Grammatikk ~53 min av kjernen gjenstår

Fortelle en historie med forhistorie

Etter denne leksjonen kan du

Jeg kan bygge opp en fortelling der en del av hendelsene forklarer det som skjedde etterpå.

Start leksjonen Kjerne 53 min · trinn: 6 · valgfritt: +2

Oppgitt kjernetid. To av kjerneblokkene har ingen tidsangivelse, så den reelle leksjonen er lengre enn summen.

Grammatikk

14 min

I B1 #1 sto Past Perfect i én setning ved siden av Past Simple. En ekte fortelling er lengre, og i den arbeider tre fortidsformer samtidig. Hver har sin rolle, og blander man dem, slutter lytteren å forstå hva som skjedde etter hva.

Formen — alt er kjent. Past Simple (A2 #1): I left, I didn't leave. Past Continuous (A2 #2): I was leaving, They were talking. Past Perfect (B1 #1): I had left.

Hvem gjør hva:

tid rolle hvilket spørsmål den svarer på eksempel
Past Simple kjeden av hendelser hva skjedde så? I got up, had breakfast and left.
Past Continuous bakgrunn, det som pågikk i øyeblikket hva foregikk rundt? It was raining, people were hurrying to work.
Past Perfect forhistorie hva hadde skjedd før dette? I had forgotten my umbrella.

Det er lett å tenke seg fortellingen som en film. Past Simple driver handlingen framover: hver ny hendelse er en ny scene. Past Continuous er kulissene, det som allerede pågikk da scenen begynte. Past Perfect er et kort blikk bakover: hva som hadde skjedd før denne scenen, og hvorfor den er som den er.

Slik finner du fortellingens punkt. Spør deg selv: hvilket øyeblikk forteller jeg om nå? Alt som skjedde i dette øyeblikket og etter det, er Past Simple. Alt som allerede pågikk i dette øyeblikket, er Past Continuous. Alt som var avsluttet før det, er Past Perfect. Punktet flytter seg sammen med handlingen, og derfor står én og samme hendelse i Past Simple i begynnelsen av historien, mens man et avsnitt senere minnes den i Past Perfect.

Konjunksjoner som holder orden på rekkefølgen:

konjunksjon betydning eksempel
when da, når When I got home, my sister had made dinner.
after etter at After I had finished the report, I went home.
before før I checked the windows before I left.
as soon as så snart As soon as I saw the time, I jumped up.
by the time innen, til det tidspunktet da By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.

Etter after og before er Past Perfect ikke nødvendig: konjunksjonen sier selv hva som kom først. After I finished the report, I went home er like riktig som med had finished. Med as soon as står begge verbene vanligvis i Past Simple: den ene hendelsen følger rett etter den andre.

by the time krever nesten alltid Past Perfect i hovedsetningen. Det betyr «innen det øyeblikket da …», og hovedhendelsen var allerede avsluttet på det tidspunktet: By the time we arrived, everyone had left.

Sammenlign tre svar på spørsmålet om hva søsteren min gjorde da jeg kom:

When I got home, my sister made dinner. Jeg kom — og hun begynte å lage middag.
When I got home, my sister was making dinner. Hun holdt akkurat på å lage middag.
When I got home, my sister had made dinner. Middagen var allerede ferdig.

Begynnelsen er den samme, men historiene er tre. Forskjellen ligger bare i verbets tid.

Regelen om måtehold. Past Perfect trengs for å ta et skritt tilbake, ikke for å bli værende der. I en lang forhistorie setter man den i den første eller andre setningen og går så over til Past Simple — rekkefølgen er klar:

I had met Anna years before, in Edinburgh. We worked in the same café and shared a flat. Then she moved to Canada, and we lost touch.

Rekkefølgen på delene er fri. Engelsk begynner ofte med følgen og forklarer årsaken etterpå: I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys. Står delen med konjunksjonen først, settes det komma etter den: By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.

Slik sier man ikke. ✗ After I had finished, I had gone home → ✓ After I had finished, I went home. Den senere hendelsen er nettopp fortellingens punkt, og den står i Past Simple.

Test deg selv. Hva betyr When I got home, my sister had made dinner: begynte hun å lage mat mens du var der, eller sto middagen allerede på bordet? Trengs Past Perfect i After I ___ (finish), I went home? Hvilken tid står vanligvis i hovedsetningen etter by the time?

vis svarene
middagen var allerede ferdig; ikke nødvendig — både finished og had finished er riktig; Past Perfect: By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.
Annonse

Typiske feil hos norsktalende

skrevet for ditt språk
1

Vanlig fortid i stedet for bakgrunnen

When I came in, everybody sat at the table and talked betyr på engelsk: jeg kom inn, og da satte alle seg ved bordet og begynte å prate. Ville du si at de allerede satt og pratet, trengs ✓ everybody was sitting at the table and talking. Norsk «satt og pratet» klarer seg uten en egen form. På engelsk bæres bakgrunnen av was / were + -ing (A2 #2).

2

«Etter at» som after that

✗ After that I had finished the report, I went home.

✓ After I had finished the report, I went home.

Norsk «etter at jeg hadde …» blir lett til after that. Men after that betyr «etter det, deretter» og står alene: I finished the report. After that, I went home. Foran en leddsetning står bare after.

3

«Klokka to om natten»

✗ I had worked until two in the night

✓ I had worked until two in the morning

På norsk hører timene etter midnatt til natten, på engelsk til the morning. in the night finnes — It had rained in the night — men ikke etter et klokkeslett.

Uttale

4 min

En lang setning deles i meningsgrupper, med en kort pause mellom dem:

By the time I got to the office ‖ the meeting had already started. I had set my alarm for half past six ‖ but I hadn't heard it.

Pausen står på grensen mellom delene, vanligvis der det står komma eller konjunksjon i skrift. Mellom subjektet og verbet tar man ingen pause.

På slutten av den første delen går stemmen litt opp — det er et tegn på «fortsettelse følger». Den går ned bare på slutten av hele setningen. Senker du stemmen etter By the time I got to the office, tror lytteren at du er ferdig.

had i forhistorien er svak — /həd/, etter et pronomen bare /d/: I'd set my alarm /aɪd ˈset maɪ əˈlɑːm/.

Annonse

Tekst

5 min

By the time I got to the office on Monday, the meeting had already started. It was not a good beginning to my first week in a new job.

I had set my alarm for half past six, but I hadn't heard it. The night before, I had worked on my presentation until two in the morning and had fallen asleep on the sofa with my laptop on my knees. When I finally woke up, the sun was shining and the birds were singing. It was ten to nine.

As soon as I saw the time, I jumped up, put on yesterday's shirt and ran to the bus stop. It was raining hard, and of course I had left my umbrella at the office on Friday.

When I opened the door of the meeting room, everyone turned round. My new manager was standing by the board, and somebody had already written half of the plan on it. I said sorry and sat down.

After the meeting had finished, my manager asked me to stay. I expected the worst. But she just smiled and said, "Don't worry. On my first day here, I came to work in my slippers."

Høytlesing

Øvelser

30 min

1. Utfylling.

  1. By the time I (get) to the office, the meeting (start)
  2. When I came in, my colleagues (discuss) the new project
  3. I (not / hear) my alarm because I (work) until two
  4. It (rain) hard, and I (leave) my umbrella at the office the day before
  5. As soon as she (see) the time, she (jump) up
  6. When we got to the party, most of the guests (already / go) home
  7. While I (wait) for the bus, I (realise) that I (leave) my phone at home
Vis svarene
got / had started; were discussing; didn't hear / had worked; was raining / had left; saw / jumped; had already gone; was waiting / realised / had left

2. Valg.

  1. we got to the cinema, the film had already started. (by the time / as soon as)
  2. I saw the message, I called her back. (as soon as / by the time)
  3. I always check the windows I leave the house. (before / after)
  4. she had paid the bill, she left the restaurant. (after / before)
  5. I opened the door, the dog ran out into the street. (when / by the time)
Vis svarene
By the time; As soon as; before; After; When

3. Slå sammen to setninger

  1. The shop closed. + We arrived. (by the time)
  2. I finished the report. + I went home. (after)
  3. Everyone left. + The police came. (by the time)
  4. She read the instructions twice. + She started. (before)
  5. The guests went home. + I finished the washing-up. (by the time)
Vis svarene
By the time we arrived, the shop had closed / The shop had closed by the time we arrived; After I had finished the report, I went home / I went home after I had finished the report; By the time the police came, everyone had left / Everyone had left by the time the police came; She had read the instructions twice before she started / Before she started, she had read the instructions twice; By the time I finished the washing-up, the guests had gone home / The guests had gone home by the time I finished the washing-up

4. Feilretting.

  1. By the time when we arrived, the shop had closed.
  2. After I had finished, I had gone home.
  3. When I came in, she was cooked dinner.
  4. I couldn't get in because I have lost my keys.
  5. By the time we got there, the shop has closed.
Vis svarene
By the time we arrived, the shop had closed; After I had finished, I went home / After I finished, I went home; When I came in, she was cooking dinner / When I came in, she cooked dinner / When I came in, she had cooked dinner; I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys / I couldn't get in because I lost my keys; By the time we got there, the shop had closed

5. Skriv om og begynn med følgen.

  1. I lost my keys, so I couldn't get in.
  2. She forgot her passport, so she missed the flight.
  3. We didn't book a table, so we had to wait.
  4. He worked all night, so he was exhausted.
Vis svarene
I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys; She missed the flight because she had forgotten her passport; We had to wait because we hadn't booked a table; He was exhausted because he had worked all night

6. Bygg ut stikkordene til et helt svar

  1. Why was the street wet? (it / rain / in the night)
  2. Why didn't you recognise Tom? (he / grow / a beard)
  3. Why was Anna so happy? (she / pass / her driving test)
  4. Why were you late for the meeting? (I / miss / the bus)
Vis svarene
Because it had rained in the night / The street was wet because it had rained in the night; Because he had grown a beard / I didn't recognise him because he had grown a beard; Because she had passed her driving test / She was so happy because she had passed her driving test; Because I had missed the bus / I was late because I had missed the bus

7. Oversett til engelsk.

1) Innen vi kom fram, hadde alle allerede gått. 2) Da jeg kom inn, satt alle ved bordet og pratet. 3) Så snart jeg så meldingen, ringte jeg ham. 4) Jeg hørte ikke vekkerklokka, fordi jeg hadde jobbet til klokka to om natten.

Vis svarene
By the time we arrived, everyone had left / By the time we arrived, everybody had gone; When I came in, everyone was sitting at the table and talking; As soon as I saw the message, I called him; I didn't hear my alarm because I had worked until two in the morning
Annonse

Oppsummering

Gjennomgått: tre fortidsformer i én fortelling, when, after, before, as soon as, by the time, regelen om måtehold, rekkefølgen «følge — årsak». Neste: leksjon 3 — den nøyaktige grensen for perfektum.

Slutt på kjernen

Leksjonen regnes som fullført når øvelsene er gjort. Alt etter dette er valgfritt.

Leksjon 75

valgfritt

Ord til kortstokken

15 ord
  • alarm /əˈlɑːm/ vekkerklokke
  • set /set/ stille (inn), sette
  • presentation /ˌpreznˈteɪʃn/ presentasjon
  • fall asleep /ˌfɔːl əˈsliːp/ sovne
  • wake up /ˌweɪk ˈʌp/ våkne
  • jump up /ˌdʒʌmp ˈʌp/ sprette opp
  • umbrella /ʌmˈbrelə/ paraply
  • turn round /ˌtɜːn ˈraʊnd/ snu seg
  • board /bɔːd/ tavle
  • colleague /ˈkɒliːɡ/ kollega
  • manager /ˈmænɪdʒə/ leder, sjef
  • as soon as /əz ˈsuːn əz/ så snart
  • finally /ˈfaɪnəli/ til slutt, endelig
  • expect the worst /ɪkˌspekt ðə ˈwɜːst/ vente det verste
  • lose touch /ˌluːz ˈtʌtʃ/ miste kontakten

Skriving

Seks–åtte setninger — en fortelling om en morgen eller en dag som gikk galt. Alle tre tidene skal være med: kjeden av hendelser, bakgrunnen og forhistorien.

Eksempel

By the time I got to the airport, they had closed the check-in desk. I had left home early, but there had been an accident on the motorway. While we were sitting in the traffic, I was checking the time every minute. When I finally ran into the terminal, the screen said "Gate closed". As soon as I saw it, I called my sister. She laughed and said, "Come and stay with us instead."

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