文法 コアの残り ~53分

いきさつのある話をする

このレッスンでできるようになること

出来事の一部が、そのあとに起きたことを説明しているような話を組み立てることができる。

レッスンを始める コア 53分 · 手順: 6 · 任意: +2

表示されているコア時間。2つのコアブロックに時間表示がないため、実際のレッスンは合計より長くなります。

文法

14分

第1課では、過去完了形は1つの文の中で過去形と並んでいました。本当の話はもっと長く、そこでは 3つの過去の時制がいっしょに働きます。それぞれに役割があり、混ぜてしまうと、聞き手は何がどの順番で起きたのかわからなくなります。

形はどれも知っているものです。 過去形(A2の第1課):I left、I didn't leave。過去進行形(A2の第2課):I was leaving、They were talking。過去完了形(第1課): I had left。

それぞれの役割:

時制 役割 答える問い 例
過去形 出来事の流れ 次に何が起きたか I got up, had breakfast and left.
過去進行形 背景、その時に続いていたこと まわりで何が起きていたか It was raining, people were hurrying to work.
過去完了形 いきさつ その前に何があったか I had forgotten my umbrella.

話は映画にたとえるとわかりやすいでしょう。過去形は筋を進めます:新しい出来事が1つ起きるたびに、次の場面になります。過去進行形は背景で、場面が始まったときにもう続いていたことです。過去完了形はちょっと振り返ること:この場面の前に何があったのか、なぜこうなっているのかです。

話の基準点の見つけ方。 「自分は今、どの時点の話をしているのか」と考えてみてください。その時点とそれよりあとに起きたことは過去形。その時点ですでに続いていたことは過去進行形。その時点より前に終わっていたことは過去完了形です。基準点は筋といっしょに動くので、同じ出来事が、話の初めでは過去形、1段落あとで振り返るときには過去完了形になります。

順番を支える接続詞:

接続詞 意味 例
when 〜とき When I got home, my sister had made dinner.
after 〜したあとで After I had finished the report, I went home.
before 〜する前に I checked the windows before I left.
as soon as 〜するとすぐに As soon as I saw the time, I jumped up.
by the time 〜する時までに(は) By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.

after と before のあとでは、過去完了形は必須ではありません: 接続詞そのものが、どちらが先かを示しているからです。After I finished the report, I went home は had finished の文と同じく正しい文です。as soon as では、ふつう両方の動詞が過去形です: 1つの出来事のすぐあとに次の出来事が続くからです。

by the time の主節には、ほとんどいつも過去完了形が必要です。 意味は「〜した時点までに」で、主節の出来事はその時点までにもう終わっています: By the time we arrived, everyone had left.

「私が帰ったとき、姉は何をしていたか」への3つの答えを比べましょう:

When I got home, my sister made dinner. 私が帰ると、姉は夕食を作り始めた。
When I got home, my sister was making dinner. 姉はちょうど夕食を作っているところだった。
When I got home, my sister had made dinner. 夕食はもうできていた。

始まりは同じでも、話は3つです。違いを作っているのは動詞の時制だけです。

使いすぎない規則。 過去完了形はうしろに一歩戻るためのもので、そこにとどまるためのものではありません。長いいきさつでは、最初の1〜2文に過去完了形を使い、そのあとは過去形に切りかえます — 順番はもうわかっているからです:

I had met Anna years before, in Edinburgh. We worked in the same café and shared a flat. Then she moved to Canada, and we lost touch.

部分の順番は自由です。 英語ではよく結果を先に言い、あとから理由を説明します: I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys. 接続詞のある部分が先に来るときは、そのあとにコンマを打ちます:By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.

こうは言いません。 ✗ After I had finished, I had gone home → ✓ After I had finished, I went home。あとの出来事こそが話の基準点なので、過去形にします。

確かめてみましょう。 When I got home, my sister had made dinner はどういう意味ですか:姉は私の目の前で料理を始めたのか、それとも夕食はもうテーブルに並んでいたのか。 After I ___ (finish), I went home に過去完了形は必要ですか。by the time の文の主節には、ふつうどの時制を使いますか。

解答を表示
夕食はもうできていた; 必須ではない — finished も had finished も正しい; 過去完了形:By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.
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日本語話者の誤り

あなたの言語向けに作成
1

「までに」を until にする。

✗ Until we arrived, the shop had closed

✓ By the time we arrived, the shop had closed

。「着くまでに」と「着くまで」は「に」1字の違いなので、by the time と until を取り違えがちです。until は「その時までずっと続く」、 by the time は「その時にはもう終わっている」です。

2

「〜ていた」をいつも進行形にする。

「パーティーに着いたとき、客はもう帰っていた」を When we got to the party, the guests were leaving とすると、「客がちょうど帰ろうとしていた」という意味になります。もういなかったのなら ✓ the guests had already left。日本語の「〜ていた」は続いていること(作っていた)にも、済んだ結果(帰っていた)にも使えますが、英語では過去進行形と過去完了形に分かれます。

3

before のあとを現在形にする。

✗ I checked the windows before I leave

✓ I checked the windows before I left

。日本語では過去の話でも「家を出る前に」と言い、「前に」の前は「出る」のままです。英語では before のあとも過去形にします。

4

理由を1つの文として切り離す。

✗ I couldn't get in. Because I had lost my keys.

✓ I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys.

「〜からだ」を Because… の1文にすると、書き言葉では文として不完全です。because の部分は結果と同じ文に入れます。 Why…? への短い答えなら、Because… だけでもかまいません。

発音

4分

長い文は意味のまとまりに分かれ、そのあいだに短い間(ま)を置きます:

By the time I got to the office ‖ the meeting had already started. I had set my alarm for half past six ‖ but I hadn't heard it.

間は部分の境目、ふつう書くときにコンマや接続詞があるところに置きます。主語と述語のあいだには置きません。

最初の部分の終わりでは、声を少し上げます — 「まだ続きます」という合図です。声を下げるのは文全体の終わりだけです。By the time I got to the office のあとで声を下げると、聞き手は話が終わったと思ってしまいます。

いきさつの had は弱く発音します — /həd/、代名詞のあとではただの /d/ です: I'd set my alarm /aɪd ˈset maɪ əˈlɑːm/。

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テキスト

5分

By the time I got to the office on Monday, the meeting had already started. It was not a good beginning to my first week in a new job.

I had set my alarm for half past six, but I hadn't heard it. The night before, I had worked on my presentation until two in the morning and had fallen asleep on the sofa with my laptop on my knees. When I finally woke up, the sun was shining and the birds were singing. It was ten to nine.

As soon as I saw the time, I jumped up, put on yesterday's shirt and ran to the bus stop. It was raining hard, and of course I had left my umbrella at the office on Friday.

When I opened the door of the meeting room, everyone turned round. My new manager was standing by the board, and somebody had already written half of the plan on it. I said sorry and sat down.

After the meeting had finished, my manager asked me to stay. I expected the worst. But she just smiled and said, "Don't worry. On my first day here, I came to work in my slippers."

音読

練習問題

30分

1. 穴埋め。

  1. By the time I (get) to the office, the meeting (start)
  2. When I came in, my colleagues (discuss) the new project
  3. I (not / hear) my alarm because I (work) until two
  4. It (rain) hard, and I (leave) my umbrella at the office the day before
  5. As soon as she (see) the time, she (jump) up
  6. When we got to the party, most of the guests (already / go) home
  7. While I (wait) for the bus, I (realise) that I (leave) my phone at home
解答を表示
got / had started; were discussing; didn't hear / had worked; was raining / had left; saw / jumped; had already gone; was waiting / realised / had left

2. 選択。

  1. we got to the cinema, the film had already started. (by the time / as soon as)
  2. I saw the message, I called her back. (as soon as / by the time)
  3. I always check the windows I leave the house. (before / after)
  4. she had paid the bill, she left the restaurant. (after / before)
  5. I opened the door, the dog ran out into the street. (when / by the time)
解答を表示
By the time; As soon as; before; After; When

3. 1つの文にする。

  1. The shop closed. + We arrived. (by the time)
  2. I finished the report. + I went home. (after)
  3. Everyone left. + The police came. (by the time)
  4. She read the instructions twice. + She started. (before)
  5. The guests went home. + I finished the washing-up. (by the time)
解答を表示
By the time we arrived, the shop had closed / The shop had closed by the time we arrived; After I had finished the report, I went home / I went home after I had finished the report; By the time the police came, everyone had left / Everyone had left by the time the police came; She had read the instructions twice before she started / Before she started, she had read the instructions twice; By the time I finished the washing-up, the guests had gone home / The guests had gone home by the time I finished the washing-up

4. 誤り訂正。

  1. By the time when we arrived, the shop had closed.
  2. After I had finished, I had gone home.
  3. When I came in, she was cooked dinner.
  4. I couldn't get in because I have lost my keys.
  5. By the time we got there, the shop has closed.
解答を表示
By the time we arrived, the shop had closed; After I had finished, I went home / After I finished, I went home; When I came in, she was cooking dinner / When I came in, she cooked dinner / When I came in, she had cooked dinner; I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys / I couldn't get in because I lost my keys; By the time we got there, the shop had closed

5. 結果から始めて書きかえる。

  1. I lost my keys, so I couldn't get in.
  2. She forgot her passport, so she missed the flight.
  3. We didn't book a table, so we had to wait.
  4. He worked all night, so he was exhausted.
解答を表示
I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys; She missed the flight because she had forgotten her passport; We had to wait because we hadn't booked a table; He was exhausted because he had worked all night

6. ヒントを広げて完全な答えにする。

  1. Why was the street wet? (it / rain / in the night)
  2. Why didn't you recognise Tom? (he / grow / a beard)
  3. Why was Anna so happy? (she / pass / her driving test)
  4. Why were you late for the meeting? (I / miss / the bus)
解答を表示
Because it had rained in the night / The street was wet because it had rained in the night; Because he had grown a beard / I didn't recognise him because he had grown a beard; Because she had passed her driving test / She was so happy because she had passed her driving test; Because I had missed the bus / I was late because I had missed the bus

7. 英語に訳す。

1) 私たちが着いたときには、もうみんな帰ってしまっていた。 2) 私が入っていったとき、みんなテーブルについて話していた。 3) メッセージを見るとすぐに、私は彼に電話した。 4) 夜中の2時まで仕事をしたので、目覚ましが聞こえなかった。

解答を表示
By the time we arrived, everyone had left / By the time we arrived, everybody had gone; When I came in, everyone was sitting at the table and talking; As soon as I saw the message, I called him; I didn't hear my alarm because I had worked until two in the morning
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まとめ

この課で学んだこと:1つの話の中の3つの過去の時制、when、after、before、as soon as、 by the time、過去完了形を使いすぎない規則、「結果 — 理由」の順番。次は第3課:現在完了形の正確な境目。

コアの終了

演習を完了するとレッスンが完了とみなされます。以降はすべて任意です。

レッスン 75

任意

単語カード用の語彙

15語
  • alarm /əˈlɑːm/ 目覚まし時計
  • set /set/ (時刻を)合わせる、設定する
  • presentation /ˌpreznˈteɪʃn/ プレゼンテーション、発表
  • fall asleep /ˌfɔːl əˈsliːp/ 眠り込む
  • wake up /ˌweɪk ˈʌp/ 目を覚ます
  • jump up /ˌdʒʌmp ˈʌp/ 飛び起きる、さっと立ち上がる
  • umbrella /ʌmˈbrelə/ 傘
  • turn round /ˌtɜːn ˈraʊnd/ 振り向く
  • board /bɔːd/ ボード、黒板
  • colleague /ˈkɒliːɡ/ 同僚
  • manager /ˈmænɪdʒə/ マネージャー、管理職
  • as soon as /əz ˈsuːn əz/ 〜するとすぐに
  • finally /ˈfaɪnəli/ ようやく、やっと
  • expect the worst /ɪkˌspekt ðə ˈwɜːst/ 最悪の事態を覚悟する
  • lose touch /ˌluːz ˈtʌtʃ/ 連絡が途絶える

ライティング

6〜8文で、うまくいかなかった朝や1日の話を書いてください。3つの時制がすべて必要です:出来事の流れ、背景、いきさつ。

例: By the time I got to the airport, they had closed the check-in desk. I had left home early, but there had been an accident on the motorway. While we were sitting in the traffic, I was checking the time every minute. When I finally ran into the terminal, the screen said "Gate closed". As soon as I saw it, I called my sister. She laughed and said, "Come and stay with us instead."

チェックリスト:いきさつは過去完了形で、でもすべての文ではありませんか。背景は過去進行形ですか。出来事の流れは過去形ですか。by the time のあとに when はありませんか。

下書きはこの端末に保存されます
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