Gramatika ~53 min od osnove preostalo

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Mogu sigurno da biram između Present Perfecta i Past Simplea i da razumem zašto je sagovornik izabrao jedno, a ne drugo.

Započni lekciju Jezgro 53 min · koraci: 6 · opciono: +2

Deklarisano vreme jezgra. Dva bloka jezgra nemaju broj, pa je stvarna lekcija duža od ovog zbira.

Gramatika

15 min

Na A2 pravilo je bilo jednostavno: ako je navedeno vreme događaja — Past Simple, ako nije — Present Perfect (A2 #20). Ono je tačno, ali ne odgovara na glavno pitanje: šta izabrati kad vreme nije navedeno, a kao da odgovaraju oba? Ovde je cela granica.

Oblik — podsetnik:

Present Perfect Past Simple
potvrdna rečenica I've lost my keys. I lost my keys.
odrična rečenica She hasn't called. She didn't call.
pitanje Have you seen it? Did you see it?

Glavna razlika je odakle govornik gleda. Present Perfect gleda iz „sada“: događaj je bio u prošlosti, ali razgovor je o tome šta je iz njega proizašlo sada. Past Simple stavlja događaj u završenu prošlost, na njegovu policu vremena, i razgovor je o samom događaju. Zato uz Present Perfect ide pitanje „i šta sad?“, a uz Past Simple — „kad je to bilo?“.

Kada se bira Present Perfect.

Rezultat se vidi sada: I've lost my keys — ključeva nema, ne mogu da uđem. Uporedi: I lost my keys last week, but I found them — epizoda je zatvorena, i rezultata nema.

Novost. Prva vest o događaju skoro uvek je u Present Perfectu, a pojedinosti — u Past Simpleu: pojedinosti dobijaju vreme i mesto, a vreme Present Perfect ne podnosi.

Have you heard? They've closed the bridge. ← novost

Really? When did they close it? ← pojedinosti

On Monday. They found a crack in it.

Period se još nije završio: I've had three coffees today. Ako se period završio, treba Past Simple: I had three coffees yesterday. Isto se deli i this morning: u deset ujutru — I've drunk two coffees this morning, uveče — I drank two coffees this morning.

Iskustvo čoveka koji je živ ili posao koji se još može nastaviti: She has written four novels. O onome čiji je život završen — Past Simple: Dickens wrote fifteen novels.

Oznake vremena pomažu, ali ne rešavaju sve:

obično uz Present Perfect samo uz Past Simple
just, already, yet, ever, so far, lately, since Monday yesterday, ago, last week, in May, when I was a child, the other day

never, recently, today, this week javljaju se uz oba vremena, i odlučuje isto: da li se period završio. I've never been to Wales — život traje; I never saw him again — priča je ispričana do kraja.

Britanski i američki. U američkom engleskom uz just, already, yet često stoji Past Simple: Did you eat yet?, I just saw him. To nije greška, ali u britanskoj varijanti, koju učimo, kaže se Have you eaten yet? i I've just seen him.

Uporedi:

I've lost my keys. Problem je sada: ključeva nema.
I lost my keys. Priča: nekad sam ih izgubio, sad ću ispričati kako je bilo.

Kako razumeti izbor sagovornika. Glagolsko vreme otkriva šta čovek očekuje od tebe. Rekao je I've lost my keys — javlja o problemu i verovatno očekuje pomoć ili saosećanje. Rekao je I lost my keys — počinje priču, i slede pojedinosti. Pitanje Have you seen Tom? znači „treba mi sada“, a Did you see Tom? — o konkretnom slučaju, na primer o jučerašnjoj žurci.

Tako se ne kaže. ✗ I've been in London last year → ✓ I was in London last year. last year zatvara period, i Present Perfect uz njega nije moguć, čak i ako je putovanje tvoje iskustvo. Za iskustvo bez vremena — I've been to London (A2 #4).

Proveri se. Tražiš naočare i kažeš prijatelju — I lost my glasses ili I've lost my glasses? Zašto u pitanju When did you buy it? ne može da stoji Present Perfect? Veče je, pričaš o današnjem jutru: I've had ili I had two coffees this morning?

prikaži odgovore
I've lost my glasses — rezultat je sada, naočara nema (I lost tako zvuči u američkoj varijanti); when pita za vreme, a vreme traži Past Simple; I had — jutro se već završilo.
Oglas

Greške govornika srpskog jezika

prilagođeno vašem jeziku
1

When sa Present Perfectom

✗ When have they closed the bridge?

✓ When did they close the bridge?

„Kada su zatvorili most?“ je srpski perfekat, a on se gradi kao have closed. Ali when pita za tačno vreme, a tačno vreme Present Perfect ne podnosi.

2

Present Perfect uz ago

✗ I've moved here two years ago

✓ I moved here two years ago

Rezultat je očigledan — preselio sam se i živim ovde, pa se nameće Present Perfect. Ali ago imenuje tačku u prošlosti, i ona je jača od rezultata.

3

Past Simple uz since

✗ I didn't see him since Monday

✓ I haven't seen him since Monday

„Nisam ga video od ponedeljka“ ima isti oblik kao „nisam ga video juče“ — srpski perfekat ne razlikuje ta dva slučaja. Ali since računa period do današnjeg dana, a nezavršen period je posao Present Perfecta.

4

Novost u Past Simpleu

I lost my wallet! nije greška: tako će reći i u Britaniji, a u Americi je to uobičajena varijanta. Ali Britanac kome novčanik baš sada nedostaje pre će reći ✓ I've lost my wallet! Srpsko „izgubio sam“ ne razlikuje epizodu i rezultat, pa izbor treba praviti svesno.

Izgovor

3 min

Cela razlika u govoru je jedan kratak nenaglašen glas: /v/ u I've, /z/ ili /s/ u she's, it's.

I've lost it. /aɪv ˈlɒst ɪt/
I lost it. /aɪ ˈlɒst ɪt/

U brzom govoru /v/ ispred suglasnika skoro nestaje, ali ostaje zvučno — ne prelazi u /f/.

's — to je has ili is? Gledaj sledeću reč. She's broken her arm — posle 's treći oblik, znači has. She's tired — pridev, znači is. What's happened? /wɒts ˈhæpənd/ — has.

Oglas

Tekst

5 min

You look worried. What's happened?

I've lost my wallet. I've looked everywhere — in my bag, in my coat, in the car — and I can't find it.

Oh no. When did you last have it?

This morning. I paid for a coffee at the station at about half past eight. Then I went to the library and spent two hours there.

Did you take it out in the library?

I don't think so. I bought a sandwich on the way back, but I paid with my phone.

Have you called the library?

Not yet. I've only just got back.

Well, call them now. And have you cancelled your bank card?

Yes, I've already done that. I did it on the bus.

Good. Has anyone tried to use it?

No, nothing has happened so far. I checked the app ten minutes ago.

Then don't panic. Someone has probably found it already.

Čitanje naglas

Vežbe

30 min

1. Izbor.

  1. I (lose) my keys, and now I can't get into the house
  2. I (lose) my keys last week, but I found them the next day
  3. When they (close) the bridge?
  4. They (close) it on Monday
  5. you (ever / be) to Wales?
  6. I (not / see) Mark since the summer
  7. Charles Dickens (write) fifteen novels
  8. It's only eleven, and I (already / drink) three coffees
Prikaži odgovore
have lost; lost; did / close; closed; Have / ever been; haven't seen; wrote; have already drunk

2. Ubaci oznaku vremena:

  1. I haven't finished the report
  2. She moved to Bristol three years
  3. We've got back — give us five minutes
  4. I haven't seen him January
  5. we've sold forty tickets
  6. When did you see your wallet?
Prikaži odgovore
yet; ago; just; since; So far; last

3. Pronalaženje greške.

  1. When have they closed the bridge?
  2. I've moved here two years ago.
  3. I didn't see him since Monday.
  4. Have you seen the match yesterday?
  5. She has left the company in June.
Prikaži odgovore
When did they close the bridge?; I moved here two years ago; I haven't seen him since Monday; Did you see the match yesterday?; She left the company in June

4. Pretvori novost u pitanje o pojedinostima

  1. They've closed the bridge. (when)
  2. I've bought a new car. (where)
  3. Anna has found a new job. (how)
  4. I've lost my wallet. (when / last / have)
  5. We've sold the flat. (how much / sell … for)
Prikaži odgovore
When did they close it? / When did they close the bridge?; Where did you buy it? / Where did you buy the car?; How did she find it? / How did Anna find it? / How did she find the job? / How did Anna find the job?; When did you last have it?; How much did you sell it for? / How much did you sell the flat for?

5. Prepiši i dodaj vreme iz zagrade.

  1. I've seen that film. (last week)
  2. She has called twice. (yesterday)
  3. We've been to Scotland. (in August)
  4. They've opened a new café. (a month ago)
  5. Have you finished the report? (on Friday)
Prikaži odgovore
I saw that film last week; She called twice yesterday; We went to Scotland in August / We were in Scotland in August; They opened a new café a month ago; Did you finish the report on Friday?

6. Odgovori punim rečenicama

— o sebi. Odgovori ispod su primer. 1) What have you done today so far? 2) When did you last go to the cinema? 3) Have you ever lost something important? What happened?

Prikaži odgovore
I've answered my emails and I've been to the shop; I last went to the cinema a month ago. We saw a comedy; Yes, I have. I lost my passport on holiday a few years ago and had to go to the embassy
Oglas

Rezime

Obrađeno: rezultat naspram epizode, novost i pojedinosti, nezavršen period, oznake vremena i njihovi granični slučajevi, britanski izbor uz just, already, yet. Sledi lekcija 4: koliko dugo se time bavim.

Kraj osnove

Lekcija se računa kao završena kada se urade vežbe. Sve nakon ovoga je opciono.

Lekcija 76

opciono

Reči za špil

15 reči
  • wallet /ˈwɒlɪt/ novčanik
  • worried /ˈwʌrid/ zabrinut
  • everywhere /ˈevriweə/ svuda
  • bridge /brɪdʒ/ most
  • crack /kræk/ pukotina
  • so far /səʊ ˈfɑː/ do sada
  • lately /ˈleɪtli/ u poslednje vreme
  • recently /ˈriːsntli/ nedavno
  • the other day /ði ˈʌðə deɪ/ pre neki dan
  • cancel /ˈkænsl/ otkazati, poništiti
  • bank card /ˈbæŋk kɑːd/ bankovna kartica
  • on the way back /ɒn ðə ˌweɪ ˈbæk/ na povratku
  • panic /ˈpænɪk/ paničiti
  • novel /ˈnɒvl/ roman
  • app /æp/ aplikacija

Pisanje

Dijalog od osam replika: nešto si izgubio, a drugi te ispituje. Prva novost — u Present Perfectu, pojedinosti — u Past Simpleu.

Primer

— What's happened? — I've lost my phone. — When did you last have it? — I had it at lunch. I made a call from the café. — Have you called the café? — Yes, I have. They haven't found it yet. — Did you go anywhere after lunch? — I went to the bank, but I didn't take it out there.

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