Gramatika liko ~53 min pagrindinės dalies

Papasakoti istoriją su priešistore

Po šios pamokos galėsite

Galiu sudėlioti pasakojimą, kuriame dalis įvykių paaiškina tai, kas nutiko paskui.

Pradėti pamoką Pagrindinė dalis 53 min · žingsniai: 6 · neprivaloma: +2

Nurodytas pagrindinės dalies laikas. Dvi pagrindinės dalies blokai neturi laiko, todėl tikroji pamoka yra ilgesnė nei ši suma.

Gramatika

14 min

B1 #1 pamokoje Past Perfect stovėjo viename sakinyje šalia Past Simple. Tikras pasakojimas ilgesnis, ir jame veikia iš karto trys būtieji laikai. Kiekvienas turi savo vaidmenį, o jei juos sumaišysite, klausytojas nebesupras, kas po ko įvyko.

Forma — viskas pažįstama. Past Simple (A2 #1): I left, I didn't leave. Past Continuous (A2 #2): I was leaving, They were talking. Past Perfect (B1 #1): I had left.

Kas už ką atsakingas:

laikas vaidmuo į kokį klausimą atsako pavyzdys
Past Simple įvykių grandinė kas nutiko toliau? I got up, had breakfast and left.
Past Continuous fonas, tuo metu vykęs procesas kas vyko aplinkui? It was raining, people were hurrying to work.
Past Perfect priešistorė kas buvo prieš tai? I had forgotten my umbrella.

Pasakojimą patogu įsivaizduoti kaip filmą. Past Simple stumia siužetą į priekį: kiekvienas naujas įvykis — kitas kadras. Past Continuous — dekoracijos, tai, kas jau vyko, kai kadras prasidėjo. Past Perfect — trumpas žvilgsnis atgal: kas nutiko prieš šią sceną ir kodėl ji tokia.

Kaip rasti pasakojimo tašką. Paklauskite savęs: apie kurį momentą dabar pasakoju? Viskas, kas įvyko tuo momentu ir po jo, — Past Simple. Viskas, kas tuo momentu jau vyko, — Past Continuous. Viskas, kas baigėsi iki jo, — Past Perfect. Taškas juda kartu su siužetu, todėl tas pats įvykis istorijos pradžioje stovi Past Simple, o po pastraipos jis prisimenamas jau Past Perfect.

Jungtukai, kurie laiko tvarką:

jungtukas reikšmė pavyzdys
when kai When I got home, my sister had made dinner.
after po to, kai After I had finished the report, I went home.
before prieš tai, kai I checked the windows before I left.
as soon as vos tik As soon as I saw the time, I jumped up.
by the time iki to laiko, kai By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.

Po after ir before Past Perfect nebūtinas: jungtukas pats pasako, kas buvo anksčiau. After I finished the report, I went home — taip pat teisinga, kaip ir su had finished. Su as soon as abu veiksmažodžiai paprastai Past Simple: vienas įvykis eina iškart po kito.

by the time beveik visada reikalauja Past Perfect pagrindinėje dalyje. Jis reiškia „iki to momento, kai…“, ir pagrindinis įvykis iki to momento jau baigėsi: By the time we arrived, everyone had left.

Palyginkite tris atsakymus į klausimą, ką veikė sesuo, kai aš grįžau:

When I got home, my sister made dinner. Grįžau — ir ji ėmė gaminti.
When I got home, my sister was making dinner. Ji kaip tik gamino.
When I got home, my sister had made dinner. Vakarienė jau buvo paruošta.

Pradžia ta pati, o istorijos trys. Skirtumą daro tik veiksmažodžio laikas.

Saiko taisyklė. Past Perfect reikia tam, kad žengtumėte atgal, o ne kad ten pasiliktumėte. Ilgoje priešistorėje jis dedamas pirmame ar antrame sakinyje, o toliau pereinama prie Past Simple — tvarka jau aiški:

I had met Anna years before, in Edinburgh. We worked in the same café and shared a flat. Then she moved to Canada, and we lost touch.

Dalių tvarka laisva. Anglų kalba dažnai pradeda nuo pasekmės ir tik paskui paaiškina priežastį: I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys. Jei dalis su jungtuku eina pirma, po jos dedamas kablelis: By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.

Taip nesakoma. ✗ After I had finished, I had gone home → ✓ After I had finished, I went home. Vėlesnis įvykis ir yra pasakojimo taškas, todėl jam — Past Simple.

Pasitikrinkite. Ką reiškia When I got home, my sister had made dinner: ji pradėjo gaminti jums esant ar vakarienė jau stovėjo ant stalo? Ar reikia Past Perfect sakinyje After I ___ (finish), I went home? Koks laikas paprastai stovi pagrindinėje dalyje po by the time?

rodyti atsakymus
vakarienė jau buvo paruošta; nebūtinas — teisinga ir finished, ir had finished; Past Perfect: By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.
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Lietuvių kalbos gimtakalbių klaidos

parašyta jūsų kalbai
1

by the time when

✗ By the time when we arrived, the shop had closed

✓ By the time we arrived, the shop had closed

Lietuviškas „iki to laiko, kai…“ skatina pridėti nereikalingą when, bet by the time „kai“ jau turi savyje.

2

Būtasis kartinis vietoj fono

When I came in, everybody sat at the table and talked angliškai reiškia: įėjau, ir tada visi susėdo prie stalo ir prakalbo. Jei norėjote pasakyti „visi sėdėjo ir kalbėjosi“, reikia ✓ everybody was sitting at the table and talking. Lietuviškai šį skirtumą rodo pats veiksmažodis („sėdėjo“ — „susėdo“, „kalbėjosi“ — „prakalbo“), o angliškai — laikas.

3

Past Perfect kiekviename priešistorės sakinyje

I had met Anna in Edinburgh. We had worked together. We had shared a flat… Klaidos čia nėra, bet pasakojimas tampa sunkus, o gimtakalbis taip nerašo. Naują formą norisi dėti visur, kur kalbama apie „anksčiau“. Užtenka pirmo sakinio su had, toliau — Past Simple.

Tarimas

4 min

Ilgas sakinys dalijamas į prasmines grupes, tarp jų — trumpa pauzė:

By the time I got to the office ‖ the meeting had already started. I had set my alarm for half past six ‖ but I hadn't heard it.

Pauzė daroma ties dalių riba, paprastai ten, kur rašant būtų kablelis ar jungtukas. Tarp veiksnio ir tarinio jos nedaro.

Pirmos dalies gale balsas šiek tiek pakyla — tai ženklas „bus tęsinys“. Nusileidžia jis tik viso sakinio gale. Jei nuleisite balsą po By the time I got to the office, klausytojas nuspręs, kad baigėte.

had priešistorėje silpnas — /həd/, po įvardžio tiesiog /d/: I'd set my alarm /aɪd ˈset maɪ əˈlɑːm/.

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Tekstas

5 min

By the time I got to the office on Monday, the meeting had already started. It was not a good beginning to my first week in a new job.

I had set my alarm for half past six, but I hadn't heard it. The night before, I had worked on my presentation until two in the morning and had fallen asleep on the sofa with my laptop on my knees. When I finally woke up, the sun was shining and the birds were singing. It was ten to nine.

As soon as I saw the time, I jumped up, put on yesterday's shirt and ran to the bus stop. It was raining hard, and of course I had left my umbrella at the office on Friday.

When I opened the door of the meeting room, everyone turned round. My new manager was standing by the board, and somebody had already written half of the plan on it. I said sorry and sat down.

After the meeting had finished, my manager asked me to stay. I expected the worst. But she just smiled and said, "Don't worry. On my first day here, I came to work in my slippers."

Skaitymas balsu

Pratimai

30 min

1. Įrašymas.

  1. By the time I (get) to the office, the meeting (start)
  2. When I came in, my colleagues (discuss) the new project
  3. I (not / hear) my alarm because I (work) until two
  4. It (rain) hard, and I (leave) my umbrella at the office the day before
  5. As soon as she (see) the time, she (jump) up
  6. When we got to the party, most of the guests (already / go) home
  7. While I (wait) for the bus, I (realise) that I (leave) my phone at home
Rodyti atsakymus
got / had started; were discussing; didn't hear / had worked; was raining / had left; saw / jumped; had already gone; was waiting / realised / had left

2. Pasirinkimas.

  1. we got to the cinema, the film had already started. (by the time / as soon as)
  2. I saw the message, I called her back. (as soon as / by the time)
  3. I always check the windows I leave the house. (before / after)
  4. she had paid the bill, she left the restaurant. (after / before)
  5. I opened the door, the dog ran out into the street. (when / by the time)
Rodyti atsakymus
By the time; As soon as; before; After; When

3. Sujunkite du sakinius

  1. The shop closed. + We arrived. (by the time)
  2. I finished the report. + I went home. (after)
  3. Everyone left. + The police came. (by the time)
  4. She read the instructions twice. + She started. (before)
  5. The guests went home. + I finished the washing-up. (by the time)
Rodyti atsakymus
By the time we arrived, the shop had closed / The shop had closed by the time we arrived; After I had finished the report, I went home / I went home after I had finished the report; By the time the police came, everyone had left / Everyone had left by the time the police came; She had read the instructions twice before she started / Before she started, she had read the instructions twice; By the time I finished the washing-up, the guests had gone home / The guests had gone home by the time I finished the washing-up

4. Raskite klaidą ir ištaisykite.

  1. By the time when we arrived, the shop had closed.
  2. After I had finished, I had gone home.
  3. When I came in, she was cooked dinner.
  4. I couldn't get in because I have lost my keys.
  5. By the time we got there, the shop has closed.
Rodyti atsakymus
By the time we arrived, the shop had closed; After I had finished, I went home / After I finished, I went home; When I came in, she was cooking dinner / When I came in, she cooked dinner / When I came in, she had cooked dinner; I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys / I couldn't get in because I lost my keys; By the time we got there, the shop had closed

5. Perrašykite pradėdami nuo pasekmės.

  1. I lost my keys, so I couldn't get in.
  2. She forgot her passport, so she missed the flight.
  3. We didn't book a table, so we had to wait.
  4. He worked all night, so he was exhausted.
Rodyti atsakymus
I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys; She missed the flight because she had forgotten her passport; We had to wait because we hadn't booked a table; He was exhausted because he had worked all night

6. Išplėskite užuominą į pilną atsakymą

  1. Why was the street wet? (it / rain / in the night)
  2. Why didn't you recognise Tom? (he / grow / a beard)
  3. Why was Anna so happy? (she / pass / her driving test)
  4. Why were you late for the meeting? (I / miss / the bus)
Rodyti atsakymus
Because it had rained in the night / The street was wet because it had rained in the night; Because he had grown a beard / I didn't recognise him because he had grown a beard; Because she had passed her driving test / She was so happy because she had passed her driving test; Because I had missed the bus / I was late because I had missed the bus

7. Išverskite į anglų kalbą.

1) Kol mes atvykome, visi jau buvo išėję. 2) Kai įėjau, visi sėdėjo prie stalo ir kalbėjosi. 3) Vos tik pamačiau žinutę, jam paskambinau. 4) Neišgirdau žadintuvo, nes dirbau iki antros nakties.

Rodyti atsakymus
By the time we arrived, everyone had left / By the time we arrived, everybody had gone; When I came in, everyone was sitting at the table and talking; As soon as I saw the message, I called him; I didn't hear my alarm because I had worked until two in the morning
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Santrauka

Išmokta: trys būtieji laikai viename pasakojime, when, after, before, as soon as, by the time, saiko taisyklė, tvarka „pasekmė — priežastis“. Toliau — 3 pamoka: tiksli Perfect riba.

Pagrindinės dalies pabaiga

Pamoka laikoma baigta, kai atliekate pratimus. Viskas po to yra neprivaloma.

Pamoka 75

neprivaloma

Žodžiai kortelėms

15 žodžių
  • alarm /əˈlɑːm/ žadintuvas
  • set /set/ nustatyti
  • presentation /ˌpreznˈteɪʃn/ pristatymas, prezentacija
  • fall asleep /ˌfɔːl əˈsliːp/ užmigti
  • wake up /ˌweɪk ˈʌp/ pabusti
  • jump up /ˌdʒʌmp ˈʌp/ pašokti
  • umbrella /ʌmˈbrelə/ skėtis
  • turn round /ˌtɜːn ˈraʊnd/ atsisukti
  • board /bɔːd/ lenta
  • colleague /ˈkɒliːɡ/ kolega
  • manager /ˈmænɪdʒə/ vadovas
  • as soon as /əz ˈsuːn əz/ vos tik
  • finally /ˈfaɪnəli/ galiausiai, pagaliau
  • expect the worst /ɪkˌspekt ðə ˈwɜːst/ laukti blogiausio
  • lose touch /ˌluːz ˈtʌtʃ/ nutrūkti ryšiui, prarasti ryšį

Rašymas

Šeši–aštuoni sakiniai — pasakojimas apie rytą ar dieną, kuri nepavyko. Reikia visų trijų laikų: įvykių grandinės, fono ir priešistorės.

Pavyzdys

By the time I got to the airport, they had closed the check-in desk. I had left home early, but there had been an accident on the motorway. While we were sitting in the traffic, I was checking the time every minute. When I finally ran into the terminal, the screen said "Gate closed". As soon as I saw it, I called my sister. She laughed and said, "Come and stay with us instead."

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