Gramatika ~53 min z jadra zostáva

Porozprávať príbeh s predhistóriou

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Viem zostaviť rozprávanie, v ktorom časť udalostí vysvetľuje to, čo sa stalo potom.

Začať lekciu Jadro 53 min · kroky: 6 · voliteľné: +2

Deklarovaný čas jadra. Dva bloky jadra nemajú žiadny údaj, takže skutočná lekcia je dlhšia ako tento súčet.

Gramatika

14 min

V B1 #1 stál Past Perfect v jednej vete vedľa Past Simple. Skutočné rozprávanie je dlhšie a pracujú v ňom naraz tri minulé časy. Každý má svoju úlohu, a keď sa pomiešajú, poslucháč prestane chápať, čo nasledovalo po čom.

Tvar — všetko známe. Past Simple (A2 #1): I left, I didn't leave. Past Continuous (A2 #2): I was leaving, They were talking. Past Perfect (B1 #1): I had left.

Ktorý čas má akú úlohu:

čas úloha na akú otázku odpovedá príklad
Past Simple reťaz udalostí čo sa stalo potom? I got up, had breakfast and left.
Past Continuous pozadie, dej, ktorý práve prebiehal čo sa dialo okolo? It was raining, people were hurrying to work.
Past Perfect predhistória čo bolo predtým? I had forgotten my umbrella.

Rozprávanie si môžeš predstaviť ako film. Past Simple posúva dej: každá nová udalosť je ďalší záber. Past Continuous sú kulisy — to, čo už prebiehalo, keď sa záber začal. Past Perfect je krátky pohľad späť: čo sa stalo pred touto scénou a prečo je taká, aká je.

Ako nájsť bod rozprávania. Spýtaj sa: o ktorom okamihu práve rozprávam? Všetko, čo sa stalo v tomto okamihu a po ňom, je Past Simple. Všetko, čo v tom okamihu už prebiehalo, je Past Continuous. Všetko, čo sa skončilo pred ním, je Past Perfect. Bod sa posúva spolu s dejom, preto tá istá udalosť stojí na začiatku príbehu v Past Simple a o odsek ďalej sa na ňu spomína už v Past Perfect.

Spojky, ktoré držia poradie:

spojka význam príklad
when keď When I got home, my sister had made dinner.
after potom, ako After I had finished the report, I went home.
before predtým, ako I checked the windows before I left.
as soon as hneď ako, len čo As soon as I saw the time, I jumped up.
by the time do chvíle, keď By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.

Po after a before nie je Past Perfect povinný: spojka sama hovorí, čo bolo skôr. After I finished the report, I went home je rovnako správne ako s had finished. Pri as soon as sú obe slovesá zvyčajne v Past Simple: jedna udalosť ide hneď za druhou.

by the time takmer vždy vyžaduje Past Perfect v hlavnej vete. Znamená „do chvíle, keď…“, a hlavná udalosť sa do tej chvíle už skončila: By the time we arrived, everyone had left.

Porovnaj tri odpovede na otázku, čo robila sestra, keď som prišiel:

When I got home, my sister made dinner. Prišiel som — a ona začala variť.
When I got home, my sister was making dinner. Práve varila.
When I got home, my sister had made dinner. Večera už bola hotová.

Začiatok je jeden, a príbehy tri. Rozdiel robí len čas slovesa.

Pravidlo miery. Past Perfect slúži na to, aby si urobil krok späť, nie aby si tam zostal. V dlhej predhistórii sa dáva do prvej-druhej vety a potom sa prechádza na Past Simple — poradie je už jasné:

I had met Anna years before, in Edinburgh. We worked in the same café and shared a flat. Then she moved to Canada, and we lost touch.

Poradie častí je voľné. Angličtina často začína následkom a potom vysvetľuje príčinu: I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys. Ak ide časť so spojkou ako prvá, píše sa za ňou čiarka: By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.

Takto sa nehovorí. ✗ After I had finished, I had gone home → ✓ After I had finished, I went home. Neskoršia udalosť je práve bod rozprávania a patrí jej Past Simple.

Otestuj sa. Čo znamená When I got home, my sister had made dinner: začala variť pri tebe, alebo už bola večera na stole? Treba Past Perfect vo vete After I ___ (finish), I went home? Aký čas zvyčajne stojí v hlavnej vete po by the time?

zobraziť odpovede
večera už bola hotová; nie je povinný — správne je aj finished, aj had finished; Past Perfect: By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.
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Chyby slovensky hovoriacich

napísané pre váš jazyk
1

by the time when

✗ By the time when we arrived, the shop had closed

✓ By the time we arrived, the shop had closed

Slovenské „do chvíle, keď…“ našepkáva navyše when, ale v by the time je „keď“ už obsiahnuté.

2

Jednoduchý minulý čas namiesto pozadia

When I came in, everybody sat at the table and talked — po anglicky to znamená: vošiel som a vtom si všetci sadli za stôl a dali sa do reči. Ak si chcel povedať „všetci sedeli a rozprávali sa“, treba ✓ everybody was sitting at the table and talking. V slovenčine tento rozdiel nesie vid slovesa („sedeli“ — „sadli si“), v angličtine čas.

3

Čiarka pred because

✗ I couldn't get in, because I had lost my keys

✓ I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys

Po slovensky stojí čiarka pred „pretože“ a „keď“ vždy. Po anglicky sa píše, keď časť so spojkou ide prvá (By the time we arrived, the shop had closed); keď ide druhá, čiarka zvyčajne nie je (ako pri if, A2 #27).

4

Past Perfect v každej vete predhistórie

I had met Anna in Edinburgh. We had worked together. We had shared a flat… Chyba tu nie je, ale rozprávanie je ťažkopádne a rodený hovoriaci tak nepíše. Novú formu láka dávať všade, kde ide o „predtým“. Stačí prvá veta s had, ďalej — Past Simple.

Výslovnosť

4 min

Dlhá veta sa delí na významové celky, medzi nimi je krátka pauza:

By the time I got to the office ‖ the meeting had already started. I had set my alarm for half past six ‖ but I hadn't heard it.

Pauza stojí na hranici častí, zvyčajne tam, kde je v písanom texte čiarka alebo spojka. Medzi podmetom a prísudkom sa nerobí.

Na konci prvej časti hlas mierne stúpne — to je znak „pokračovanie nasleduje“. Klesá až na konci celej vety. Ak hlas po By the time I got to the office klesne, poslucháč si pomyslí, že si skončil.

had je v predhistórii slabé — /həd/, po zámene len /d/: I'd set my alarm /aɪd ˈset maɪ əˈlɑːm/.

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Text

5 min

By the time I got to the office on Monday, the meeting had already started. It was not a good beginning to my first week in a new job.

I had set my alarm for half past six, but I hadn't heard it. The night before, I had worked on my presentation until two in the morning and had fallen asleep on the sofa with my laptop on my knees. When I finally woke up, the sun was shining and the birds were singing. It was ten to nine.

As soon as I saw the time, I jumped up, put on yesterday's shirt and ran to the bus stop. It was raining hard, and of course I had left my umbrella at the office on Friday.

When I opened the door of the meeting room, everyone turned round. My new manager was standing by the board, and somebody had already written half of the plan on it. I said sorry and sat down.

After the meeting had finished, my manager asked me to stay. I expected the worst. But she just smiled and said, "Don't worry. On my first day here, I came to work in my slippers."

Čítanie nahlas

Cvičenia

30 min

1. Doplňovanie.

  1. By the time I (get) to the office, the meeting (start)
  2. When I came in, my colleagues (discuss) the new project
  3. I (not / hear) my alarm because I (work) until two
  4. It (rain) hard, and I (leave) my umbrella at the office the day before
  5. As soon as she (see) the time, she (jump) up
  6. When we got to the party, most of the guests (already / go) home
  7. While I (wait) for the bus, I (realise) that I (leave) my phone at home
Zobraziť odpovede
got / had started; were discussing; didn't hear / had worked; was raining / had left; saw / jumped; had already gone; was waiting / realised / had left

2. Výber.

  1. we got to the cinema, the film had already started. (by the time / as soon as)
  2. I saw the message, I called her back. (as soon as / by the time)
  3. I always check the windows I leave the house. (before / after)
  4. she had paid the bill, she left the restaurant. (after / before)
  5. I opened the door, the dog ran out into the street. (when / by the time)
Zobraziť odpovede
By the time; As soon as; before; After; When

3. Spoj dve vety

  1. The shop closed. + We arrived. (by the time)
  2. I finished the report. + I went home. (after)
  3. Everyone left. + The police came. (by the time)
  4. She read the instructions twice. + She started. (before)
  5. The guests went home. + I finished the washing-up. (by the time)
Zobraziť odpovede
By the time we arrived, the shop had closed / The shop had closed by the time we arrived; After I had finished the report, I went home / I went home after I had finished the report; By the time the police came, everyone had left / Everyone had left by the time the police came; She had read the instructions twice before she started / Before she started, she had read the instructions twice; By the time I finished the washing-up, the guests had gone home / The guests had gone home by the time I finished the washing-up

4. Hľadanie chyby.

  1. By the time when we arrived, the shop had closed.
  2. After I had finished, I had gone home.
  3. When I came in, she was cooked dinner.
  4. I couldn't get in because I have lost my keys.
  5. By the time we got there, the shop has closed.
Zobraziť odpovede
By the time we arrived, the shop had closed; After I had finished, I went home / After I finished, I went home; When I came in, she was cooking dinner / When I came in, she cooked dinner / When I came in, she had cooked dinner; I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys / I couldn't get in because I lost my keys; By the time we got there, the shop had closed

5. Prepíš tak, aby veta začínala následkom.

  1. I lost my keys, so I couldn't get in.
  2. She forgot her passport, so she missed the flight.
  3. We didn't book a table, so we had to wait.
  4. He worked all night, so he was exhausted.
Zobraziť odpovede
I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys; She missed the flight because she had forgotten her passport; We had to wait because we hadn't booked a table; He was exhausted because he had worked all night

6. Rozviň nápovedu do celej odpovede

  1. Why was the street wet? (it / rain / in the night)
  2. Why didn't you recognise Tom? (he / grow / a beard)
  3. Why was Anna so happy? (she / pass / her driving test)
  4. Why were you late for the meeting? (I / miss / the bus)
Zobraziť odpovede
Because it had rained in the night / The street was wet because it had rained in the night; Because he had grown a beard / I didn't recognise him because he had grown a beard; Because she had passed her driving test / She was so happy because she had passed her driving test; Because I had missed the bus / I was late because I had missed the bus

7. Prelož do angličtiny.

1) Do chvíle, keď sme prišli, už všetci odišli. 2) Keď som vošiel, všetci sedeli za stolom a rozprávali sa. 3) Hneď ako som uvidel správu, zavolal som mu. 4) Nepočul som budík, pretože som pracoval do dvoch do rána.

Zobraziť odpovede
By the time we arrived, everyone had left / By the time we arrived, everybody had gone; When I came in, everyone was sitting at the table and talking; As soon as I saw the message, I called him; I didn't hear my alarm because I had worked until two in the morning
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Zhrnutie

Prebrali sme: tri minulé časy v jednom rozprávaní, when, after, before, as soon as, by the time, pravidlo miery, poradie „následok — príčina“. Ďalej — lekcia 3: presná hranica medzi Present Perfect a Past Simple.

Koniec jadra

Lekcia sa považuje za dokončenú, keď sú splnené cvičenia. Všetko za tým je voliteľné.

Lekcia 75

voliteľné

Slovíčka do balíčka

15 slov
  • alarm /əˈlɑːm/ budík
  • set /set/ nastaviť
  • presentation /ˌpreznˈteɪʃn/ prezentácia
  • fall asleep /ˌfɔːl əˈsliːp/ zaspať
  • wake up /ˌweɪk ˈʌp/ zobudiť sa
  • jump up /ˌdʒʌmp ˈʌp/ vyskočiť (na nohy)
  • umbrella /ʌmˈbrelə/ dáždnik
  • turn round /ˌtɜːn ˈraʊnd/ otočiť sa
  • board /bɔːd/ tabuľa
  • colleague /ˈkɒliːɡ/ kolega, kolegyňa
  • manager /ˈmænɪdʒə/ manažér
  • as soon as /əz ˈsuːn əz/ hneď ako, len čo
  • finally /ˈfaɪnəli/ nakoniec
  • expect the worst /ɪkˌspekt ðə ˈwɜːst/ čakať najhoršie
  • lose touch /ˌluːz ˈtʌtʃ/ stratiť kontakt

Písanie

Šesť až osem viet — príbeh o ráne alebo dni, ktorý sa nevydaril. Treba všetky tri časy: reťaz udalostí, pozadie a predhistóriu.

Vzor

By the time I got to the airport, they had closed the check-in desk. I had left home early, but there had been an accident on the motorway. While we were sitting in the traffic, I was checking the time every minute. When I finally ran into the terminal, the screen said "Gate closed". As soon as I saw it, I called my sister. She laughed and said, "Come and stay with us instead."

Kontrolný zoznam

Koncept je uložený na tomto zariadení
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