Grammatika ~53 min tuumikust jäänud

Jutustada lugu koos eellooga

Pärast seda õppetundi oskad

Oskan üles ehitada jutustuse, kus osa sündmusi selgitab seda, mis juhtus hiljem.

Alusta tundi Tuum 53 min · sammud: 6 · valikuline: +2

Väljakuulutatud tuuma aeg. Kaks tuumaplokki ei sisalda aega, seega on tegelik õppetund sellest summast pikem.

Grammatika

14 min

B1 #1-s seisis Past Perfect ühes lauses Past Simple'i kõrval. Päris jutustus on pikem ja selles töötavad korraga kolm minevikuvormi. Igaühel on oma roll, ja kui need segi ajada, ei saa kuulaja enam aru, mis millele järgnes.

Vorm — kõik on tuttav. Past Simple (A2 #1): I left, I didn't leave. Past Continuous (A2 #2): I was leaving, They were talking. Past Perfect (B1 #1): I had left.

Kes mille eest vastutab:

ajavorm roll millisele küsimusele vastab näide
Past Simple sündmuste ahel mis juhtus edasi? I got up, had breakfast and left.
Past Continuous taust, sel hetkel kestev protsess mis ümberringi toimus? It was raining, people were hurrying to work.
Past Perfect eellugu mis oli enne seda? I had forgotten my umbrella.

Jutustust on mugav ette kujutada filmina. Past Simple viib süžeed edasi: iga uus sündmus on järgmine kaader. Past Continuous on dekoratsioonid — see, mis juba käis, kui kaader algas. Past Perfect on lühike pilk tagasi: mis juhtus enne seda stseeni ja miks see on just selline.

Kuidas leida jutustuse punkt. Küsi endalt: millisest hetkest ma praegu jutustan? Kõik, mis juhtus sel hetkel ja pärast seda, on Past Simple. Kõik, mis sel hetkel juba käis, on Past Continuous. Kõik, mis lõppes enne seda, on Past Perfect. Punkt liigub koos süžeega, seepärast seisab üks ja sama sündmus loo alguses Past Simple'is, aga lõik hiljem meenutatakse seda juba Past Perfectis.

Sidesõnad, mis hoiavad järjekorda:

sidesõna tähendus näide
when kui When I got home, my sister had made dinner.
after pärast seda, kui After I had finished the report, I went home.
before enne kui I checked the windows before I left.
as soon as niipea kui As soon as I saw the time, I jumped up.
by the time selleks ajaks, kui By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.

after-i ja before-i järel pole Past Perfect kohustuslik: sidesõna ise ütleb, mis oli varem. After I finished the report, I went home — on sama õige kui had finished-iga. as soon as-iga on mõlemad verbid tavaliselt Past Simple'is: üks sündmus tuleb kohe teise järel.

by the time nõuab peaaegu alati pealauses Past Perfecti. See tähendab „selleks hetkeks, kui…“, ja pealause sündmus oli selleks hetkeks juba lõppenud: By the time we arrived, everyone had left.

Võrdle kolme vastust küsimusele, mida õde tegi, kui ma koju jõudsin:

When I got home, my sister made dinner. Ma jõudsin koju — ja ta hakkas süüa tegema.
When I got home, my sister was making dinner. Ta tegi parajasti süüa.
When I got home, my sister had made dinner. Õhtusöök oli juba valmis.

Algus on üks, aga lugusid on kolm. Vahe teeb ainult verbi ajavorm.

Mõõdu reegel. Past Perfecti on vaja, et astuda sammu tagasi, mitte et sinna jääda. Pikas eelloos pannakse see esimesse-teise lausesse ja edasi minnakse üle Past Simple'ile — järjekord on juba selge:

I had met Anna years before, in Edinburgh. We worked in the same café and shared a flat. Then she moved to Canada, and we lost touch.

Osade järjekord on vaba. Inglise keel alustab sageli tagajärjest ja selgitab siis põhjust: I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys. Kui sidesõnaga osa tuleb esimesena, pannakse selle järele koma: By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.

Nii ei öelda. ✗ After I had finished, I had gone home → ✓ After I had finished, I went home. Hilisem sündmus ongi jutustuse punkt, sellel on Past Simple.

Kontrolli ennast. Mida tähendab When I got home, my sister had made dinner: kas ta hakkas süüa tegema sinu juuresolekul või oli õhtusöök juba laual? Kas Past Perfecti on vaja lauses After I ___ (finish), I went home? Milline ajavorm on by the time-i järel tavaliselt pealauses?

näita vastuseid
õhtusöök oli juba valmis; pole kohustuslik — õige on nii finished kui ka had finished; Past Perfect: By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.
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Eesti keele kõneleja vead

kirjutatud sinu keele jaoks
1

by the time when

✗ By the time when we arrived, the shop had closed

✓ By the time we arrived, the shop had closed

Eesti „selleks ajaks, kui…“ soovitab lisada when-i, aga by the time sisaldab „kui“ juba endas.

2

Lihtminevik tausta asemel

When I came in, everybody sat at the table and talked tähendab inglise keeles: ma tulin sisse ja siis kõik istusid lauda ja hakkasid rääkima. Kui tahtsid öelda, et nad sel hetkel istusid ja rääkisid, on vaja ✓ everybody was sitting at the table and talking. Eesti „rääkisid“ võib olla nii taust kui ka uus sündmus, inglise keeles teeb vahet ajavorm — nagu A2 #2-s.

3

Verb kohe pärast koma

✗ By the time we arrived, had everyone left.

✓ By the time we arrived, everyone had left.

Eesti lauses tuleb verb sageli kohe kõrvallause järele („Selleks ajaks, kui me kohale jõudsime, olid kõik lahkunud“). Inglise keeles on ka pärast koma alus verbi ees — sama reegel nagu A2 #2-s.

Hääldus

4 min

Pikk lause jaguneb tähendusrühmadeks, nende vahel on lühike paus:

By the time I got to the office ‖ the meeting had already started. I had set my alarm for half past six ‖ but I hadn't heard it.

Paus on osade piiril, tavaliselt seal, kus kirjas on koma või sidesõna. Aluse ja öeldise vahele seda ei tehta.

Esimese osa lõpus tõuseb hääl veidi — see on märk „järg tuleb“. Langeb see alles kogu lause lõpus. Kui lased hääle pärast By the time I got to the office alla, arvab kuulaja, et oled lõpetanud.

had on eelloos nõrk — /həd/, asesõna järel lihtsalt /d/: I'd set my alarm /aɪd ˈset maɪ əˈlɑːm/.

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Tekst

5 min

By the time I got to the office on Monday, the meeting had already started. It was not a good beginning to my first week in a new job.

I had set my alarm for half past six, but I hadn't heard it. The night before, I had worked on my presentation until two in the morning and had fallen asleep on the sofa with my laptop on my knees. When I finally woke up, the sun was shining and the birds were singing. It was ten to nine.

As soon as I saw the time, I jumped up, put on yesterday's shirt and ran to the bus stop. It was raining hard, and of course I had left my umbrella at the office on Friday.

When I opened the door of the meeting room, everyone turned round. My new manager was standing by the board, and somebody had already written half of the plan on it. I said sorry and sat down.

After the meeting had finished, my manager asked me to stay. I expected the worst. But she just smiled and said, "Don't worry. On my first day here, I came to work in my slippers."

Valjusti lugemine

Harjutused

30 min

1. Lünkharjutus.

  1. By the time I (get) to the office, the meeting (start)
  2. When I came in, my colleagues (discuss) the new project
  3. I (not / hear) my alarm because I (work) until two
  4. It (rain) hard, and I (leave) my umbrella at the office the day before
  5. As soon as she (see) the time, she (jump) up
  6. When we got to the party, most of the guests (already / go) home
  7. While I (wait) for the bus, I (realise) that I (leave) my phone at home
Näita vastuseid
got / had started; were discussing; didn't hear / had worked; was raining / had left; saw / jumped; had already gone; was waiting / realised / had left

2. Valik.

  1. we got to the cinema, the film had already started. (by the time / as soon as)
  2. I saw the message, I called her back. (as soon as / by the time)
  3. I always check the windows I leave the house. (before / after)
  4. she had paid the bill, she left the restaurant. (after / before)
  5. I opened the door, the dog ran out into the street. (when / by the time)
Näita vastuseid
By the time; As soon as; before; After; When

3. Ühenda kaks lauset

  1. The shop closed. + We arrived. (by the time)
  2. I finished the report. + I went home. (after)
  3. Everyone left. + The police came. (by the time)
  4. She read the instructions twice. + She started. (before)
  5. The guests went home. + I finished the washing-up. (by the time)
Näita vastuseid
By the time we arrived, the shop had closed / The shop had closed by the time we arrived; After I had finished the report, I went home / I went home after I had finished the report; By the time the police came, everyone had left / Everyone had left by the time the police came; She had read the instructions twice before she started / Before she started, she had read the instructions twice; By the time I finished the washing-up, the guests had gone home / The guests had gone home by the time I finished the washing-up

4. Vea leidmine.

  1. By the time when we arrived, the shop had closed.
  2. After I had finished, I had gone home.
  3. When I came in, she was cooked dinner.
  4. I couldn't get in because I have lost my keys.
  5. By the time we got there, the shop has closed.
Näita vastuseid
By the time we arrived, the shop had closed; After I had finished, I went home / After I finished, I went home; When I came in, she was cooking dinner / When I came in, she cooked dinner / When I came in, she had cooked dinner; I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys / I couldn't get in because I lost my keys; By the time we got there, the shop had closed

5. Kirjuta ümber, alustades tagajärjest.

  1. I lost my keys, so I couldn't get in.
  2. She forgot her passport, so she missed the flight.
  3. We didn't book a table, so we had to wait.
  4. He worked all night, so he was exhausted.
Näita vastuseid
I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys; She missed the flight because she had forgotten her passport; We had to wait because we hadn't booked a table; He was exhausted because he had worked all night

6. Laienda vihje täisvastuseks

  1. Why was the street wet? (it / rain / in the night)
  2. Why didn't you recognise Tom? (he / grow / a beard)
  3. Why was Anna so happy? (she / pass / her driving test)
  4. Why were you late for the meeting? (I / miss / the bus)
Näita vastuseid
Because it had rained in the night / The street was wet because it had rained in the night; Because he had grown a beard / I didn't recognise him because he had grown a beard; Because she had passed her driving test / She was so happy because she had passed her driving test; Because I had missed the bus / I was late because I had missed the bus

7. Tõlgi inglise keelde.

1) Selleks ajaks, kui me kohale jõudsime, olid kõik juba lahkunud. 2) Kui ma sisse tulin, istusid kõik laua taga ja rääkisid. 3) Niipea kui ma sõnumit nägin, helistasin talle. 4) Ma ei kuulnud äratuskella, sest olin kella kaheni öösel töötanud.

Näita vastuseid
By the time we arrived, everyone had left / By the time we arrived, everybody had gone; When I came in, everyone was sitting at the table and talking; As soon as I saw the message, I called him; I didn't hear my alarm because I had worked until two in the morning
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Kokkuvõte

Selles tunnis läbitud: kolm minevikuvormi ühes jutustuses, when, after, before, as soon as, by the time, mõõdu reegel, järjekord „tagajärg — põhjus“. Edasi — 3. tund: perfekti täpne piir.

Tuumiku lõpp

Tund loetakse tehtuks, kui harjutused on sooritatud. Kõik pärast seda on valikuline.

Tund 75

valikuline

Sõnavara kaardipakki

15 sõna
  • alarm /əˈlɑːm/ äratuskell
  • set /set/ panema, seadma
  • presentation /ˌpreznˈteɪʃn/ esitlus, ettekanne
  • fall asleep /ˌfɔːl əˈsliːp/ magama jääma
  • wake up /ˌweɪk ˈʌp/ ärkama
  • jump up /ˌdʒʌmp ˈʌp/ püsti hüppama
  • umbrella /ʌmˈbrelə/ vihmavari
  • turn round /ˌtɜːn ˈraʊnd/ ümber pöörduma
  • board /bɔːd/ tahvel
  • colleague /ˈkɒliːɡ/ kolleeg
  • manager /ˈmænɪdʒə/ juhataja, mänedžer
  • as soon as /əz ˈsuːn əz/ niipea kui
  • finally /ˈfaɪnəli/ lõpuks
  • expect the worst /ɪkˌspekt ðə ˈwɜːst/ halvimat ootama
  • lose touch /ˌluːz ˈtʌtʃ/ sidet kaotama

Kirjutamine

Kuus-kaheksa lauset — lugu hommikust või päevast, mis läks valesti. Vaja on kõiki kolme ajavormi: sündmuste ahelat, tausta ja eellugu.

Näidis

By the time I got to the airport, they had closed the check-in desk. I had left home early, but there had been an accident on the motorway. While we were sitting in the traffic, I was checking the time every minute. When I finally ran into the terminal, the screen said "Gate closed". As soon as I saw it, I called my sister. She laughed and said, "Come and stay with us instead."

Kontroll-loend

Mustand salvestatakse selles seadmes
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Harjuta seda õppetundi teistes osades

Diktaatselle tunni põhjal Kirjuta üles see, mida kuuled. Kontroll näitab iga erinevat sõna ja kuidas. Kirjuta diktaat Valjusti lugemineselle tunni põhjal Loe tunni tekst valjusti — kõnetuvastus märgib sõnad, mida ei tuvastanud. Loe tekst ette Lugemine ja kuulamineA1–C1 Tekstid igal tasemel koos mõistmisküsimustega; transkript avaneb pärast vastamist. Proovi

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