four years; How long have you been waiting?; We've known each other since we were children / We've known each other since childhood; I've been painting the kitchen all day, and I've painted two walls
Oglas

Povzetek

Obravnavano

  • Present Perfect Continuous v vseh oblikah
  • trije primeri rabe
  • proces proti rezultatu
  • How long proti How many
  • glagoli stanja
  • for in since

Sledi lekcija 5: ves sistem prihodnosti.

Konec jedra

Lekcija se šteje za opravljeno, ko so vaje končane. Vse po tem je izbirno.

Lekcija 77

izbirno

Besedišče za kartice

16 besed
  • renovate /ˈrenəveɪt/ prenoviti (stanovanje, kuhinjo)
  • paint /peɪnt/ barvati, pleskati
  • wall /wɔːl/ stena
  • colour /ˈkʌlə/ barva
  • change your mind /ˌtʃeɪndʒ jə ˈmaɪnd/ premisliti si
  • for ages /fər ˈeɪdʒɪz/ že zelo dolgo, celo večnost
  • neighbour /ˈneɪbə/ sosed
  • next door /ˌnekst ˈdɔː/ v sosednji hiši, pri sosedih
  • lend /lend/ posoditi (komu)
  • ladder /ˈlædə/ lestev
  • come round /ˌkʌm ˈraʊnd/ priti na obisk
  • lovely /ˈlʌvli/ čudovit
  • out of breath /ˌaʊt əv ˈbreθ/ zasopel
  • dig /dɪɡ/ kopati
  • dirty /ˈdɜːti/ umazan
  • tired /ˈtaɪəd/ utrujen

Pisanje

Šest povedi: s čim se ukvarjaš v zadnjem času, koliko časa že in kaj je že narejeno. Vsaj dve trajni obliki in dve navadni.

Zgled

I've been learning to play the guitar since January. I've been practising every evening, and I've learnt six songs so far. My neighbours have been very patient. I've also been reading a lot lately — I've finished three novels this month. I haven't been sleeping much!

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