Gramatika ~53 min ng core ang natitira

Magkuwento nang may balik-tanaw

Pagkatapos ng araling ito, maaari mong

Kaya kong bumuo ng kuwento kung saan ipinapaliwanag ng ilang pangyayari ang nangyari pagkatapos.

Simulan ang aralin Pangunahin 53 min · hakbang: 6 · opsyonal: +2

Inihayag na oras ng pangunahing bahagi. Dalawa sa mga pangunahing bloke ay walang numero, kaya mas mahaba ang tunay na aralin kaysa sa kabuuan nito.

Gramatika

14 min

Sa B1 #1, nasa iisang pangungusap ang Past Perfect, katabi ng Past Simple. Mas mahaba ang tunay na kuwento, at tatlong panahunang pangnagdaan ang sabay na gumagana rito. May sariling papel ang bawat isa, at kapag pinaghalo sila, hindi na maintindihan ng nakikinig kung ano ang sumunod sa ano.

Anyo — kilala na ang lahat. Past Simple (A2 #1): I left, I didn't leave. Past Continuous (A2 #2): I was leaving, They were talking. Past Perfect (B1 #1): I had left.

Ang papel ng bawat isa:

panahunan papel anong tanong ang sinasagot halimbawa
Past Simple kadena ng mga pangyayari ano ang sumunod na nangyari? I got up, had breakfast and left.
Past Continuous likuran, kilos na nagaganap noon ano ang nangyayari sa paligid? It was raining, people were hurrying to work.
Past Perfect balik-tanaw ano ang nangyari bago iyon? I had forgotten my umbrella.

Madaling isipin ang kuwento bilang pelikula. Ang Past Simple ang nagpapausad ng banghay: bawat bagong pangyayari — susunod na eksena. Ang Past Continuous — ang tagpuan, ang nagaganap na nang magsimula ang eksena. Ang Past Perfect — mabilis na pagtingin pabalik: ano ang nangyari bago ang eksenang ito at kung bakit ganito ito.

Paano hanapin ang punto ng kuwento. Tanungin ang sarili: aling sandali ang ikinukuwento ko ngayon? Lahat ng nangyari sa sandaling iyon at pagkatapos nito — Past Simple. Lahat ng nagaganap na sa sandaling iyon — Past Continuous. Lahat ng natapos bago iyon — Past Perfect. Gumagalaw ang punto kasabay ng banghay, kaya ang iisang pangyayari ay nasa Past Simple sa simula ng kuwento, at makalipas ang isang talata, binabalikan na ito sa Past Perfect.

Mga pangatnig na nagpapanatili ng pagkakasunod:

pangatnig kahulugan halimbawa
when nang / noong When I got home, my sister had made dinner.
after pagkatapos na After I had finished the report, I went home.
before bago I checked the windows before I left.
as soon as sa sandaling As soon as I saw the time, I jumped up.
by the time pagsapit ng oras na By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.

Pagkatapos ng after at before, hindi sapilitan ang Past Perfect: ang pangatnig mismo ang nagsasabi kung ano ang nauna. After I finished the report, I went home — kasing-tama ng may had finished. Sa as soon as, karaniwang parehong nasa Past Simple ang dalawang pandiwa: kasunod agad ng isang pangyayari ang isa pa.

Halos laging hinihingi ng by the time ang Past Perfect sa pangunahing bahagi. Ang kahulugan nito ay “pagsapit ng sandaling…”, at tapos na ang pangunahing pangyayari sa sandaling iyon: By the time we arrived, everyone had left.

Paghambingin ang tatlong sagot sa tanong kung ano ang ginagawa ng kapatid kong babae pagdating ko:

When I got home, my sister made dinner. Dumating ako — at saka siya nagluto.
When I got home, my sister was making dinner. Nagluluto siya noon mismo.
When I got home, my sister had made dinner. Handa na ang hapunan.

Iisa ang simula, pero tatlo ang kuwento. Ang panahunan lang ng pandiwa ang nagpapaiba.

Tuntunin ng sukat. Kailangan ang Past Perfect para umatras, hindi para manatili roon. Sa mahabang balik-tanaw, inilalagay ito sa una o ikalawang pangungusap, at pagkatapos ay lumilipat na sa Past Simple — malinaw na ang pagkakasunod:

I had met Anna years before, in Edinburgh. We worked in the same café and shared a flat. Then she moved to Canada, and we lost touch.

Malaya ang pagkakasunod ng mga bahagi. Madalas magsimula ang Ingles sa bunga at saka ipaliwanag ang sanhi: I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys. Kung nauuna ang bahaging may pangatnig, may kuwit pagkatapos nito: By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.

Hindi ganito ang sinasabi. ✗ After I had finished, I had gone home → ✓ After I had finished, I went home. Ang mas huling pangyayari mismo ang punto ng kuwento, kaya Past Simple ito.

Subukin ang sarili. Ano ang ibig sabihin ng When I got home, my sister had made dinner: nagsimula ba siyang magluto habang naroon kayo, o nakahain na ang hapunan? Kailangan ba ang Past Perfect sa After I ___ (finish), I went home? Anong panahunan ang karaniwang nasa pangunahing bahagi pagkatapos ng by the time?

ipakita ang mga sagot
handa na ang hapunan; hindi sapilitan — tama ang finished at ang had finished; Past Perfect: By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.
Patalastas

Mga mali ng mga nagsasalita ng Filipino

isinulat para sa iyong wika
1

already sa halip na had pagkatapos ng by the time

By the time we arrived, the shop already closed → ✓ By the time we arrived, the shop had already closed. Sa “Pagdating namin, nakapagsara na ang tindahan”, ang “na” ang gumagawa ng lahat, kaya nawawala ang had. Maririnig ang unang anyo sa kolokyal na American English, pero sa pangunahing bahagi pagkatapos ng by the time, Past Perfect ang pamantayan.

2

is / are sa likuran ng kuwento

✗ When I came in, everybody is sitting at the table and talking

✓ When I came in, everybody was sitting at the table and talking

Iisa ang “nakaupo” at “nag-uusap” para sa ngayon at sa nakaraan, kaya nadadala ang is sa kuwento. Sa Ingles, ang likuran ng kuwento ay was/were + -ing. At ang everybody sat … and talked ay “umupo ang lahat at nag-usap” — pagpasok pa lang ninyo.

3

Past Perfect sa bawat pangungusap ng balik-tanaw

I had met Anna in Edinburgh. We had worked together. We had shared a flat… Walang mali rito, pero bumibigat ang kuwento, at hindi ganito sumulat ang katutubong nagsasalita. Malakas ang tuksong ito sa atin, dahil madalas nating marinig ang had bilang “pormal na nakaraan”. Sapat ang unang pangungusap na may had; pagkatapos — Past Simple.

Pagbigkas

4 min

Hinahati ang mahabang pangungusap sa mga grupo ayon sa kahulugan, at may maikling hinto sa pagitan nila:

By the time I got to the office ‖ the meeting had already started. I had set my alarm for half past six ‖ but I hadn't heard it.

Nasa hangganan ng mga bahagi ang hinto, karaniwang kung saan may kuwit o pangatnig sa pagsulat. Hindi naghihinto sa pagitan ng simuno at panaguri.

Bahagyang tumataas ang boses sa dulo ng unang bahagi — hudyat ito na “may kasunod pa”. Bumababa lang ito sa dulo ng buong pangungusap. Kapag ibinaba ninyo ang boses pagkatapos ng By the time I got to the office, iisipin ng nakikinig na tapos na kayo.

Mahina ang had sa balik-tanaw — /həd/, at pagkatapos ng panghalip — /d/ lang: I'd set my alarm /aɪd ˈset maɪ əˈlɑːm/.

Patalastas

Teksto

5 min

By the time I got to the office on Monday, the meeting had already started. It was not a good beginning to my first week in a new job.

I had set my alarm for half past six, but I hadn't heard it. The night before, I had worked on my presentation until two in the morning and had fallen asleep on the sofa with my laptop on my knees. When I finally woke up, the sun was shining and the birds were singing. It was ten to nine.

As soon as I saw the time, I jumped up, put on yesterday's shirt and ran to the bus stop. It was raining hard, and of course I had left my umbrella at the office on Friday.

When I opened the door of the meeting room, everyone turned round. My new manager was standing by the board, and somebody had already written half of the plan on it. I said sorry and sat down.

After the meeting had finished, my manager asked me to stay. I expected the worst. But she just smiled and said, "Don't worry. On my first day here, I came to work in my slippers."

Pagbasa nang malakas

Mga pagsasanay

30 min

1. Pagpupuno.

  1. By the time I (get) to the office, the meeting (start)
  2. When I came in, my colleagues (discuss) the new project
  3. I (not / hear) my alarm because I (work) until two
  4. It (rain) hard, and I (leave) my umbrella at the office the day before
  5. As soon as she (see) the time, she (jump) up
  6. When we got to the party, most of the guests (already / go) home
  7. While I (wait) for the bus, I (realise) that I (leave) my phone at home
Ipakita ang mga sagot
got / had started; were discussing; didn't hear / had worked; was raining / had left; saw / jumped; had already gone; was waiting / realised / had left

2. Pagpili.

  1. we got to the cinema, the film had already started. (by the time / as soon as)
  2. I saw the message, I called her back. (as soon as / by the time)
  3. I always check the windows I leave the house. (before / after)
  4. she had paid the bill, she left the restaurant. (after / before)
  5. I opened the door, the dog ran out into the street. (when / by the time)
Ipakita ang mga sagot
By the time; As soon as; before; After; When

3. Pagsasama sa isang pangungusap

  1. The shop closed. + We arrived. (by the time)
  2. I finished the report. + I went home. (after)
  3. Everyone left. + The police came. (by the time)
  4. She read the instructions twice. + She started. (before)
  5. The guests went home. + I finished the washing-up. (by the time)
Ipakita ang mga sagot
By the time we arrived, the shop had closed / The shop had closed by the time we arrived; After I had finished the report, I went home / I went home after I had finished the report; By the time the police came, everyone had left / Everyone had left by the time the police came; She had read the instructions twice before she started / Before she started, she had read the instructions twice; By the time I finished the washing-up, the guests had gone home / The guests had gone home by the time I finished the washing-up

4. Paghahanap ng mali.

  1. By the time when we arrived, the shop had closed.
  2. After I had finished, I had gone home.
  3. When I came in, she was cooked dinner.
  4. I couldn't get in because I have lost my keys.
  5. By the time we got there, the shop has closed.
Ipakita ang mga sagot
By the time we arrived, the shop had closed; After I had finished, I went home / After I finished, I went home; When I came in, she was cooking dinner / When I came in, she cooked dinner / When I came in, she had cooked dinner; I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys / I couldn't get in because I lost my keys; By the time we got there, the shop had closed

5. Isulat muli, simula sa bunga.

  1. I lost my keys, so I couldn't get in.
  2. She forgot her passport, so she missed the flight.
  3. We didn't book a table, so we had to wait.
  4. He worked all night, so he was exhausted.
Ipakita ang mga sagot
I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys; She missed the flight because she had forgotten her passport; We had to wait because we hadn't booked a table; He was exhausted because he had worked all night

6. Palawakin ang pahiwatig upang maging buong sagot

  1. Why was the street wet? (it / rain / in the night)
  2. Why didn't you recognise Tom? (he / grow / a beard)
  3. Why was Anna so happy? (she / pass / her driving test)
  4. Why were you late for the meeting? (I / miss / the bus)
Ipakita ang mga sagot
Because it had rained in the night / The street was wet because it had rained in the night; Because he had grown a beard / I didn't recognise him because he had grown a beard; Because she had passed her driving test / She was so happy because she had passed her driving test; Because I had missed the bus / I was late because I had missed the bus

7. Isalin sa Ingles.

1) Pagsapit ng oras na dumating kami, nakaalis na ang lahat. 2) Nang pumasok ako, nakaupo ang lahat sa paligid ng mesa at nag-uusap. 3) Sa sandaling nakita ko ang mensahe, tinawagan ko siya. 4) Hindi ko narinig ang alarm ko dahil nagtrabaho ako hanggang alas-dos ng madaling-araw.

Ipakita ang mga sagot
By the time we arrived, everyone had left / By the time we arrived, everybody had gone; When I came in, everyone was sitting at the table and talking; As soon as I saw the message, I called him; I didn't hear my alarm because I had worked until two in the morning
Patalastas

Buod

Natalakay: tatlong panahunang pangnagdaan sa iisang kuwento, ang when, after, before, as soon as, by the time, ang tuntunin ng sukat, ang pagkakasunod na “bunga — sanhi”. Susunod — aralin 3: ang tumpak na hangganan ng perfect.

Dulo ng core

Itinuturing na tapos ang aralin kapag nagawa na ang mga ehersisyo. Lahat pagkatapos nito ay opsyonal.

Aralin 75

opsyonal

Bokabularyo para sa deck

15 salita
  • alarm /əˈlɑːm/ alarm (ng orasan o telepono)
  • set /set/ itakda, ayusin
  • presentation /ˌpreznˈteɪʃn/ presentasyon
  • fall asleep /ˌfɔːl əˈsliːp/ makatulog
  • wake up /ˌweɪk ˈʌp/ gumising, magising
  • jump up /ˌdʒʌmp ˈʌp/ biglang tumayo
  • umbrella /ʌmˈbrelə/ payong
  • turn round /ˌtɜːn ˈraʊnd/ lumingon
  • board /bɔːd/ pisara, board
  • colleague /ˈkɒliːɡ/ katrabaho, kasamahan sa trabaho
  • manager /ˈmænɪdʒə/ manedyer, tagapamahala
  • as soon as /əz ˈsuːn əz/ sa sandaling, agad nang
  • finally /ˈfaɪnəli/ sa wakas, sa huli
  • expect the worst /ɪkˌspekt ðə ˈwɜːst/ asahan ang pinakamasama
  • lose touch /ˌluːz ˈtʌtʃ/ mawalan ng ugnayan

Pagsulat

Anim hanggang walong pangungusap — kuwento tungkol sa umaga o araw na hindi naging maayos. Kailangan ang tatlong panahunan: ang kadena ng mga pangyayari, ang likuran at ang balik-tanaw.

Halimbawa

By the time I got to the airport, they had closed the check-in desk. I had left home early, but there had been an accident on the motorway. While we were sitting in the traffic, I was checking the time every minute. When I finally ran into the terminal, the screen said "Gate closed". As soon as I saw it, I called my sister. She laughed and said, "Come and stay with us instead."

Checklist

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Patalastas

Magsanay sa araling ito sa iba pang mga seksyon

Diktasyonbatay sa araling ito Isulat ang naririnig mo. Ipinapakita ng tsek ang bawat salitang iba, at paano. Isulat ang dikta Pagbasa nang malakasbatay sa araling ito Basahin nang malakas ang teksto ng aralin — itinatampok ng speech recognition ang mga salitang hindi nito nahuli. Basahin nang malakas ang teksto Pagbasa at pakikinigA1–C1 Mga teksto sa bawat antas na may mga tanong sa pag-unawa; bubukas ang transcript pagkatapos mong sagutin. Subukan

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