Tata bahasa ~53 menit inti tersisa

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Saya dapat menyusun cerita yang sebagian peristiwanya menjelaskan apa yang terjadi kemudian.

Mulai pelajaran Inti 53 menit · langkah: 6 · opsional: +2

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Tata bahasa

14 menit

Di B1 #1 Past Perfect berdiri dalam satu kalimat di samping Past Simple. Cerita yang sesungguhnya lebih panjang, dan di dalamnya bekerja tiga kala lampau sekaligus. Masing-masing punya perannya sendiri, dan jika dicampuradukkan, pendengar tidak lagi mengerti apa terjadi sesudah apa.

Bentuk — semuanya sudah dikenal. Past Simple (A2 #1): I left, I didn't leave. Past Continuous (A2 #2): I was leaving, They were talking. Past Perfect (B1 #1): I had left.

Siapa bertugas apa:

kala peran menjawab pertanyaan apa contoh
Past Simple rangkaian peristiwa apa yang terjadi berikutnya? I got up, had breakfast and left.
Past Continuous latar, proses pada saat itu apa yang sedang berlangsung di sekitar? It was raining, people were hurrying to work.
Past Perfect latar belakang apa yang terjadi sebelumnya? I had forgotten my umbrella.

Cerita mudah dibayangkan sebagai film. Past Simple menggerakkan alur: setiap peristiwa baru adalah adegan berikutnya. Past Continuous adalah dekorasi, yaitu apa yang sudah berlangsung ketika adegan dimulai. Past Perfect adalah kilas balik singkat: apa yang terjadi sebelum adegan ini dan mengapa adegannya seperti ini.

Cara menemukan titik cerita. Tanyakan pada diri sendiri: saat mana yang sedang saya ceritakan? Semua yang terjadi pada saat itu dan sesudahnya — Past Simple. Semua yang pada saat itu sedang berlangsung — Past Continuous. Semua yang selesai sebelumnya — Past Perfect. Titik itu bergerak bersama alur, karena itu peristiwa yang sama di awal cerita memakai Past Simple, dan satu paragraf kemudian diingat kembali dengan Past Perfect.

Kata sambung yang menjaga urutan:

kata sambung arti contoh
when ketika When I got home, my sister had made dinner.
after sesudah After I had finished the report, I went home.
before sebelum I checked the windows before I left.
as soon as begitu, segera setelah As soon as I saw the time, I jumped up.
by the time pada saat (sesuatu sudah terjadi) By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.

Sesudah after dan before Past Perfect tidak wajib: kata sambungnya sendiri sudah mengatakan apa yang terjadi lebih dulu. After I finished the report, I went home — sama benarnya dengan had finished. Dengan as soon as kedua kata kerja biasanya dalam Past Simple: satu peristiwa langsung menyusul yang lain.

by the time hampir selalu menuntut Past Perfect di bagian utama. Artinya “pada saat …”, dan peristiwa utama pada saat itu sudah selesai: By the time we arrived, everyone had left.

Bandingkan tiga jawaban atas pertanyaan apa yang dilakukan kakak perempuan saya ketika saya datang:

When I got home, my sister made dinner. Saya datang — lalu dia mulai memasak.
When I got home, my sister was making dinner. Dia sedang memasak.
When I got home, my sister had made dinner. Makan malam sudah siap.

Awalnya sama, tetapi ceritanya tiga. Perbedaannya hanya dibuat oleh kala kata kerja.

Aturan takaran. Past Perfect diperlukan untuk melangkah ke belakang, bukan untuk tinggal di sana. Dalam latar belakang yang panjang, Past Perfect dipakai di kalimat pertama atau kedua, lalu beralih ke Past Simple — urutannya sudah jelas:

I had met Anna years before, in Edinburgh. We worked in the same café and shared a flat. Then she moved to Canada, and we lost touch.

Urutan bagian kalimat bebas. Bahasa Inggris sering mulai dari akibat, lalu menjelaskan sebabnya: I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys. Jika bagian dengan kata sambung berada di depan, sesudahnya diberi koma: By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.

Jangan katakan begini. ✗ After I had finished, I had gone home → ✓ After I had finished, I went home. Peristiwa yang lebih kemudian itulah titik cerita, dan ia memakai Past Simple.

Uji diri Anda. Apa arti When I got home, my sister had made dinner: dia mulai memasak di depan Anda atau makan malam sudah terhidang di meja? Apakah Past Perfect diperlukan dalam After I ___ (finish), I went home? Kala apa yang biasanya dipakai di bagian utama sesudah by the time?

tampilkan jawaban
makan malam sudah siap; tidak wajib — benar finished maupun had finished; Past Perfect: By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.
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Kesalahan penutur bahasa Indonesia

ditulis untuk bahasa Anda
1

Past Simple sebagai pengganti latar

When I came in, everybody sat at the table and talked — dalam bahasa Inggris artinya: saya masuk, lalu semua orang duduk di meja dan mulai mengobrol. Jika maksudnya “semua orang sedang duduk dan mengobrol”, diperlukan ✓ everybody was sitting at the table and talking. Dalam bahasa Indonesia “sedang” sering dilewatkan dan kata kerjanya tidak berubah, padahal dalam bahasa Inggris latar dan peristiwa dibedakan oleh kala.

2

was + bentuk lain

✗ When I came in, she was cooked dinner

✓ When I came in, she was cooking dinner

was terasa seperti penanda masa lalu (A2 #2) dan ditempelkan pada bentuk lampau yang sudah akrab. Latar memerlukan kedua bagian: was dan -ing.

3

Kembali ke kala kini di tengah cerita

✗ When I opened the door, everyone turn round

✓ everyone turned round

Dalam bahasa Indonesia cukup sekali menyebut “kemarin”, dan seluruh cerita sudah jelas di masa lalu. Dalam bahasa Inggris setiap kata kerja dalam rangkaian peristiwa harus tetap dalam kala lampau — sampai akhir cerita.

4

have dalam cerita tentang masa lalu

✗ I couldn't get in because I have lost my keys

✓ because I had lost my keys

“Sudah hilang” mendorong ke Present Perfect (A2 #3), tetapi titik cerita ada di masa lalu, jadi langkah mundurnya memakai had.

Pelafalan

4 menit

Kalimat panjang dibagi menjadi kelompok makna, dan di antaranya ada jeda pendek:

By the time I got to the office ‖ the meeting had already started. I had set my alarm for half past six ‖ but I hadn't heard it.

Jeda berada di batas bagian kalimat, biasanya di tempat yang dalam tulisan ditandai koma atau kata sambung. Di antara subjek dan predikat tidak ada jeda.

Di akhir bagian pertama suara sedikit naik — ini tanda “masih ada lanjutannya”. Suara turun hanya di akhir seluruh kalimat. Jika suara diturunkan sesudah By the time I got to the office, pendengar akan mengira Anda sudah selesai.

had dalam latar belakang lemah — /həd/, sesudah kata ganti hanya /d/: I'd set my alarm /aɪd ˈset maɪ əˈlɑːm/.

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Teks

5 menit

By the time I got to the office on Monday, the meeting had already started. It was not a good beginning to my first week in a new job.

I had set my alarm for half past six, but I hadn't heard it. The night before, I had worked on my presentation until two in the morning and had fallen asleep on the sofa with my laptop on my knees. When I finally woke up, the sun was shining and the birds were singing. It was ten to nine.

As soon as I saw the time, I jumped up, put on yesterday's shirt and ran to the bus stop. It was raining hard, and of course I had left my umbrella at the office on Friday.

When I opened the door of the meeting room, everyone turned round. My new manager was standing by the board, and somebody had already written half of the plan on it. I said sorry and sat down.

After the meeting had finished, my manager asked me to stay. I expected the worst. But she just smiled and said, "Don't worry. On my first day here, I came to work in my slippers."

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Latihan

30 menit

1. Mengisi rumpang.

  1. By the time I (get) to the office, the meeting (start)
  2. When I came in, my colleagues (discuss) the new project
  3. I (not / hear) my alarm because I (work) until two
  4. It (rain) hard, and I (leave) my umbrella at the office the day before
  5. As soon as she (see) the time, she (jump) up
  6. When we got to the party, most of the guests (already / go) home
  7. While I (wait) for the bus, I (realise) that I (leave) my phone at home
Tampilkan jawaban
got / had started; were discussing; didn't hear / had worked; was raining / had left; saw / jumped; had already gone; was waiting / realised / had left

2. Memilih.

  1. we got to the cinema, the film had already started. (by the time / as soon as)
  2. I saw the message, I called her back. (as soon as / by the time)
  3. I always check the windows I leave the house. (before / after)
  4. she had paid the bill, she left the restaurant. (after / before)
  5. I opened the door, the dog ran out into the street. (when / by the time)
Tampilkan jawaban
By the time; As soon as; before; After; When

3. Gabungkan dua kalimat

  1. The shop closed. + We arrived. (by the time)
  2. I finished the report. + I went home. (after)
  3. Everyone left. + The police came. (by the time)
  4. She read the instructions twice. + She started. (before)
  5. The guests went home. + I finished the washing-up. (by the time)
Tampilkan jawaban
By the time we arrived, the shop had closed / The shop had closed by the time we arrived; After I had finished the report, I went home / I went home after I had finished the report; By the time the police came, everyone had left / Everyone had left by the time the police came; She had read the instructions twice before she started / Before she started, she had read the instructions twice; By the time I finished the washing-up, the guests had gone home / The guests had gone home by the time I finished the washing-up

4. Mencari kesalahan dan memperbaikinya.

  1. By the time when we arrived, the shop had closed.
  2. After I had finished, I had gone home.
  3. When I came in, she was cooked dinner.
  4. I couldn't get in because I have lost my keys.
  5. By the time we got there, the shop has closed.
Tampilkan jawaban
By the time we arrived, the shop had closed; After I had finished, I went home / After I finished, I went home; When I came in, she was cooking dinner / When I came in, she cooked dinner / When I came in, she had cooked dinner; I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys / I couldn't get in because I lost my keys; By the time we got there, the shop had closed

5. Tulis ulang dengan mulai dari akibat.

  1. I lost my keys, so I couldn't get in.
  2. She forgot her passport, so she missed the flight.
  3. We didn't book a table, so we had to wait.
  4. He worked all night, so he was exhausted.
Tampilkan jawaban
I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys; She missed the flight because she had forgotten her passport; We had to wait because we hadn't booked a table; He was exhausted because he had worked all night

6. Kembangkan petunjuk menjadi jawaban lengkap

  1. Why was the street wet? (it / rain / in the night)
  2. Why didn't you recognise Tom? (he / grow / a beard)
  3. Why was Anna so happy? (she / pass / her driving test)
  4. Why were you late for the meeting? (I / miss / the bus)
Tampilkan jawaban
Because it had rained in the night / The street was wet because it had rained in the night; Because he had grown a beard / I didn't recognise him because he had grown a beard; Because she had passed her driving test / She was so happy because she had passed her driving test; Because I had missed the bus / I was late because I had missed the bus

7. Terjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggris.

1) Pada saat kami tiba, semua orang sudah pergi. 2) Ketika saya masuk, semua orang sedang duduk di meja dan mengobrol. 3) Begitu saya melihat pesan itu, saya meneleponnya (dia laki-laki). 4) Saya tidak mendengar alarm karena saya bekerja sampai jam dua dini hari.

Tampilkan jawaban
By the time we arrived, everyone had left / By the time we arrived, everybody had gone; When I came in, everyone was sitting at the table and talking; As soon as I saw the message, I called him; I didn't hear my alarm because I had worked until two in the morning
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Ringkasan

Sudah dibahas: tiga kala lampau dalam satu cerita, when, after, before, as soon as, by the time, aturan takaran, urutan “akibat — sebab”. Berikutnya — pelajaran 3: batas yang tepat untuk Present Perfect.

Akhir inti

Pelajaran dianggap selesai setelah latihan dikerjakan. Semua setelah ini bersifat opsional.

Pelajaran 75

opsional

Kosakata untuk dek kartu

15 kata
  • alarm /əˈlɑːm/ alarm, jam weker
  • set /set/ memasang, menyetel
  • presentation /ˌpreznˈteɪʃn/ presentasi
  • fall asleep /ˌfɔːl əˈsliːp/ tertidur
  • wake up /ˌweɪk ˈʌp/ bangun (tidur)
  • jump up /ˌdʒʌmp ˈʌp/ melompat bangun
  • umbrella /ʌmˈbrelə/ payung
  • turn round /ˌtɜːn ˈraʊnd/ menoleh, berbalik
  • board /bɔːd/ papan (tulis)
  • colleague /ˈkɒliːɡ/ rekan kerja
  • manager /ˈmænɪdʒə/ manajer
  • as soon as /əz ˈsuːn əz/ begitu, segera setelah
  • finally /ˈfaɪnəli/ akhirnya
  • expect the worst /ɪkˌspekt ðə ˈwɜːst/ menduga yang terburuk
  • lose touch /ˌluːz ˈtʌtʃ/ hilang kontak

Menulis

Enam-delapan kalimat — cerita tentang pagi atau hari yang tidak berjalan lancar. Diperlukan ketiga kala: rangkaian peristiwa, latar, dan latar belakang.

Contoh

By the time I got to the airport, they had closed the check-in desk. I had left home early, but there had been an accident on the motorway. While we were sitting in the traffic, I was checking the time every minute. When I finally ran into the terminal, the screen said "Gate closed". As soon as I saw it, I called my sister. She laughed and said, "Come and stay with us instead."

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