Gramatika ~53 min no pamata palicis

Pastāstīt stāstu ar priekšvēsturi

Pēc šīs nodarbības tu vari

Varu uzbūvēt stāstu, kurā daļa notikumu izskaidro to, kas notika pēc tam.

Sākt mācību Kodols 53 min · soļi: 6 · pēc izvēles: +2

Norādītais kodola laiks. Divi kodola bloki nav ar laika norādi, tāpēc reālā nodarbība ir garāka par šo summu.

Gramatika

14 min

B1 #1 Past Perfect stāvēja vienā teikumā blakus Past Simple. Īsts stāsts ir garāks, un tajā strādā uzreiz trīs pagātnes laiki. Katram ir sava loma, un, ja tos sajauc, klausītājs vairs nesaprot, kas notika pēc kā.

Forma — viss pazīstams. Past Simple (A2 #1): I left, I didn't leave. Past Continuous (A2 #2): I was leaving, They were talking. Past Perfect (B1 #1): I had left.

Kas par ko atbild:

laiks loma uz kādu jautājumu atbild piemērs
Past Simple notikumu ķēde kas notika tālāk? I got up, had breakfast and left.
Past Continuous fons, process tajā brīdī kas norisēja apkārt? It was raining, people were hurrying to work.
Past Perfect priekšvēsture kas bija pirms tam? I had forgotten my umbrella.

Stāstu ērti iedomāties kā filmu. Past Simple virza sižetu: katrs jauns notikums ir nākamais kadrs. Past Continuous — dekorācijas, tas, kas jau norisēja, kad kadrs sākās. Past Perfect — īss skatiens atpakaļ: kas notika pirms šīs ainas un kāpēc tā ir tāda.

Kā atrast stāsta punktu. Pajautājiet sev: par kuru brīdi es tagad stāstu? Viss, kas notika šajā brīdī un pēc tā, — Past Simple. Viss, kas šajā brīdī jau norisēja, — Past Continuous. Viss, kas beidzās pirms tā, — Past Perfect. Punkts pārvietojas līdz ar sižetu, tāpēc viens un tas pats notikums stāsta sākumā stāv Past Simple, bet rindkopu vēlāk to atceras jau Past Perfect.

Saikļi, kas notur secību:

saiklis nozīme piemērs
when kad When I got home, my sister had made dinner.
after pēc tam, kad After I had finished the report, I went home.
before pirms I checked the windows before I left.
as soon as tiklīdz As soon as I saw the time, I jumped up.
by the time līdz brīdim, kad By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.

Pēc after un before Past Perfect nav obligāts: saiklis pats pasaka, kas bija agrāk. After I finished the report, I went home — tikpat pareizi kā ar had finished. Ar as soon as abi darbības vārdi parasti ir Past Simple: viens notikums seko uzreiz aiz otra.

by the time gandrīz vienmēr prasa Past Perfect galvenajā daļā. Tas nozīmē „līdz brīdim, kad…”, un galvenais notikums līdz šim brīdim jau ir beidzies: By the time we arrived, everyone had left.

Salīdziniet trīs atbildes uz jautājumu, ko darīja māsa, kad es atnācu:

When I got home, my sister made dinner. Es atnācu — un viņa sāka gatavot.
When I got home, my sister was making dinner. Viņa tieši gatavoja.
When I got home, my sister had made dinner. Vakariņas jau bija gatavas.

Sākums viens, bet stāsti trīs. Atšķirību rada tikai darbības vārda laiks.

Mēra likums. Past Perfect vajag, lai paspertu soli atpakaļ, nevis lai tur paliktu. Garā priekšvēsturē to liek pirmajā vai otrajā teikumā, bet tālāk pāriet uz Past Simple — secība jau ir skaidra:

I had met Anna years before, in Edinburgh. We worked in the same café and shared a flat. Then she moved to Canada, and we lost touch.

Daļu secība ir brīva. Angļu valoda bieži sāk ar sekām un pēc tam izskaidro cēloni: I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys. Ja daļa ar saikli ir pirmā, pēc tās liek komatu: By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.

Tā nesaka. ✗ After I had finished, I had gone home → ✓ After I had finished, I went home. Vēlākais notikums ir tieši stāsta punkts, un tam ir Past Simple.

Pārbaudiet sevi. Ko nozīmē When I got home, my sister had made dinner: viņa sāka gatavot jūsu klātbūtnē vai vakariņas jau bija uz galda? Vai Past Perfect vajag teikumā After I ___ (finish), I went home? Kāds laiks parasti stāv galvenajā daļā pēc by the time?

rādīt atbildes
vakariņas jau bija gatavas; nav obligāts — pareizi ir gan finished, gan had finished; Past Perfect: By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.
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Latviešu valodas runātāju kļūdas

pielāgots tavai valodai
1

by the time when

✗ By the time when we arrived, the shop had closed

✓ By the time we arrived, the shop had closed

Latviešu „līdz brīdim, kad…” pamudina pielikt lieku when, bet by the time „kad” jau ir iekšā.

2

Vienkāršā pagātne fona vietā

When I came in, everybody sat at the table and talked angliski nozīmē: es ienācu, un tad visi apsēdās pie galda un sāka runāt. Ja gribējāt pateikt „visi sēdēja un runāja”, vajag ✓ everybody was sitting at the table and talking. Latviešu „runāja” der abos gadījumos — tāpat kā „gatavoja” A2 #2: latviski pagātne ir viena, angliski fonam ir savs laiks.

3

was vietā had vai was … -ing

✗ When I came in, she was cooked dinner → ✓ she was cooking dinner (fons) vai ✓ she had cooked dinner (vakariņas jau gatavas). Latviešu „bija pagatavojusi” veidojas ar „būt”, un tas pievelk was (B1 #1). Angliski ir divas atsevišķas formas: was + -ing fonam, had + trešā forma priekšvēsturei.

4

Komats pirms saikļa teikuma beigās

✗ I checked the windows, before I left.

✓ I checked the windows before I left.

Latviski palīgteikumu ar komatu atdala vienmēr („Pārbaudīju logus, pirms aizgāju”). Angliski komatu liek tikai tad, ja daļa ar saikli ir pirmā, — tāpat kā ar when A2 #2.

Izruna

4 min

Garu teikumu dala jēdzieniskās grupās, starp tām — īsa pauze:

By the time I got to the office ‖ the meeting had already started. I had set my alarm for half past six ‖ but I hadn't heard it.

Pauze ir uz daļu robežas, parasti tur, kur angļu rakstā ir komats vai saiklis. Starp teikuma priekšmetu un izteicēju to netaisa.

Pirmās daļas beigās balss nedaudz paceļas — tā ir zīme „turpinājums sekos”. Krīt tā tikai visa teikuma beigās. Ja nolaidīsiet balsi pēc By the time I got to the office, klausītājs nolems, ka esat beiguši.

had priekšvēsturē ir vājš — /həd/, pēc vietniekvārda vienkārši /d/: I'd set my alarm /aɪd ˈset maɪ əˈlɑːm/.

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Teksts

5 min

By the time I got to the office on Monday, the meeting had already started. It was not a good beginning to my first week in a new job.

I had set my alarm for half past six, but I hadn't heard it. The night before, I had worked on my presentation until two in the morning and had fallen asleep on the sofa with my laptop on my knees. When I finally woke up, the sun was shining and the birds were singing. It was ten to nine.

As soon as I saw the time, I jumped up, put on yesterday's shirt and ran to the bus stop. It was raining hard, and of course I had left my umbrella at the office on Friday.

When I opened the door of the meeting room, everyone turned round. My new manager was standing by the board, and somebody had already written half of the plan on it. I said sorry and sat down.

After the meeting had finished, my manager asked me to stay. I expected the worst. But she just smiled and said, "Don't worry. On my first day here, I came to work in my slippers."

Lasīšana skaļi

Vingrinājumi

30 min

1. Ievietošana.

  1. By the time I (get) to the office, the meeting (start)
  2. When I came in, my colleagues (discuss) the new project
  3. I (not / hear) my alarm because I (work) until two
  4. It (rain) hard, and I (leave) my umbrella at the office the day before
  5. As soon as she (see) the time, she (jump) up
  6. When we got to the party, most of the guests (already / go) home
  7. While I (wait) for the bus, I (realise) that I (leave) my phone at home
Rādīt atbildes
got / had started; were discussing; didn't hear / had worked; was raining / had left; saw / jumped; had already gone; was waiting / realised / had left

2. Izvēle.

  1. we got to the cinema, the film had already started. (by the time / as soon as)
  2. I saw the message, I called her back. (as soon as / by the time)
  3. I always check the windows I leave the house. (before / after)
  4. she had paid the bill, she left the restaurant. (after / before)
  5. I opened the door, the dog ran out into the street. (when / by the time)
Rādīt atbildes
By the time; As soon as; before; After; When

3. Apvienojiet divus teikumus

  1. The shop closed. + We arrived. (by the time)
  2. I finished the report. + I went home. (after)
  3. Everyone left. + The police came. (by the time)
  4. She read the instructions twice. + She started. (before)
  5. The guests went home. + I finished the washing-up. (by the time)
Rādīt atbildes
By the time we arrived, the shop had closed / The shop had closed by the time we arrived; After I had finished the report, I went home / I went home after I had finished the report; By the time the police came, everyone had left / Everyone had left by the time the police came; She had read the instructions twice before she started / Before she started, she had read the instructions twice; By the time I finished the washing-up, the guests had gone home / The guests had gone home by the time I finished the washing-up

4. Kļūdas atrašana.

  1. By the time when we arrived, the shop had closed.
  2. After I had finished, I had gone home.
  3. When I came in, she was cooked dinner.
  4. I couldn't get in because I have lost my keys.
  5. By the time we got there, the shop has closed.
Rādīt atbildes
By the time we arrived, the shop had closed; After I had finished, I went home / After I finished, I went home; When I came in, she was cooking dinner / When I came in, she cooked dinner / When I came in, she had cooked dinner; I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys / I couldn't get in because I lost my keys; By the time we got there, the shop had closed

5. Pārrakstiet, sākot ar sekām.

  1. I lost my keys, so I couldn't get in.
  2. She forgot her passport, so she missed the flight.
  3. We didn't book a table, so we had to wait.
  4. He worked all night, so he was exhausted.
Rādīt atbildes
I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys; She missed the flight because she had forgotten her passport; We had to wait because we hadn't booked a table; He was exhausted because he had worked all night

6. Izvērsiet norādi pilnā atbildē

  1. Why was the street wet? (it / rain / in the night)
  2. Why didn't you recognise Tom? (he / grow / a beard)
  3. Why was Anna so happy? (she / pass / her driving test)
  4. Why were you late for the meeting? (I / miss / the bus)
Rādīt atbildes
Because it had rained in the night / The street was wet because it had rained in the night; Because he had grown a beard / I didn't recognise him because he had grown a beard; Because she had passed her driving test / She was so happy because she had passed her driving test; Because I had missed the bus / I was late because I had missed the bus

7. Pārtulkojiet angliski.

1) Līdz brīdim, kad mēs atbraucām, visi jau bija aizgājuši. 2) Kad es ienācu, visi sēdēja pie galda un runāja. 3) Tiklīdz es ieraudzīju ziņu, es viņam piezvanīju. 4) Es nedzirdēju modinātāju, jo biju strādājis līdz diviem naktī.

Rādīt atbildes
By the time we arrived, everyone had left / By the time we arrived, everybody had gone; When I came in, everyone was sitting at the table and talking; As soon as I saw the message, I called him; I didn't hear my alarm because I had worked until two in the morning
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Kopsavilkums

Apgūts: trīs pagātnes laiki vienā stāstā, when, after, before, as soon as, by the time, mēra likums, secība „sekas — cēlonis”. Tālāk — 3. nodarbība: precīza perfekta robeža.

Pamata beigas

Mācība tiek uzskatīta par pabeigtu, kad vingrinājumi ir izpildīti. Viss pēc tam ir pēc izvēles.

Mācība 75

pēc izvēles

Vārdi kartīšu kavai

15 vārdi
  • alarm /əˈlɑːm/ modinātājs
  • set /set/ uzstādīt, iestatīt
  • presentation /ˌpreznˈteɪʃn/ prezentācija
  • fall asleep /ˌfɔːl əˈsliːp/ aizmigt
  • wake up /ˌweɪk ˈʌp/ pamosties
  • jump up /ˌdʒʌmp ˈʌp/ pielēkt kājās
  • umbrella /ʌmˈbrelə/ lietussargs
  • turn round /ˌtɜːn ˈraʊnd/ pagriezties
  • board /bɔːd/ tāfele
  • colleague /ˈkɒliːɡ/ kolēģis
  • manager /ˈmænɪdʒə/ menedžeris, vadītājs
  • as soon as /əz ˈsuːn əz/ tiklīdz
  • finally /ˈfaɪnəli/ beidzot, visbeidzot
  • expect the worst /ɪkˌspekt ðə ˈwɜːst/ gaidīt ļaunāko
  • lose touch /ˌluːz ˈtʌtʃ/ zaudēt saikni

Rakstīšana

Seši–astoņi teikumi — stāsts par rītu vai dienu, kas nogāja greizi. Vajag visus trīs laikus: notikumu ķēdi, fonu un priekšvēsturi.

Paraugs

By the time I got to the airport, they had closed the check-in desk. I had left home early, but there had been an accident on the motorway. While we were sitting in the traffic, I was checking the time every minute. When I finally ran into the terminal, the screen said "Gate closed". As soon as I saw it, I called my sister. She laughed and said, "Come and stay with us instead."

Pašpārbaudes saraksts

Melnraksts saglabāts šajā ierīcē
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Praktizē šo nodarbību citās sadaļās

Diktātsbalstīts uz šo mācību Pierakstiet, ko dzirdat. Pārbaude parāda katru atšķirīgo vārdu un kā. Rakstīt diktātu Lasīšana skaļibalstīts uz šo mācību Lasiet mācības tekstu skaļi — runas atpazīšana izceļ vārdus, kurus tā nesadzirdēja. Lasīt tekstu skaļi Lasīšana un klausīšanāsA1–C1 Teksti visos līmeņos ar izpratnes jautājumiem; transkripts atveras pēc atbildes. Izmēģināt

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