Gramática ~53 min do núcleo restante

Contar uma história com antecedentes

Após esta lição você poderá

Consigo montar uma história em que parte dos fatos explica o que aconteceu depois.

Iniciar a lição Núcleo 53 min · etapas: 6 · opcional: +2

Tempo declarado do núcleo. Dois blocos do núcleo não trazem número, então a lição real é mais longa que esta soma.

Gramática

14 min

Na lição B1 #1 o Past Perfect aparecia numa só frase, ao lado do Past Simple. Uma história de verdade é mais longa, e nela trabalham três passados ao mesmo tempo. Cada um tem o seu papel, e se você os misturar, quem ouve deixa de entender o que aconteceu depois do quê.

A forma — tudo conhecido. Past Simple (A2 #1): I left, I didn't leave. Past Continuous (A2 #2): I was leaving, They were talking. Past Perfect (B1 #1): I had left.

Quem faz o quê:

tempo papel responde à pergunta exemplo
Past Simple a cadeia de fatos o que aconteceu depois? I got up, had breakfast and left.
Past Continuous o fundo, o processo naquele momento o que estava acontecendo em volta? It was raining, people were hurrying to work.
Past Perfect os antecedentes o que houve antes disso? I had forgotten my umbrella.

É prático imaginar a história como um filme. O Past Simple faz a trama andar: cada fato novo é a cena seguinte. O Past Continuous é o cenário, o que já estava em andamento quando a cena começou. O Past Perfect é um rápido olhar para trás: o que aconteceu antes desta cena e por que ela é assim.

Como achar o ponto da história. Pergunte a si mesmo: de que momento estou falando agora? Tudo o que aconteceu nesse momento e depois dele — Past Simple. Tudo o que nesse momento já estava em andamento — Past Continuous. Tudo o que terminou antes dele — Past Perfect. O ponto anda junto com a trama; por isso o mesmo fato no começo da história fica no Past Simple, e um parágrafo depois, quando é lembrado, já vai no Past Perfect.

As conjunções que seguram a ordem:

conjunção significado exemplo
when quando When I got home, my sister had made dinner.
after depois que After I had finished the report, I went home.
before antes que I checked the windows before I left.
as soon as assim que As soon as I saw the time, I jumped up.
by the time quando, no momento em que By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.

Depois de after e before o Past Perfect não é obrigatório: a própria conjunção diz o que veio antes. After I finished the report, I went home — tão certo quanto com had finished. Com as soon as os dois verbos costumam ficar no Past Simple: um fato vem logo depois do outro.

by the time quase sempre pede Past Perfect na parte principal. Quer dizer “no momento em que…”, e o fato principal, nesse momento, já tinha terminado: By the time we arrived, everyone had left.

Compare três respostas à pergunta sobre o que minha irmã estava fazendo quando eu cheguei:

When I got home, my sister made dinner. Eu cheguei — e ela foi fazer o jantar.
When I got home, my sister was making dinner. Ela estava fazendo o jantar.
When I got home, my sister had made dinner. O jantar já estava pronto.

O começo é um só, e as histórias são três. A diferença está só no tempo do verbo.

A regra da medida. O Past Perfect serve para dar um passo atrás, e não para ficar lá. Numa história de antecedentes longa ele vai na primeira ou na segunda frase, e depois se passa ao Past Simple — a ordem já está clara:

I had met Anna years before, in Edinburgh. We worked in the same café and shared a flat. Then she moved to Canada, and we lost touch.

A ordem das partes é livre. O inglês muitas vezes começa pela consequência e depois explica a causa: I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys. Se a parte com a conjunção vem primeiro, depois dela se põe vírgula: By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.

Assim não se diz. ✗ After I had finished, I had gone home → ✓ After I had finished, I went home. O fato posterior é justamente o ponto da história, e ele leva Past Simple.

Teste-se. O que quer dizer When I got home, my sister had made dinner: ela começou a cozinhar na sua frente ou o jantar já estava na mesa? É preciso o Past Perfect em After I ___ (finish), I went home? Que tempo costuma vir na parte principal depois de by the time?

mostrar as respostas
o jantar já estava pronto; não é obrigatório — finished e had finished estão certos; Past Perfect: By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.
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Erros de quem fala português do Brasil

escrito para o seu idioma
1

O imperfeito traduzido pelo Past Simple

When I came in, everybody sat at the table and talked em inglês quer dizer: eu entrei, e então todos se sentaram à mesa e começaram a conversar. Para “todos estavam sentados e conversavam” é preciso ✓ everybody was sitting at the table and talking. O imperfeito “conversavam” é uma palavra só e parece pedir talked, mas o fundo em inglês vai no Past Continuous (A2 #2).

2

“Até a gente chegar” com until

“Até a gente chegar, a loja já tinha fechado” → ✗ Until we arrived, the shop had closed → ✓ By the time we arrived, the shop had closed. O nosso “até” faz dois trabalhos: a duração (until: I worked until two) e o prazo, o momento em que algo já está feito (by the time). E sem ✗ by the time when: o “quando” já está dentro.

3

“Antes de sair” com to

✗ I checked the windows before to leave

✓ I checked the windows before I left

“Antes de sair”, “depois de terminar” levam infinitivo, e sai before to leave, after to finish. Depois de before e after nunca vem to; o mais simples é uma frase completa, com sujeito: before I left, after I had finished.

Pronúncia

4 min

Uma frase longa se divide em grupos de sentido, e entre eles há uma pausa curta:

By the time I got to the office ‖ the meeting had already started. I had set my alarm for half past six ‖ but I hadn't heard it.

A pausa fica na fronteira entre as partes, em geral onde na escrita há vírgula ou conjunção. Entre o sujeito e o verbo não se faz pausa.

No fim da primeira parte a voz sobe um pouco — é o sinal de “continua”. Ela só desce no fim da frase inteira. Se você baixar a voz depois de By the time I got to the office, quem ouve vai achar que você terminou.

had nos antecedentes é fraco — /həd/, depois de pronome só /d/: I'd set my alarm /aɪd ˈset maɪ əˈlɑːm/.

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Texto

5 min

By the time I got to the office on Monday, the meeting had already started. It was not a good beginning to my first week in a new job.

I had set my alarm for half past six, but I hadn't heard it. The night before, I had worked on my presentation until two in the morning and had fallen asleep on the sofa with my laptop on my knees. When I finally woke up, the sun was shining and the birds were singing. It was ten to nine.

As soon as I saw the time, I jumped up, put on yesterday's shirt and ran to the bus stop. It was raining hard, and of course I had left my umbrella at the office on Friday.

When I opened the door of the meeting room, everyone turned round. My new manager was standing by the board, and somebody had already written half of the plan on it. I said sorry and sat down.

After the meeting had finished, my manager asked me to stay. I expected the worst. But she just smiled and said, "Don't worry. On my first day here, I came to work in my slippers."

Leitura em voz alta

Exercícios

30 min

1. Preenchimento de lacunas.

  1. By the time I (get) to the office, the meeting (start)
  2. When I came in, my colleagues (discuss) the new project
  3. I (not / hear) my alarm because I (work) until two
  4. It (rain) hard, and I (leave) my umbrella at the office the day before
  5. As soon as she (see) the time, she (jump) up
  6. When we got to the party, most of the guests (already / go) home
  7. While I (wait) for the bus, I (realise) that I (leave) my phone at home
Mostrar as respostas
got / had started; were discussing; didn't hear / had worked; was raining / had left; saw / jumped; had already gone; was waiting / realised / had left

2. Múltipla escolha.

  1. we got to the cinema, the film had already started. (by the time / as soon as)
  2. I saw the message, I called her back. (as soon as / by the time)
  3. I always check the windows I leave the house. (before / after)
  4. she had paid the bill, she left the restaurant. (after / before)
  5. I opened the door, the dog ran out into the street. (when / by the time)
Mostrar as respostas
By the time; As soon as; before; After; When

3. Junte as duas frases

  1. The shop closed. + We arrived. (by the time)
  2. I finished the report. + I went home. (after)
  3. Everyone left. + The police came. (by the time)
  4. She read the instructions twice. + She started. (before)
  5. The guests went home. + I finished the washing-up. (by the time)
Mostrar as respostas
By the time we arrived, the shop had closed / The shop had closed by the time we arrived; After I had finished the report, I went home / I went home after I had finished the report; By the time the police came, everyone had left / Everyone had left by the time the police came; She had read the instructions twice before she started / Before she started, she had read the instructions twice; By the time I finished the washing-up, the guests had gone home / The guests had gone home by the time I finished the washing-up

4. Identificação de erros.

  1. By the time when we arrived, the shop had closed.
  2. After I had finished, I had gone home.
  3. When I came in, she was cooked dinner.
  4. I couldn't get in because I have lost my keys.
  5. By the time we got there, the shop has closed.
Mostrar as respostas
By the time we arrived, the shop had closed; After I had finished, I went home / After I finished, I went home; When I came in, she was cooking dinner / When I came in, she cooked dinner / When I came in, she had cooked dinner; I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys / I couldn't get in because I lost my keys; By the time we got there, the shop had closed

5. Reescreva começando pela consequência.

  1. I lost my keys, so I couldn't get in.
  2. She forgot her passport, so she missed the flight.
  3. We didn't book a table, so we had to wait.
  4. He worked all night, so he was exhausted.
Mostrar as respostas
I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys; She missed the flight because she had forgotten her passport; We had to wait because we hadn't booked a table; He was exhausted because he had worked all night

6. Transforme a pista numa resposta completa

  1. Why was the street wet? (it / rain / in the night)
  2. Why didn't you recognise Tom? (he / grow / a beard)
  3. Why was Anna so happy? (she / pass / her driving test)
  4. Why were you late for the meeting? (I / miss / the bus)
Mostrar as respostas
Because it had rained in the night / The street was wet because it had rained in the night; Because he had grown a beard / I didn't recognise him because he had grown a beard; Because she had passed her driving test / She was so happy because she had passed her driving test; Because I had missed the bus / I was late because I had missed the bus

7. Traduza para o inglês.

1) Até a gente chegar, todo mundo já tinha ido embora. 2) Quando eu entrei, todos estavam sentados à mesa, conversando. 3) Assim que vi a mensagem, liguei para ele. 4) Não ouvi o despertador porque tinha trabalhado até as duas da manhã.

Mostrar as respostas
By the time we arrived, everyone had left / By the time we arrived, everybody had gone; When I came in, everyone was sitting at the table and talking; As soon as I saw the message, I called him; I didn't hear my alarm because I had worked until two in the morning
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Resumo

Visto nesta lição: três passados numa só história, when, after, before, as soon as, by the time, a regra da medida, a ordem “consequência — causa”. A seguir — lição 3: a fronteira exata do perfeito.

Fim do núcleo

A lição é concluída após os exercícios. Tudo depois disso é opcional.

Lição 75

opcional

Vocabulário para o deck

15 palavras
  • alarm /əˈlɑːm/ despertador
  • set /set/ programar, ajustar
  • presentation /ˌpreznˈteɪʃn/ apresentação
  • fall asleep /ˌfɔːl əˈsliːp/ pegar no sono, adormecer
  • wake up /ˌweɪk ˈʌp/ acordar
  • jump up /ˌdʒʌmp ˈʌp/ dar um pulo, levantar-se de um salto
  • umbrella /ʌmˈbrelə/ guarda-chuva
  • turn round /ˌtɜːn ˈraʊnd/ virar-se
  • board /bɔːd/ quadro
  • colleague /ˈkɒliːɡ/ colega (de trabalho)
  • manager /ˈmænɪdʒə/ gerente
  • as soon as /əz ˈsuːn əz/ assim que
  • finally /ˈfaɪnəli/ finalmente, por fim
  • expect the worst /ɪkˌspekt ðə ˈwɜːst/ esperar o pior
  • lose touch /ˌluːz ˈtʌtʃ/ perder o contato

Escrita

Seis a oito frases — a história de uma manhã ou de um dia que deu errado. Os três tempos são necessários: a cadeia de fatos, o fundo e os antecedentes.

Modelo

By the time I got to the airport, they had closed the check-in desk. I had left home early, but there had been an accident on the motorway. While we were sitting in the traffic, I was checking the time every minute. When I finally ran into the terminal, the screen said "Gate closed". As soon as I saw it, I called my sister. She laughed and said, "Come and stay with us instead."

Checklist

O rascunho é salvo neste dispositivo
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