Málfræði ~53 mín af kjarna eftir

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Hefja kennslustund Kjarni 53 mín · skref: 6 · valfrjálst: +2

Tilkynntur kjarnatími. Tvö kjarnaþáttanna bera enga tölu, svo raunveruleg kennslustund er lengri en þessi summa.

Málfræði

14 mín.

Í lexíu B1 #1 stóð Past Perfect í einni setningu við hliðina á Past Simple. Raunveruleg frásögn er lengri, og í henni vinna þrjár tíðir fortíðar samtímis. Hver hefur sitt hlutverk, og ef þeim er ruglað saman hættir hlustandinn að skilja hvað gerðist á eftir hverju.

Myndirnar — allar kunnuglegar. Past Simple (lexía A2 #1): I left, I didn't leave. Past Continuous (lexía A2 #2): I was leaving, They were talking. Past Perfect (lexía B1 #1): I had left.

Hver ber ábyrgð á hverju:

tíð hlutverk hvaða spurningu hún svarar dæmi
Past Simple atburðarásin hvað gerðist næst? I got up, had breakfast and left.
Past Continuous bakgrunnur, það sem var í gangi hvað var að gerast í kring? It was raining, people were hurrying to work.
Past Perfect forsaga hvað hafði gerst áður? I had forgotten my umbrella.

Gott er að hugsa sér frásögnina sem kvikmynd. Past Simple knýr söguþráðinn áfram: hver nýr atburður er næsti rammi. Past Continuous er sviðsmyndin, það sem var þegar í gangi þegar ramminn hófst. Past Perfect er stutt augnaráð aftur á bak: hvað gerðist á undan þessu atriði og hvers vegna það er eins og það er.

Hvernig sjónarhóll frásagnarinnar er fundinn. Spurðu þig: frá hvaða augnabliki er ég að segja núna? Allt sem gerðist á þessu augnabliki og eftir það — Past Simple. Allt sem var þegar í gangi á þessu augnabliki — Past Continuous. Allt sem lauk á undan því — Past Perfect. Sjónarhóllinn færist með söguþræðinum, og þess vegna stendur sami atburður í Past Simple í upphafi sögunnar, en málsgrein síðar er hans minnst í Past Perfect.

Samtengingar sem halda röðinni:

samtenging merking dæmi
when þegar When I got home, my sister had made dinner.
after eftir að After I had finished the report, I went home.
before áður en I checked the windows before I left.
as soon as um leið og As soon as I saw the time, I jumped up.
by the time um það leyti sem, þegar By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.

Á eftir after og before er Past Perfect ekki nauðsynleg: samtengingin segir sjálf hvað gerðist fyrr. After I finished the report, I went home — jafnrétt og með had finished. Með as soon as standa báðar sagnirnar yfirleitt í Past Simple: annar atburðurinn fylgir strax á eftir hinum.

by the time kallar nær alltaf á Past Perfect í aðalsetningunni. Það merkir „á því augnabliki þegar …“, og aðalatburðinum var þá þegar lokið: By the time we arrived, everyone had left.

Berðu saman þrjú svör við spurningunni hvað systir mín var að gera þegar ég kom:

When I got home, my sister made dinner. Ég kom — og hún fór að elda.
When I got home, my sister was making dinner. Hún var einmitt að elda.
When I got home, my sister had made dinner. Kvöldmaturinn var þegar tilbúinn.

Upphafið er eitt, en sögurnar þrjár. Muninn gerir aðeins tíð sagnarinnar.

Reglan um hóf. Past Perfect þarf til að stíga aftur á bak, ekki til að dvelja þar. Í langri forsögu stendur hún í fyrstu einni eða tveimur setningunum, og síðan er skipt yfir í Past Simple — röðin er þá orðin ljós:

I had met Anna years before, in Edinburgh. We worked in the same café and shared a flat. Then she moved to Canada, and we lost touch.

Röð hlutanna er frjáls. Enskan byrjar oft á afleiðingunni og skýrir síðan orsökina: I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys. Ef hlutinn með samtengingunni kemur fyrst er komma á eftir honum: By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.

Svona er ekki sagt. ✗ After I had finished, I had gone home → ✓ After I had finished, I went home. Síðari atburðurinn er einmitt sjónarhóll frásagnarinnar, og hann fær Past Simple.

Prófaðu kunnáttuna. Hvað merkir When I got home, my sister had made dinner: byrjaði hún að elda á meðan þú horfðir á, eða stóð maturinn þegar á borðinu? Þarf Past Perfect í After I ___ (finish), I went home? Hvaða tíð stendur yfirleitt í aðalsetningunni á eftir by the time?

sýna svörin
maturinn var þegar tilbúinn; ekki nauðsynlega — bæði finished og had finished eru rétt; Past Perfect: By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.
Auglýsing

Villur íslenskumælandi nemenda

skrifað fyrir þitt tungumál
1

Sögnin strax á eftir By the time …,

✗ By the time we arrived, had the shop closed.

✓ By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.

„Þegar við komum hafði búðin lokað“: á íslensku kemur sögnin beint á eftir aukasetningu sem stendur fremst — sama villa og með When …, í lexíu B1 #1. Á ensku stendur frumlagið á undan sögninni, á eftir hvaða samtengingu sem er: As soon as I saw the time, I jumped up.

2

Einföld þátíð í bakgrunni

When I came in, everybody sat at the table and talked — á ensku merkir þetta: ég kom inn, og þá settust allir við borðið og fóru að tala. Til að segja „allir sátu og töluðu saman“ þarf ✓ everybody was sitting at the table and talking. Á íslensku er „Þegar ég kom inn sátu allir við borðið og töluðu saman“ alveg eðlilegt, sérstaklega með sögnum eins og „sitja“, „standa“ og „tala“ (lexía A2 #2). Á ensku fær bakgrunnurinn alltaf was/were + -ing.

Framburður

4 mín.

Löng setning skiptist í merkingarhópa, og á milli þeirra er stutt hlé:

By the time I got to the office ‖ the meeting had already started. I had set my alarm for half past six ‖ but I hadn't heard it.

Hléið kemur á mörkum hlutanna, oftast þar sem komma eða samtenging stendur í rituðu máli. Á milli frumlags og umsagnar er ekkert hlé.

Í lok fyrri hlutans hækkar röddin aðeins — það er merki um „framhald fylgir“. Hún lækkar aðeins í lok allrar setningarinnar. Ef röddin lækkar á eftir By the time I got to the office, heldur hlustandinn að þú hafir lokið máli þínu.

had í forsögunni er veikt — /həd/, á eftir fornafni aðeins /d/: I'd set my alarm /aɪd ˈset maɪ əˈlɑːm/.

Auglýsing

Texti

5 mín.

By the time I got to the office on Monday, the meeting had already started. It was not a good beginning to my first week in a new job.

I had set my alarm for half past six, but I hadn't heard it. The night before, I had worked on my presentation until two in the morning and had fallen asleep on the sofa with my laptop on my knees. When I finally woke up, the sun was shining and the birds were singing. It was ten to nine.

As soon as I saw the time, I jumped up, put on yesterday's shirt and ran to the bus stop. It was raining hard, and of course I had left my umbrella at the office on Friday.

When I opened the door of the meeting room, everyone turned round. My new manager was standing by the board, and somebody had already written half of the plan on it. I said sorry and sat down.

After the meeting had finished, my manager asked me to stay. I expected the worst. But she just smiled and said, "Don't worry. On my first day here, I came to work in my slippers."

Upplesin

Æfingar

30 mín.

1. Eyðufylling.

  1. By the time I (get) to the office, the meeting (start)
  2. When I came in, my colleagues (discuss) the new project
  3. I (not / hear) my alarm because I (work) until two
  4. It (rain) hard, and I (leave) my umbrella at the office the day before
  5. As soon as she (see) the time, she (jump) up
  6. When we got to the party, most of the guests (already / go) home
  7. While I (wait) for the bus, I (realise) that I (leave) my phone at home
Sýna svörin
got / had started; were discussing; didn't hear / had worked; was raining / had left; saw / jumped; had already gone; was waiting / realised / had left

2. Val.

  1. we got to the cinema, the film had already started. (by the time / as soon as)
  2. I saw the message, I called her back. (as soon as / by the time)
  3. I always check the windows I leave the house. (before / after)
  4. she had paid the bill, she left the restaurant. (after / before)
  5. I opened the door, the dog ran out into the street. (when / by the time)
Sýna svörin
By the time; As soon as; before; After; When

3. Sameinaðu tvær setningar

  1. The shop closed. + We arrived. (by the time)
  2. I finished the report. + I went home. (after)
  3. Everyone left. + The police came. (by the time)
  4. She read the instructions twice. + She started. (before)
  5. The guests went home. + I finished the washing-up. (by the time)
Sýna svörin
By the time we arrived, the shop had closed / The shop had closed by the time we arrived; After I had finished the report, I went home / I went home after I had finished the report; By the time the police came, everyone had left / Everyone had left by the time the police came; She had read the instructions twice before she started / Before she started, she had read the instructions twice; By the time I finished the washing-up, the guests had gone home / The guests had gone home by the time I finished the washing-up

4. Villuleit.

  1. By the time we arrived, had the shop closed.
  2. After I had finished, I had gone home.
  3. When I came in, she was cooked dinner.
  4. I couldn't get in because I have lost my keys.
  5. By the time we got there, the shop has closed.
Sýna svörin
By the time we arrived, the shop had closed; After I had finished, I went home / After I finished, I went home; When I came in, she was cooking dinner / When I came in, she cooked dinner / When I came in, she had cooked dinner; I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys / I couldn't get in because I lost my keys; By the time we got there, the shop had closed

5. Umorðaðu og byrjaðu á afleiðingunni.

  1. I lost my keys, so I couldn't get in.
  2. She forgot her passport, so she missed the flight.
  3. We didn't book a table, so we had to wait.
  4. He worked all night, so he was exhausted.
Sýna svörin
I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys; She missed the flight because she had forgotten her passport; We had to wait because we hadn't booked a table; He was exhausted because he had worked all night

6. Gerðu heilt svar úr vísbendingunni

  1. Why was the street wet? (it / rain / in the night)
  2. Why didn't you recognise Tom? (he / grow / a beard)
  3. Why was Anna so happy? (she / pass / her driving test)
  4. Why were you late for the meeting? (I / miss / the bus)
Sýna svörin
Because it had rained in the night / The street was wet because it had rained in the night; Because he had grown a beard / I didn't recognise him because he had grown a beard; Because she had passed her driving test / She was so happy because she had passed her driving test; Because I had missed the bus / I was late because I had missed the bus

7. Þýddu á ensku.

1) Um það leyti sem við komum voru allir farnir. 2) Þegar ég kom inn sátu allir við borðið og töluðu saman. 3) Um leið og ég sá skilaboðin hringdi ég í hann. 4) Ég heyrði ekki í vekjaraklukkunni af því að ég hafði unnið til tvö um nóttina.

Sýna svörin
By the time we arrived, everyone had left / By the time we arrived, everybody had gone; When I came in, everyone was sitting at the table and talking; As soon as I saw the message, I called him; I didn't hear my alarm because I had worked until two in the morning
Auglýsing

Samantekt

Farið yfir: þrjár tíðir fortíðar í einni frásögn, when, after, before, as soon as, by the time, reglan um hóf, röðin „afleiðing — orsök“. Næst — lexía 3: nákvæm mörk núliðinnar tíðar.

Endir kjarna

Kennslustund telst lokið þegar æfingum er lokið. Allt eftir þetta er valfrjálst.

Kennslustund 75

valfrjálst

Orðaforði í spjaldastokkinn

15 orð
  • alarm /əˈlɑːm/ vekjaraklukka
  • set /set/ stilla, setja
  • presentation /ˌpreznˈteɪʃn/ kynning
  • fall asleep /ˌfɔːl əˈsliːp/ sofna
  • wake up /ˌweɪk ˈʌp/ vakna
  • jump up /ˌdʒʌmp ˈʌp/ stökkva á fætur
  • umbrella /ʌmˈbrelə/ regnhlíf
  • turn round /ˌtɜːn ˈraʊnd/ snúa sér við
  • board /bɔːd/ tafla
  • colleague /ˈkɒliːɡ/ samstarfsmaður
  • manager /ˈmænɪdʒə/ stjórnandi, framkvæmdastjóri
  • as soon as /əz ˈsuːn əz/ um leið og
  • finally /ˈfaɪnəli/ loksins, að lokum
  • expect the worst /ɪkˌspekt ðə ˈwɜːst/ búast við því versta
  • lose touch /ˌluːz ˈtʌtʃ/ missa sambandið

Ritun

Sex til átta setningar — frásögn af morgni eða degi sem fór úrskeiðis. Allar þrjár tíðirnar þurfa að vera með: atburðarás, bakgrunnur og forsaga.

Fyrirmynd

By the time I got to the airport, they had closed the check-in desk. I had left home early, but there had been an accident on the motorway. While we were sitting in the traffic, I was checking the time every minute. When I finally ran into the terminal, the screen said "Gate closed". As soon as I saw it, I called my sister. She laughed and said, "Come and stay with us instead."

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