Граматика ~53 мин от основното остана

Да разкажа история с предистория

След този урок можете

Мога да изградя разказ, в който част от събитията обясняват онова, което е станало после.

Започни урока Ядро 53 мин · стъпки: 6 · по избор: +2

Декларирано време за ядрото. Два от блоковете в ядрото нямат цифра, затова реалният урок е по-дълъг от тази сума.

Граматика

14 мин.

В B1 #1 Past Perfect стоеше в едно изречение до Past Simple. Истинският разказ е по-дълъг и в него работят едновременно три минали времена. Всяко има своя роля и ако ги смесите, слушателят престава да разбира кое след кое е станало.

Формата е позната. Past Simple (A2 #1): I left, I didn't leave. Past Continuous (A2 #2): I was leaving, They were talking. Past Perfect (B1 #1): I had left.

Кое за какво отговаря:

време роля на какъв въпрос отговаря пример
Past Simple верига от събития какво стана после? I got up, had breakfast and left.
Past Continuous фон, процес в онзи момент какво ставаше наоколо? It was raining, people were hurrying to work.
Past Perfect предистория какво беше станало преди това? I had forgotten my umbrella.

Разказът е удобно да си го представите като филм. Past Simple движи сюжета: всяко ново събитие е следващ кадър. Past Continuous е декорът — онова, което вече е течало, когато кадърът е започнал. Past Perfect е кратък поглед назад: какво е станало преди тази сцена и защо тя е такава.

Как да намерите точката на разказа. Попитайте се: за кой момент разказвам сега? Всичко, което е станало в този момент и след него, е Past Simple. Всичко, което в този момент вече е течало, е Past Continuous. Всичко, което е приключило преди него, е Past Perfect. Точката се движи заедно със сюжета, затова едно и също събитие в началото на историята стои в Past Simple, а абзац по-късно за него си спомнят вече в Past Perfect.

Съюзи, които пазят реда:

съюз значение пример
when когато When I got home, my sister had made dinner.
after след като After I had finished the report, I went home.
before преди да I checked the windows before I left.
as soon as щом, веднага щом As soon as I saw the time, I jumped up.
by the time до момента, в който By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.

След after и before Past Perfect не е задължителен: съюзът сам казва какво е било по-рано. After I finished the report, I went home — също толкова вярно, колкото с had finished. С as soon as двата глагола обикновено са в Past Simple: едното събитие идва веднага след другото.

by the time почти винаги изисква Past Perfect в главната част. То значи „до момента, в който…“, и главното събитие до този момент вече е приключило: By the time we arrived, everyone had left.

Сравнете три отговора на въпроса какво правеше сестра ми, когато се прибрах:

When I got home, my sister made dinner. Прибрах се — и тя се зае да готви.
When I got home, my sister was making dinner. Тя тъкмо готвеше.
When I got home, my sister had made dinner. Вечерята вече беше готова.

Началото е едно, а историите са три. Разликата я прави само времето на глагола.

Правилото на мярката. Past Perfect е нужен, за да се направи крачка назад, а не за да се остане там. В дълга предистория го слагат в първото-второто изречение, а после минават на Past Simple — редът вече е ясен:

I had met Anna years before, in Edinburgh. We worked in the same café and shared a flat. Then she moved to Canada, and we lost touch.

Редът на частите е свободен. Английският често започва със следствието и после обяснява причината: I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys. Ако частта със съюза е първа, след нея се слага запетая: By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.

Така не се казва. ✗ After I had finished, I had gone home → ✓ After I had finished, I went home. По-късното събитие е самата точка на разказа и при него стои Past Simple.

Проверете се. Какво означава When I got home, my sister had made dinner: тя е започнала да готви пред вас или вечерята вече е била на масата? Нужен ли е Past Perfect в After I ___ (finish), I went home? Какво време обикновено стои в главната част след by the time?

покажи отговорите
вечерята вече е била готова; не е задължителен — вярно е и finished, и had finished; Past Perfect: By the time we arrived, the shop had closed.
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Грешки на българоговорящите

адаптиран за вашия език
1

by the time when

✗ By the time when we arrived, the shop had closed

✓ By the time we arrived, the shop had closed

Българското „до момента, когато…“ подсказва излишно when, но в by the time „когато“ вече се съдържа.

2

Просто минало вместо фон

When I came in, everybody sat at the table and talked — на английски това значи: влязох и тогава всички седнаха на масата и заговориха. Ако искате да кажете „всички седяха и разговаряха“, нужно е ✓ everybody was sitting at the table and talking. Българският тук помага: „седяха“ е минало несвършено време, а то в разказа обикновено съответства на Past Continuous (A2 #2).

3

have вместо had след because

✗ I couldn't get in because I have lost my keys

✓ I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys

„Не можах да вляза, защото съм си изгубил ключовете“ — на български минало неопределено време тук звучи естествено и води към have lost. Но причината е по-рано от момент в миналото, затова е нужно had (урок 1).

Произношение

4 мин.

Дългото изречение се дели на смислови групи, между тях има кратка пауза:

By the time I got to the office ‖ the meeting had already started. I had set my alarm for half past six ‖ but I hadn't heard it.

Паузата стои на границата между частите, обикновено там, където на писмо има запетая или съюз. Между подлога и сказуемото пауза не се прави.

В края на първата част гласът леко се качва — това е знак „следва продължение“. Пада едва в края на цялото изречение. Ако свалите гласа след By the time I got to the office, слушателят ще реши, че сте свършили.

had в предисторията е слабо — /həd/, след местоимение просто /d/: I'd set my alarm /aɪd ˈset maɪ əˈlɑːm/.

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Текст

5 мин.

By the time I got to the office on Monday, the meeting had already started. It was not a good beginning to my first week in a new job.

I had set my alarm for half past six, but I hadn't heard it. The night before, I had worked on my presentation until two in the morning and had fallen asleep on the sofa with my laptop on my knees. When I finally woke up, the sun was shining and the birds were singing. It was ten to nine.

As soon as I saw the time, I jumped up, put on yesterday's shirt and ran to the bus stop. It was raining hard, and of course I had left my umbrella at the office on Friday.

When I opened the door of the meeting room, everyone turned round. My new manager was standing by the board, and somebody had already written half of the plan on it. I said sorry and sat down.

After the meeting had finished, my manager asked me to stay. I expected the worst. But she just smiled and said, "Don't worry. On my first day here, I came to work in my slippers."

Упражнения

30 мин.

1. Попълване.

  1. By the time I (get) to the office, the meeting (start)
  2. When I came in, my colleagues (discuss) the new project
  3. I (not / hear) my alarm because I (work) until two
  4. It (rain) hard, and I (leave) my umbrella at the office the day before
  5. As soon as she (see) the time, she (jump) up
  6. When we got to the party, most of the guests (already / go) home
  7. While I (wait) for the bus, I (realise) that I (leave) my phone at home
Покажи отговорите
got / had started; were discussing; didn't hear / had worked; was raining / had left; saw / jumped; had already gone; was waiting / realised / had left

2. Избор.

  1. we got to the cinema, the film had already started. (by the time / as soon as)
  2. I saw the message, I called her back. (as soon as / by the time)
  3. I always check the windows I leave the house. (before / after)
  4. she had paid the bill, she left the restaurant. (after / before)
  5. I opened the door, the dog ran out into the street. (when / by the time)
Покажи отговорите
By the time; As soon as; before; After; When

3. Съединете двете изречения

  1. The shop closed. + We arrived. (by the time)
  2. I finished the report. + I went home. (after)
  3. Everyone left. + The police came. (by the time)
  4. She read the instructions twice. + She started. (before)
  5. The guests went home. + I finished the washing-up. (by the time)
Покажи отговорите
By the time we arrived, the shop had closed / The shop had closed by the time we arrived; After I had finished the report, I went home / I went home after I had finished the report; By the time the police came, everyone had left / Everyone had left by the time the police came; She had read the instructions twice before she started / Before she started, she had read the instructions twice; By the time I finished the washing-up, the guests had gone home / The guests had gone home by the time I finished the washing-up

4. Откриване на грешката.

  1. By the time when we arrived, the shop had closed.
  2. After I had finished, I had gone home.
  3. When I came in, she was cooked dinner.
  4. I couldn't get in because I have lost my keys.
  5. By the time we got there, the shop has closed.
Покажи отговорите
By the time we arrived, the shop had closed; After I had finished, I went home / After I finished, I went home; When I came in, she was cooking dinner / When I came in, she cooked dinner / When I came in, she had cooked dinner; I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys / I couldn't get in because I lost my keys; By the time we got there, the shop had closed

5. Препишете, като започнете със следствието.

  1. I lost my keys, so I couldn't get in.
  2. She forgot her passport, so she missed the flight.
  3. We didn't book a table, so we had to wait.
  4. He worked all night, so he was exhausted.
Покажи отговорите
I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys; She missed the flight because she had forgotten her passport; We had to wait because we hadn't booked a table; He was exhausted because he had worked all night

6. Разгърнете подсказката в пълен отговор

  1. Why was the street wet? (it / rain / in the night)
  2. Why didn't you recognise Tom? (he / grow / a beard)
  3. Why was Anna so happy? (she / pass / her driving test)
  4. Why were you late for the meeting? (I / miss / the bus)
Покажи отговорите
Because it had rained in the night / The street was wet because it had rained in the night; Because he had grown a beard / I didn't recognise him because he had grown a beard; Because she had passed her driving test / She was so happy because she had passed her driving test; Because I had missed the bus / I was late because I had missed the bus

7. Преведете на английски.

1) До момента, в който пристигнахме, всички вече си бяха тръгнали. 2) Когато влязох, всички седяха на масата и разговаряха. 3) Веднага щом видях съобщението, му се обадих. 4) Не чух будилника, защото бях работил до два през нощта.

Покажи отговорите
By the time we arrived, everyone had left / By the time we arrived, everybody had gone; When I came in, everyone was sitting at the table and talking; As soon as I saw the message, I called him; I didn't hear my alarm because I had worked until two in the morning
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Обобщение

Усвоено: трите минали времена в един разказ, when, after, before, as soon as, by the time, правилото на мярката, редът „следствие — причина“. Следва урок 3: точната граница на перфекта.

Край на основното

Урокът се отбелязва като завършен, след като упражненията са направени. Всичко след това е по избор.

Урок 75

по избор

Думи за тестето

15 думи
  • alarm /əˈlɑːm/ будилник
  • set /set/ навивам (будилник), настройвам
  • presentation /ˌpreznˈteɪʃn/ презентация
  • fall asleep /ˌfɔːl əˈsliːp/ заспивам
  • wake up /ˌweɪk ˈʌp/ събуждам се
  • jump up /ˌdʒʌmp ˈʌp/ скачам (на крака)
  • umbrella /ʌmˈbrelə/ чадър
  • turn round /ˌtɜːn ˈraʊnd/ обръщам се
  • board /bɔːd/ дъска
  • colleague /ˈkɒliːɡ/ колега
  • manager /ˈmænɪdʒə/ мениджър
  • as soon as /əz ˈsuːn əz/ щом, веднага щом
  • finally /ˈfaɪnəli/ накрая, най-накрая
  • expect the worst /ɪkˌspekt ðə ˈwɜːst/ очаквам най-лошото
  • lose touch /ˌluːz ˈtʌtʃ/ губя връзка

Писане

Шест-осем изречения — разказ за сутрин или ден, които са тръгнали накриво. Нужни са и трите времена: верига от събития, фон и предистория.

Образец

By the time I got to the airport, they had closed the check-in desk. I had left home early, but there had been an accident on the motorway. While we were sitting in the traffic, I was checking the time every minute. When I finally ran into the terminal, the screen said "Gate closed". As soon as I saw it, I called my sister. She laughed and said, "Come and stay with us instead."

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