Slovnica ~53 min jedra še preostane

Povedati zgodbo s predzgodbo

Po tej lekciji znate

Znam sestaviti pripoved, v kateri del dogodkov pojasni, kar se je zgodilo pozneje.

Začni lekcijo Jedro 53 min · koraki: 6 · izbirno: +2

Navedeni čas jedra. Dva bloka jedra nimata številke, zato je prava lekcija daljša od te vsote.

Slovnica

14 min

V B1 #1 je Past Perfect stal v eni povedi ob Past Simple. Prava pripoved je daljša in v njej delujejo hkrati trije pretekli časi. Vsak ima svojo vlogo, in če jih pomešaš, poslušalec ne razume več, kaj se je zgodilo za čim.

Oblika — vse znano. Past Simple (A2 #1): I left, I didn't leave. Past Continuous (A2 #2): I was leaving, They were talking. Past Perfect (B1 #1): I had left.

Kdo je za kaj zadolžen:

čas vloga na katero vprašanje odgovarja primer
Past Simple veriga dogodkov kaj se je zgodilo potem? I got up, had breakfast and left.
Past Continuous ozadje, dogajanje v tistem trenutku kaj se je dogajalo okrog? It was raining, people were hurrying to work.
Past Perfect predzgodba kaj je bilo pred tem? I had forgotten my umbrella.

Pripoved si je priročno predstavljati kot film. Past Simple žene zgodbo naprej: vsak nov dogodek je naslednji kader. Past Continuous je kulisa, tisto, kar je že teklo, ko se je kader začel. Past Perfect je kratek pogled nazaj: kaj se je zgodilo pred tem prizorom in zakaj je tak, kot je.

Kako najti točko pripovedi. Vprašaj se: o katerem trenutku zdaj pripovedujem? Vse, kar se je zgodilo v tem trenutku in po njem, je Past Simple. Vse, kar je v tem trenutku že teklo, je Past Continuous. Vse, kar se je končalo pred njim, je Past Perfect. Točka se premika skupaj z zgodbo, zato isti dogodek na začetku zgodbe stoji v Past Simple, odstavek pozneje pa se ga spomnimo že v Past Perfectu.

Vezniki, ki držijo vrstni red:

veznik pomen primer
when ko When I got home, my sister had made dinner.
after potem ko After I had finished the report, I went home.
before preden I checked the windows before I left.
as soon as takoj ko As soon as I saw the time, I jumped up.
by the time do takrat, ko By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.

Za after in before Past Perfect ni obvezen: veznik sam pove, kaj je bilo prej. After I finished the report, I went home — je enako pravilno kot s had finished. Pri as soon as sta oba glagola običajno v Past Simple: en dogodek sledi takoj drugemu.

by the time skoraj vedno zahteva Past Perfect v glavnem delu. Pomeni „do trenutka, ko…“, in glavni dogodek se je do tega trenutka že končal: By the time we arrived, everyone had left.

Primerjaj tri odgovore na vprašanje, kaj je delala sestra, ko sem prišel:

When I got home, my sister made dinner. Prišel sem — in začela je kuhati.
When I got home, my sister was making dinner. Ravno je kuhala.
When I got home, my sister had made dinner. Večerja je bila že pripravljena.

Začetek je isti, zgodbe pa tri. Razliko naredi samo čas glagola.

Pravilo mere. Past Perfect je potreben, da stopiš nazaj, ne da tam ostaneš. V dolgi predzgodbi ga postavimo v prvo ali drugo poved, potem pa preidemo na Past Simple — vrstni red je že jasen:

I had met Anna years before, in Edinburgh. We worked in the same café and shared a flat. Then she moved to Canada, and we lost touch.

Vrstni red delov je prost. Angleščina pogosto začne s posledico in nato pojasni vzrok: I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys. Če del z veznikom stoji prvi, za njim pišemo vejico: By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.

Tako se ne reče. ✗ After I had finished, I had gone home → ✓ After I had finished, I went home. Poznejši dogodek je prav točka pripovedi, zato ima Past Simple.

Preveri se. Kaj pomeni When I got home, my sister had made dinner: je začela kuhati pred tabo ali je večerja že stala na mizi? Je Past Perfect potreben v After I ___ (finish), I went home? Kateri čas običajno stoji v glavnem delu za by the time?

prikaži odgovore
večerja je bila že pripravljena; ni obvezen — pravilno je tako finished kot had finished; Past Perfect: By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.
Oglas

Napake govorcev slovenščine

prirejeno za vaš jezik
1

by the time when

✗ By the time when we arrived, the shop had closed

✓ By the time we arrived, the shop had closed

Slovenski „do takrat, ko…“ ponudi odvečni when, toda by the time „ko“ že vsebuje.

2

Nedovršnik v Past Simple

When I came in, everybody sat at the table and talked v angleščini pomeni: vstopil sem in tedaj so vsi sedli za mizo in začeli govoriti. Za „vsi so sedeli in se pogovarjali“ je potrebno ✓ everybody was sitting at the table and talking. V slovenščini to razliko nosi glagolski vid („sedeli“ — „sedli“), v angleščini čas (A2 #2).

3

Dovršnik v Past Simple

„Ko sem prišel domov, je sestra že skuhala večerjo“ ni When I got home, my sister made dinner — to pomeni, da je začela kuhati šele ob tvojem prihodu. Dovršni „skuhala“ v slovenščini sam pove, da je bilo delo končano; angleški Past Simple tega ne pove. Potrebno je ✓ When I got home, my sister had made dinner.

4

Vejica pred after in before

✗ She went home, after she had finished the report

✓ She went home after she had finished the report

V slovenščini odvisnik praviloma ločimo z vejico („…, potem ko je končala“). V angleščini jo pišemo le, kadar del z veznikom stoji prvi: After she had finished the report, she went home.

Izgovorjava

4 min

Dolga poved se deli na pomenske skupine, med njimi je kratek premor:

By the time I got to the office ‖ the meeting had already started. I had set my alarm for half past six ‖ but I hadn't heard it.

Premor stoji na meji delov, običajno tam, kjer je v pisavi vejica ali veznik. Med osebkom in povedkom ga ne delamo.

Na koncu prvega dela se glas rahlo dvigne — to je znak „nadaljevanje sledi“. Spusti se šele na koncu cele povedi. Če spustiš glas za By the time I got to the office, bo poslušalec mislil, da si končal.

had je v predzgodbi šibek — /həd/, za osebnim zaimkom samo /d/: I'd set my alarm /aɪd ˈset maɪ əˈlɑːm/.

Oglas

Besedilo

5 min

By the time I got to the office on Monday, the meeting had already started. It was not a good beginning to my first week in a new job.

I had set my alarm for half past six, but I hadn't heard it. The night before, I had worked on my presentation until two in the morning and had fallen asleep on the sofa with my laptop on my knees. When I finally woke up, the sun was shining and the birds were singing. It was ten to nine.

As soon as I saw the time, I jumped up, put on yesterday's shirt and ran to the bus stop. It was raining hard, and of course I had left my umbrella at the office on Friday.

When I opened the door of the meeting room, everyone turned round. My new manager was standing by the board, and somebody had already written half of the plan on it. I said sorry and sat down.

After the meeting had finished, my manager asked me to stay. I expected the worst. But she just smiled and said, "Don't worry. On my first day here, I came to work in my slippers."

Branje na glas

Vaje

30 min

1. Vstavljanje.

  1. By the time I (get) to the office, the meeting (start)
  2. When I came in, my colleagues (discuss) the new project
  3. I (not / hear) my alarm because I (work) until two
  4. It (rain) hard, and I (leave) my umbrella at the office the day before
  5. As soon as she (see) the time, she (jump) up
  6. When we got to the party, most of the guests (already / go) home
  7. While I (wait) for the bus, I (realise) that I (leave) my phone at home
Prikaži odgovore
got / had started; were discussing; didn't hear / had worked; was raining / had left; saw / jumped; had already gone; was waiting / realised / had left

2. Izbira.

  1. we got to the cinema, the film had already started. (by the time / as soon as)
  2. I saw the message, I called her back. (as soon as / by the time)
  3. I always check the windows I leave the house. (before / after)
  4. she had paid the bill, she left the restaurant. (after / before)
  5. I opened the door, the dog ran out into the street. (when / by the time)
Prikaži odgovore
By the time; As soon as; before; After; When

3. Združi dve povedi

  1. The shop closed. + We arrived. (by the time)
  2. I finished the report. + I went home. (after)
  3. Everyone left. + The police came. (by the time)
  4. She read the instructions twice. + She started. (before)
  5. The guests went home. + I finished the washing-up. (by the time)
Prikaži odgovore
By the time we arrived, the shop had closed / The shop had closed by the time we arrived; After I had finished the report, I went home / I went home after I had finished the report; By the time the police came, everyone had left / Everyone had left by the time the police came; She had read the instructions twice before she started / Before she started, she had read the instructions twice; By the time I finished the washing-up, the guests had gone home / The guests had gone home by the time I finished the washing-up

4. Iskanje napak.

  1. By the time when we arrived, the shop had closed.
  2. After I had finished, I had gone home.
  3. When I came in, she was cooked dinner.
  4. I couldn't get in because I have lost my keys.
  5. By the time we got there, the shop has closed.
Prikaži odgovore
By the time we arrived, the shop had closed; After I had finished, I went home / After I finished, I went home; When I came in, she was cooking dinner / When I came in, she cooked dinner / When I came in, she had cooked dinner; I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys / I couldn't get in because I lost my keys; By the time we got there, the shop had closed

5. Prepiši tako, da začneš s posledico.

  1. I lost my keys, so I couldn't get in.
  2. She forgot her passport, so she missed the flight.
  3. We didn't book a table, so we had to wait.
  4. He worked all night, so he was exhausted.
Prikaži odgovore
I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys; She missed the flight because she had forgotten her passport; We had to wait because we hadn't booked a table; He was exhausted because he had worked all night

6. Razširi namig v cel odgovor

  1. Why was the street wet? (it / rain / in the night)
  2. Why didn't you recognise Tom? (he / grow / a beard)
  3. Why was Anna so happy? (she / pass / her driving test)
  4. Why were you late for the meeting? (I / miss / the bus)
Prikaži odgovore
Because it had rained in the night / The street was wet because it had rained in the night; Because he had grown a beard / I didn't recognise him because he had grown a beard; Because she had passed her driving test / She was so happy because she had passed her driving test; Because I had missed the bus / I was late because I had missed the bus

7. Prevedi v angleščino.

1) Do takrat, ko smo prispeli, so vsi že odšli. 2) Ko sem vstopil, so vsi sedeli za mizo in se pogovarjali. 3) Takoj ko sem videl sporočilo, sem ga poklical. 4) Budilke nisem slišal, ker sem delal do dveh ponoči.

Prikaži odgovore
By the time we arrived, everyone had left / By the time we arrived, everybody had gone; When I came in, everyone was sitting at the table and talking; As soon as I saw the message, I called him; I didn't hear my alarm because I had worked until two in the morning
Oglas

Povzetek

Obravnavano: trije pretekli časi v eni pripovedi, when, after, before, as soon as, by the time, pravilo mere, vrstni red „posledica — vzrok“. Sledi lekcija 3: natančna meja perfekta.

Konec jedra

Lekcija se šteje za opravljeno, ko so vaje končane. Vse po tem je izbirno.

Lekcija 75

izbirno

Besedišče za kartice

15 besed
  • alarm /əˈlɑːm/ budilka
  • set /set/ nastaviti
  • presentation /ˌpreznˈteɪʃn/ predstavitev
  • fall asleep /ˌfɔːl əˈsliːp/ zaspati
  • wake up /ˌweɪk ˈʌp/ zbuditi se
  • jump up /ˌdʒʌmp ˈʌp/ skočiti pokonci
  • umbrella /ʌmˈbrelə/ dežnik
  • turn round /ˌtɜːn ˈraʊnd/ obrniti se
  • board /bɔːd/ tabla
  • colleague /ˈkɒliːɡ/ sodelavec, sodelavka
  • manager /ˈmænɪdʒə/ menedžer, vodja
  • as soon as /əz ˈsuːn əz/ takoj ko
  • finally /ˈfaɪnəli/ končno, na koncu
  • expect the worst /ɪkˌspekt ðə ˈwɜːst/ pričakovati najhujše
  • lose touch /ˌluːz ˈtʌtʃ/ izgubiti stik

Pisanje

Šest do osem povedi — zgodba o jutru ali dnevu, ki je šel narobe. Potrebni so vsi trije časi: veriga dogodkov, ozadje in predzgodba.

Zgled

By the time I got to the airport, they had closed the check-in desk. I had left home early, but there had been an accident on the motorway. While we were sitting in the traffic, I was checking the time every minute. When I finally ran into the terminal, the screen said "Gate closed". As soon as I saw it, I called my sister. She laughed and said, "Come and stay with us instead."

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