Grammatik ~53 min af kernen tilbage

Fortælle en historie med forhistorie

Efter denne lektion kan du

Jeg kan bygge en fortælling, hvor en del af begivenhederne forklarer det, der skete bagefter.

Start lektionen Kerne 53 min · trin: 6 · valgfri: +2

Angivet kernemængde. To af kerneblokkene har ingen tid, så den reelle lektion er længere end summen.

Grammatik

14 min

I lektion B1 #1 stod Past Perfect i én sætning ved siden af Past Simple. En rigtig fortælling er længere, og i den arbejder tre datidsformer på én gang. Hver har sin rolle, og blander man dem, holder lytteren op med at forstå, hvad der skete i hvilken rækkefølge.

Formen — alt er kendt. Past Simple (lektion A2 #1): I left, I didn't leave. Past Continuous (lektion A2 #2): I was leaving, They were talking. Past Perfect (lektion B1 #1): I had left.

Hvem gør hvad:

tid rolle hvilket spørgsmål den svarer på eksempel
Past Simple kæden af begivenheder hvad skete der så? I got up, had breakfast and left.
Past Continuous baggrund, et forløb i det øjeblik hvad foregik der omkring? It was raining, people were hurrying to work.
Past Perfect forhistorie hvad var der sket før? I had forgotten my umbrella.

Det er praktisk at tænke på en fortælling som en film. Past Simple driver handlingen frem: hver ny begivenhed er det næste billede. Past Continuous er kulisserne, det, der allerede var i gang, da billedet begyndte. Past Perfect er et kort blik tilbage: hvad der skete før denne scene, og hvorfor den er, som den er.

Sådan finder du fortællingens punkt. Spørg dig selv: hvilket øjeblik fortæller jeg om lige nu? Alt, hvad der skete i det øjeblik og efter det, står i Past Simple. Alt, hvad der allerede var i gang i det øjeblik, står i Past Continuous. Alt, hvad der var slut før det, står i Past Perfect. Punktet flytter sig sammen med handlingen, så den samme begivenhed står i Past Simple i begyndelsen af historien, og et afsnit senere husker man tilbage på den i Past Perfect.

Konjunktioner, der holder styr på rækkefølgen:

konjunktion betydning eksempel
when da, når When I got home, my sister had made dinner.
after efter at After I had finished the report, I went home.
before før, inden I checked the windows before I left.
as soon as så snart As soon as I saw the time, I jumped up.
by the time inden; da … (allerede) By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.

Efter after og before er Past Perfect ikke nødvendig: konjunktionen siger selv, hvad der kom først. After I finished the report, I went home — er lige så rigtigt som med had finished. Med as soon as står begge verber som regel i Past Simple: den ene begivenhed følger lige efter den anden.

by the time kræver næsten altid Past Perfect i hovedsætningen. Det betyder »på det tidspunkt, da …«, og hovedbegivenheden var allerede slut på det tidspunkt: By the time we arrived, everyone had left.

Sammenlign tre svar på spørgsmålet om, hvad min søster lavede, da jeg kom:

When I got home, my sister made dinner. Jeg kom hjem — og så gik hun i gang med maden.
When I got home, my sister was making dinner. Hun var lige i gang med at lave mad.
When I got home, my sister had made dinner. Maden var allerede klar.

Begyndelsen er den samme, men historierne er tre. Forskellen ligger kun i verbets tid.

Med måde. Past Perfect skal bruges til at tage et skridt tilbage, ikke til at blive der. I en lang forhistorie står den i den første eller anden sætning, og derefter går man over til Past Simple — rækkefølgen er jo klar:

I had met Anna years before, in Edinburgh. We worked in the same café and shared a flat. Then she moved to Canada, and we lost touch.

Delenes rækkefølge er fri. Engelsk begynder tit med følgen og forklarer så årsagen: I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys. Står delen med konjunktionen først, sætter man komma efter den: By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.

Sådan siger man ikke. ✗ After I had finished, I had gone home → ✓ After I had finished, I went home. Den senere begivenhed er netop fortællingens punkt, og den står i Past Simple.

Test dig selv. Hvad betyder When I got home, my sister had made dinner: begyndte hun at lave mad, mens du var der, eller stod maden allerede på bordet? Er Past Perfect nødvendig i After I ___ (finish), I went home? Hvilken tid står som regel i hovedsætningen efter by the time?

vis svarene
maden var allerede klar; ikke nødvendig — både finished og had finished er rigtigt; Past Perfect: By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.
Annonce

Typiske fejl hos dansktalende

skrevet til dit sprog
1

Én datid i stedet for baggrunden

When I came in, everybody sat at the table and talked betyder på engelsk: jeg kom ind, og så satte alle sig ved bordet og begyndte at snakke. Ville du sige, at de allerede sad og snakkede, skal der stå ✓ everybody was sitting at the table and talking. Dansk »sad og snakkede« klarer sig uden en særlig form. På engelsk bæres baggrunden af was / were + -ing (lektion A2 #2).

2

»Efter at« som after that

✗ After that I had finished the report, I went home.

✓ After I had finished the report, I went home.

Dansk »efter at jeg havde …« bliver let til after that. Men after that betyder »derefter« og står alene: I finished the report. After that, I went home. Foran en ledsætning står kun after.

3

»Klokken to om natten«

✗ I had worked until two in the night

✓ I had worked until two in the morning

På dansk hører timerne efter midnat til natten, på engelsk til the morning. in the night findes — It had rained in the night — men ikke efter et klokkeslæt.

Udtale

4 min

En lang sætning deles i betydningsgrupper, og mellem dem er der en kort pause:

By the time I got to the office ‖ the meeting had already started. I had set my alarm for half past six ‖ but I hadn't heard it.

Pausen står på grænsen mellem delene, som regel der, hvor der på skrift står et komma eller en konjunktion. Mellem subjektet og verbet holder man ikke pause.

Ved slutningen af den første del går stemmen lidt op — det er tegnet på »der kommer mere«. Den falder først ved slutningen af hele sætningen. Lader du stemmen falde efter By the time I got to the office, tror lytteren, at du er færdig.

had i forhistorien er svagt — /həd/, efter et pronomen bare /d/: I'd set my alarm /aɪd ˈset maɪ əˈlɑːm/.

Annonce

Tekst

5 min

By the time I got to the office on Monday, the meeting had already started. It was not a good beginning to my first week in a new job.

I had set my alarm for half past six, but I hadn't heard it. The night before, I had worked on my presentation until two in the morning and had fallen asleep on the sofa with my laptop on my knees. When I finally woke up, the sun was shining and the birds were singing. It was ten to nine.

As soon as I saw the time, I jumped up, put on yesterday's shirt and ran to the bus stop. It was raining hard, and of course I had left my umbrella at the office on Friday.

When I opened the door of the meeting room, everyone turned round. My new manager was standing by the board, and somebody had already written half of the plan on it. I said sorry and sat down.

After the meeting had finished, my manager asked me to stay. I expected the worst. But she just smiled and said, "Don't worry. On my first day here, I came to work in my slippers."

Læs højt

Øvelser

30 min

1. Udfyldning.

  1. By the time I (get) to the office, the meeting (start)
  2. When I came in, my colleagues (discuss) the new project
  3. I (not / hear) my alarm because I (work) until two
  4. It (rain) hard, and I (leave) my umbrella at the office the day before
  5. As soon as she (see) the time, she (jump) up
  6. When we got to the party, most of the guests (already / go) home
  7. While I (wait) for the bus, I (realise) that I (leave) my phone at home
Vis svarene
got / had started; were discussing; didn't hear / had worked; was raining / had left; saw / jumped; had already gone; was waiting / realised / had left

2. Valg.

  1. we got to the cinema, the film had already started. (by the time / as soon as)
  2. I saw the message, I called her back. (as soon as / by the time)
  3. I always check the windows I leave the house. (before / after)
  4. she had paid the bill, she left the restaurant. (after / before)
  5. I opened the door, the dog ran out into the street. (when / by the time)
Vis svarene
By the time; As soon as; before; After; When

3. Sæt to sætninger sammen

  1. The shop closed. + We arrived. (by the time)
  2. I finished the report. + I went home. (after)
  3. Everyone left. + The police came. (by the time)
  4. She read the instructions twice. + She started. (before)
  5. The guests went home. + I finished the washing-up. (by the time)
Vis svarene
By the time we arrived, the shop had closed / The shop had closed by the time we arrived; After I had finished the report, I went home / I went home after I had finished the report; By the time the police came, everyone had left / Everyone had left by the time the police came; She had read the instructions twice before she started / Before she started, she had read the instructions twice; By the time I finished the washing-up, the guests had gone home / The guests had gone home by the time I finished the washing-up

4. Fejlfinding.

  1. By the time when we arrived, the shop had closed.
  2. After I had finished, I had gone home.
  3. When I came in, she was cooked dinner.
  4. I couldn't get in because I have lost my keys.
  5. By the time we got there, the shop has closed.
Vis svarene
By the time we arrived, the shop had closed; After I had finished, I went home / After I finished, I went home; When I came in, she was cooking dinner / When I came in, she cooked dinner / When I came in, she had cooked dinner; I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys / I couldn't get in because I lost my keys; By the time we got there, the shop had closed

5. Omskriv, så følgen kommer først.

  1. I lost my keys, so I couldn't get in.
  2. She forgot her passport, so she missed the flight.
  3. We didn't book a table, so we had to wait.
  4. He worked all night, so he was exhausted.
Vis svarene
I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys; She missed the flight because she had forgotten her passport; We had to wait because we hadn't booked a table; He was exhausted because he had worked all night

6. Udbyg stikordene til et helt svar

  1. Why was the street wet? (it / rain / in the night)
  2. Why didn't you recognise Tom? (he / grow / a beard)
  3. Why was Anna so happy? (she / pass / her driving test)
  4. Why were you late for the meeting? (I / miss / the bus)
Vis svarene
Because it had rained in the night / The street was wet because it had rained in the night; Because he had grown a beard / I didn't recognise him because he had grown a beard; Because she had passed her driving test / She was so happy because she had passed her driving test; Because I had missed the bus / I was late because I had missed the bus

7. Oversæt til engelsk.

1) Da vi endelig nåede frem, var alle allerede gået. 2) Da jeg kom ind, sad alle ved bordet og snakkede. 3) Så snart jeg så beskeden, ringede jeg til ham. 4) Jeg hørte ikke vækkeuret, fordi jeg havde arbejdet til klokken to om natten.

Vis svarene
By the time we arrived, everyone had left / By the time we arrived, everybody had gone; When I came in, everyone was sitting at the table and talking; As soon as I saw the message, I called him; I didn't hear my alarm because I had worked until two in the morning
Annonce

Opsummering

Gennemgået: tre datidsformer i én fortælling, when, after, before, as soon as, by the time, Past Perfect med måde, rækkefølgen »følge — årsag«. Næste: lektion 3 — den præcise grænse for førnutid.

Kernen slut

Lektionen tælles som færdig, når øvelserne er udført. Alt efter dette er valgfrit.

Lektion 75

valgfri

Ordforråd til kortbunken

15 ord
  • alarm /əˈlɑːm/ vækkeur
  • set /set/ stille, indstille
  • presentation /ˌpreznˈteɪʃn/ præsentation
  • fall asleep /ˌfɔːl əˈsliːp/ falde i søvn
  • wake up /ˌweɪk ˈʌp/ vågne
  • jump up /ˌdʒʌmp ˈʌp/ springe op
  • umbrella /ʌmˈbrelə/ paraply
  • turn round /ˌtɜːn ˈraʊnd/ vende sig om
  • board /bɔːd/ tavle
  • colleague /ˈkɒliːɡ/ kollega
  • manager /ˈmænɪdʒə/ leder, manager
  • as soon as /əz ˈsuːn əz/ så snart
  • finally /ˈfaɪnəli/ til sidst, endelig
  • expect the worst /ɪkˌspekt ðə ˈwɜːst/ forvente det værste
  • lose touch /ˌluːz ˈtʌtʃ/ miste kontakten

Skrivning

Seks-otte sætninger — en fortælling om en morgen eller en dag, der gik galt. Alle tre tider skal med: kæden af begivenheder, baggrunden og forhistorien.

Eksempel

By the time I got to the airport, they had closed the check-in desk. I had left home early, but there had been an accident on the motorway. While we were sitting in the traffic, I was checking the time every minute. When I finally ran into the terminal, the screen said "Gate closed". As soon as I saw it, I called my sister. She laughed and said, "Come and stay with us instead."

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